定語從句專題講解

1、定語從句專題講解一、基本概念：在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now?That is the house where he lived ten years ago.定語從句所修飾的詞叫先行詞；定語從句一般用關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞來引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞放在先行詞與定語從句之間起連接作用，同時(shí)又作從句中的一個(gè)成分。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有：that, who, whom, whose, which ， as關(guān)系副詞有： when, where, why.二、關(guān)系詞的用法：（一） 關(guān)系代詞的用法：

2、1. 作主語用who, which 和 that, 如：He is the man who/that lives next door.The train which/that has just left is for Shenzhen.2作賓語用whom, who, which, that,如：The man (whom/who/that) we have just seen is a famous writer.Where is the book (which/that) I bought last week?注：在非正式文體中，用于指人的關(guān)系代詞 who whom, that通?？梢允÷裕?/p>

3、但在正式文體中通常用whom, 不可省略；用于指物的關(guān)系代詞 which 和 that 在非正式文體中也通常省略，但在正式文體中一般不省略。3. 作定語用 whose, 如：(a) He is the man whose car was stolen last week.(b) It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time.注：“whose +名詞中心詞 ”這一結(jié)構(gòu)在定語從句中既能作主語（如上 a 句），又能作賓語 （如上 b 句）。 whose 的先行詞常用來指人，但有時(shí)也可以用來指具體事物或抽象概念，這時(shí)可

4、以與 of which結(jié)構(gòu)互換，詞序是：“名詞 +of which ”，如：They came to a house whose back wall had broken down. (= the back wall of which)He s written a bookthe name of which I ve completely forgotten. (= whose name)4. 作表語只用 that ，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但時(shí)常省略。如：He is no longer the man that he used to be.This is no longer the dir

5、ty place (that) it used to be.（二） 關(guān)系副詞的用法：1 when 指時(shí)間，在從句中作時(shí)間狀語，它的先行詞通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year等。如：I still remember the time when I first became a college student.Do you know the date when Lincoln was born?注： when 時(shí)常可以省略，特別是在某些句型和某些時(shí)間狀語中。如：Each time he came, he did his best to help us.

6、But help never stopped coming from the day she fell ill.2where 指地點(diǎn)，在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。 它的先行詞常有： place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country 等。This is the hotel where they are staying.I forget the house where the Smiths lived.注： where 有時(shí)也可以省略。如：This is the place (where) we met yesterday.3.why 指原因或理由

7、，它的先行詞只有reason。如：That is the reason why he is leaving so soon.注： why 時(shí)常也可以省略。如：That is the real reason he did it.(三 ) 使用關(guān)系副詞應(yīng)注意下列幾點(diǎn)：1. 這三個(gè)關(guān)系副詞在意義上都相當(dāng)于一定的介詞+which結(jié)構(gòu)：when = on (in, at, during ) + which;where = in (at, on ) + which;why = for which.如：I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which) he arriv

8、ed.The office where (=in which) he works is on the third floor.This is the chief reason why (=for which) we did it.2. 當(dāng)先行詞是表時(shí)間的time, day 等和表地點(diǎn)的place, house 等時(shí)，一定要注意分析從句的結(jié)構(gòu)，如果缺少主語或賓語時(shí)，關(guān)系詞應(yīng)該用which 或 that, 缺少時(shí)間狀語或地點(diǎn)狀語時(shí)，才能用 when 或 where，試比較：I ll never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.I ll n

9、ever forget the days which/that we spent together last summer.His father works in a factory where radio parts are made.His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.3. when 和 where 既可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。而 why 只能引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句。三、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句1. 限制性定語從句說明先行詞的情況，對(duì)先行詞起限定作用，與先行詞關(guān)系十分密切，不可用

10、逗號(hào)隔開，也不可省略，否則全句意義就不完整。如：This is the telegram which he refers to.Is there anything (that) I can do for you?2. 非限制性定語從句只是對(duì)先行詞作補(bǔ)充說明，沒有限定作用，它與先行詞的關(guān)系比較松散，因而不是關(guān)鍵性的，如果省略，原句的意義仍然完整。這種從句在朗讀時(shí)要有停頓，在文字中通常用逗號(hào)與主句隔開。如：This note was left by Tom, who was here a moment ago.As a boy, he was always making things, most

