Britain history(17-18)

1、17th-18th centuryEnglish HistoryDEEPLY1640-16881642-1649168818151780-1830Bourgeois Revolution（資產(chǎn)階超級革命）Civil warGloriousWaterlooIndustrial Revolution TimelineTimeline1640Divine Right17th Century: Bourgeois Revolution1.Divine Right: Charles I believed he had a “Divine Right” 2.Civil War: Cavaliers(騎士派

2、） vs. Roundheads （平頭派）/Cromwells New Model Army3.Restoration and Glorious Revolution: When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime began to collapse.4.1660, Charles II was welcomed back . France(he has fled to France) James II(brother of Charles II) succeeded,

3、but was forced to flee with his son to France, and the throne was offered to William(III) and Mary(II) (1688). Reason： James II is Puritan（清教徒）The Glorious Revolution.Oliver Cromwell Glorious RevolutionIn 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile i

4、n Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious views. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English

5、 throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any death of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution. Last step of Revolution, constitutional monarchy (君主立憲制）established conclusion of medieval feudalism, beginning of modern periodcap

6、italism。 The Civil Wars ReasonsJames Stuart believed in the “Divine Right” to rule as he pleased. This brought him into conflict with the English Parliament（國會(huì)）. ResultsBy 1645 Cromwell won the decisive Battle of Naseby. Charles was captured and put on trial for treason in 1649. Cromwell dissolved p

7、arliament and started Englands only period of dictatorship. Then Charles II return from his exile in France. But never again was the King allowed to against the Parliament and people.InfluenceThe English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feuda

8、l rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.James I of England Charles I18th Century:1. Biggest enemy: France. Battle of Waterloo, Wellington defeated Napoleon.2. Declaration of Independence(America）, July 4, 17763. Industrial RevolutionDeclaration of Independ

9、ence（America）A group of Puritans escape religious persecution under James in the ship Mayflower to settle in various parts of North Americas coast.Trouble arose when the settlers refused to pay taxes to the British government.Eventually , by the Declaration of Independence, the settlers give up thei

10、r British citizenship and become Americans.And then the ensuing war the British were defeated.The Industrial RevolutionDefinition: The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19

11、th centuries. (first in Britain)Ten factors: good location; peaceful society, enough capital; limited monarchy ensure the community could exert their influence over Government policy; town is not far from seaport; many rivers provide transport and mineral; engineer has good training; inventors were

12、respected; laissez faire and “Protestant work ethic”; customs union abolish the internal custom barriers; enough food, labor, raw material for industry.Processes: 1709, smelting iron with coke instead of charcoal, breakthrough; 1733, flying shuttle, John Kay, speeded up hand weaving; 1766, spinning

13、jenny(珍妮紡箏機(jī)）, James Hargreaves, enabled one hand laborer to spin many threads at a time; 1769, water frame, Richard Arkwright;1779, mule, Samuel Crompton; 1770, power-driven （電力驅(qū)動(dòng)）machinery, real “revolution” in textiles; 1784, power loom, Edmund Cartwright, enabled weaving to catch up with spinning

14、; 1765, steam engine, improved by James Watt, first by Thomas Newcomer at the end of 17th century; 1784, pudding and rolling processes, provide increased quantities of high-quality iron; Improved transportation.Results:It created an entirely new social class, the industrial workers.Good: workshop of the world, no other country was yet ready to compete with her in industria