11、of which were electric.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系詞有：who, whom, whose, which, when和 where，不可以用that和 why 。另外， 非限制性定語從句從意義上講，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句，在口語中使用并不普遍，在日常生活中，人們通常用并列句或簡(jiǎn)單句來表達(dá)。如：I told the story to John, who later did it to his brother.= I told the story to John, and he later told it to his brother.Yesterday I happened to

12、see John, who was eager to have a talk with you.= Yesterday I happened to see John and he was eager to have a talk with you.3. 兩種定語從句的內(nèi)涵不同，限制性定語從句具有涉他性，而非限制性定語從句具有唯一性，這在理解和翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)特別注意。試比較：All the books there, which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by him.All the books there that have beaut

13、iful pictures in them were written by him.His brother, who is eighteen years old, is a PLA man.（只有一個(gè)）His brother who is a PLA man is eighteen years old.（不止一個(gè)）4. 有時(shí)，非限制性定語從句所修飾的不是某一個(gè)詞，而是整個(gè)主句或是主句中的一個(gè)部分，這時(shí)一般采用 which 或 as 來引導(dǎo)。當(dāng)整個(gè)主句（先行詞）在從句中作主語時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)。eg: He passed the exam, which/as he hoped he wo

14、uld.注：（1） as 引導(dǎo)的從句可以放在主句之前，而which 引導(dǎo)的從句只能放在主句之后。They are hollow, which makes them very light.As is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China.（ 2）從意義上講， which 指前面主句的內(nèi)容；而 as 指代的是作為一般人都知道的常識(shí)性的東西，因此常譯成 “就象 那樣 ”。（ 3）如果定語從句的內(nèi)容對(duì)主句的內(nèi)容起消極作用或當(dāng)非限制定語從句為否定時(shí)，則常用which ，而不用as，如：She stole her friend s money, which was

15、 disgraceful.He tore up my photo, which upset me.Tom drinks a lot everyday,which his wife doesn t like at all.5. 在正式文體中， 以 the way 為先行詞的限制性定語從句通常以in which或that引導(dǎo)，如：The way in which you answered the questions was admirable.但在非正式文體中，人們通常省略in which 或that :The way (in which) he spoke to us was suspiciou

16、s.I don t like the way (that) you laugh at her.四、關(guān)系詞的選擇1. 在非限制性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞作主語，只能用who指人， which指物；關(guān)系代詞做賓語，常用whom （口語中有時(shí)用who）指人，which指物，它們都不能用that 代替。2. 關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語，不論是在限制性定語從句中，還是在非限制性定語從句中，當(dāng)介詞前置時(shí)，只能用 whom 指人， which 指物；但如果介詞后置，則不受這種限制，關(guān)系代詞還可以省去，特別是在口語中。如：Do you know the boy to whom she was talking?Do you

17、 know the boy (that) she was talking to?The pencil (which/that) he was writing with suddenly broke.3.在限制性定語從句中，當(dāng)先行詞指物時(shí)，關(guān)系詞可用which 或 that，二者?？梢曰Q；但在下列情況中，只能用that，不用 which ：(1) 當(dāng)先行詞是all, a lot, (a) little, few, much, none, anything, something, everything, nothing等詞時(shí)。如：All that can be done has been don

18、e.In this factory I saw little / much that was different from ours.(2) 當(dāng)先行詞被all, any no, much, little, few, every等限定詞所修飾時(shí)。如：We heard clearly every word that he said.(3) 當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞所修飾時(shí)。如：The first thing that should be done is to get the tickets.When people talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes

19、 to mind is the West Lake.(4) 當(dāng)先行詞是形容詞最高級(jí)或被形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾，以及先行詞被序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí)同時(shí)修飾時(shí)，如：Is that the best that you can do?That s the most expensive hotel that we ve ever stayed in.This novel is the second best one that I have ever read.(5) 當(dāng)先行詞被the very, the only, the next, the last 等所修飾時(shí)。如：This is the very boo

20、k that I want to find.(6) 當(dāng)先行詞為指人和指物的兩個(gè)并列名詞詞組時(shí)。如：The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the ChildrenPalace.She described in her compositions the people and places that impressed her most.(7) 當(dāng)主句是以 which ， who,what 開頭的特殊疑問句時(shí)。如：Which is the car that killed the

21、boy?Who is the person that is making this lecture?4. 用 which 而不用 that 的情況：引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句；代表整個(gè)主句的意思；介詞 +關(guān)系代詞。他數(shù)學(xué)考試沒有及格，這使他的父親很生氣。This is the room in which my father lived last year.這是父親去年居住過的房子。5. 在限制性定語從句中，當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，關(guān)系詞可用who(m) 或 that，二者?？苫Q。但在下列情況中，用who(m) ，而不用 that：(1) 當(dāng)先行詞是 one, ones, any, few, anyone,

22、 anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody 等詞時(shí)。如：Is there anyone who can answer this question?He was among the few who managed to live through the enemy prison camp.注：在非正式文體中可以說：Youre the one that knows where to go.)(2) 當(dāng)先行詞是he, they, those, people, person 等詞時(shí)。如：He who wants to catch fish just

23、 not mind getting wet.Those who are against the proposal put up your hands.注：在固定結(jié)構(gòu)的諺語或習(xí)語中，可用he that 。如：He that promises too much means nothing.(3) 當(dāng)先行詞有較長(zhǎng)的后置定語修飾時(shí)。如：Do you know the writer in blue with thick glasses who is speaking at the meeting?(4) 在分隔式定語從句中，若先行詞指人，為了明確修飾關(guān)系，應(yīng)當(dāng)用 A new master will ca

24、me tomorrow who will teach you German.who(m) 。如：There s only one student in the school who/whom I wanted to see.I was the only person in my office who was invited.(5) 兩個(gè)定語從句同時(shí)修飾一個(gè)指人的先行詞，第二個(gè)定語從句常用 She is the only girl I know who can play the guitar.who(m) 來引導(dǎo)，如：6. 在限制性定語從句中，當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，在下列情況中，一般用關(guān)系詞that:

25、(1) 當(dāng)主句是以 who 或 which 開頭的特殊疑問句時(shí)。如：Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there?Which of us that knows anything does not know this?(2) 當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞所修飾時(shí)。如：He is the greatest man that has ever lived.(3) 當(dāng)先行詞被the only, the very, the last 等詞所修飾時(shí)。如：She is the only person that understands me.

26、7. 當(dāng)先行詞被the same所修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系詞既可以用as，也可以用that。在表示具體事物時(shí)，有時(shí)兩者有一定的區(qū)別。一般說來，表示同一種類多用as，表示同一事物多用that。如： This is the same instrument that I used yesterday. 這就是我昨天用過的那臺(tái)儀器。This is the same instrument as I used yesterday. 這臺(tái)儀器跟我昨天用過的那臺(tái)一樣。在抽象概念上，同種類和同一事物是沒有絕對(duì)區(qū)別的，所以兩個(gè)詞可換用：I have the same opinion as / that you have.這里

27、要注意的是：（1） 使用 as 時(shí)，它引導(dǎo)的定語從句中的動(dòng)詞可以省略，但使用that 時(shí)，定語從句中的動(dòng)詞不可省略。如：Women received the same pay as men.Women received the same pay that men received.(2) 在 “ the same that結(jié)構(gòu)”中， that 只是用來加強(qiáng)語氣，強(qiáng)調(diào) “相同 ”。that 可以省去而不改變句子原意，甚至連名詞前的same 也可以省去。如：This is the same instrument that I used yesterday.= This is the same instrument I used yesterday.= This is the instrument I used yesterday.但在 “the same as結(jié)”構(gòu)中， same 和 as 都不能省略。(3) 當(dāng) “ the same that結(jié)構(gòu)”中的that 作為關(guān)系副詞用時(shí)，不可以直接與as 互換。如： He lives in the same building that I live.= He li