現(xiàn)在分詞的用法

1、現(xiàn)在分詞的用法 現(xiàn)在分詞（Present Participle）(又稱-ing形式、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式) ，是分詞的一種，分詞又分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞，它們都是非限定動(dòng)詞，即在句子里面不能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)謂語，但能充當(dāng)其它的一些成分（定語，表語，補(bǔ)語和狀語），并且它們具有動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)，所以又是類動(dòng)詞的一種?，F(xiàn)在分詞的兩個(gè)基本特點(diǎn):1. 。例如： a developing country. 一個(gè)發(fā)展中的國(guó)家， boiling water 沸水， rising sun 冉冉升起的太陽。（試比較： a developed country 一個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家， boiled water 白開水， risen sun 升起的太

2、陽）2. 在語態(tài)上表示主動(dòng)。例如： the ruling class 統(tǒng)治階級(jí)， the exploiting class 剝削階級(jí)。（試比較： the ruled class 被統(tǒng)治階級(jí)， the exploited class 被剝削階級(jí)）一：構(gòu)成形式 doing 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)的，或進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 二：時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài) 主動(dòng)被動(dòng) 一般式doing Being done完成式having doneHaving been done三：否定式：所有否定式都是在ing前面加not 1） 現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)：現(xiàn)在分詞本身不能表示具體的時(shí)間概念，其動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間只能是相對(duì)于謂語動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)間相對(duì)而言的。這一點(diǎn)和不

3、定式用法相同。A) 現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式：doing表示分詞的動(dòng)作和謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生?；蚴侵^語動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，分詞的動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生過程中。如：Looking back, I found she was washing clothes.She smelt something burning.(smelt發(fā)生在burning的過程中。)她聞到有東西燒焦了。She sat on the chair, reading a novel.B)現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式：having done表示現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前。Having worked for 2 hours, we had a rest.Not

4、 having received his letter, we all felt worried.2) 現(xiàn)在分詞的語態(tài)：現(xiàn)在分詞用主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)，決定于它的邏輯主語。如果現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語是分詞動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，用主動(dòng)。反之，用被動(dòng)。如：Entering the room, I found Tom watching TV.I knew the man sitting under the tree.(the man是sitting的邏輯主語，而且是分詞動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，故分詞用主動(dòng)。)I found the car being washed.3) 現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語：A) 如果分詞在句子作定語，其邏輯主語

5、就是被修飾的名詞。如：a developing country. 一個(gè)發(fā)展中的國(guó)家， boiling water 沸水， rising sun 冉冉升起的太陽a running boy=a boy who is running B)如果分詞在句子作表語，其邏輯主語通常就是句中的主語。如：The story was interesting.The match is exciting. C)如果分詞在句子作賓語補(bǔ)語，其邏輯主語就是句中的賓語。如：He kept the boy singing.I found his playing on the playground.D)如果分詞在句中作狀語，其邏

6、輯主語通常就是句子的主語。如：Walking on the road, he was whistling.他一邊走路，一邊吹著口哨。Not knowing what to do.His uncle died,leaving him a lot of money.注意：分詞作狀語時(shí)，有時(shí)其邏輯主語不是句子的主語。此時(shí)，分詞需要自帶邏輯主語。其形式為“名詞/代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞”，構(gòu)成獨(dú)立分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。也可在名詞前加上介詞with或without。如：(With)his wife cooking in the kitchen, he was reading in the living room.E)有一類分

7、詞短語，沒有自帶的邏輯主語，句中也沒有它的邏輯主語。通常是表示說話人的態(tài)度或看法的。即現(xiàn)在分詞作“評(píng)注性狀語”。Generally speaking, he is a good student.常常這樣用的分詞短語有：Talking of.談到。Considering.考慮到。Judging form.根據(jù)。判斷Roughly speaking大致說來Strictly speaking嚴(yán)格的說Frankly speaking坦白說來Generally speaking一般說來Broadly speaking泛泛地說Allowing for考慮到Honestly speaking老實(shí)說4） 現(xiàn)在

8、分詞的句法功能：1. 作主語：通常被看作是單數(shù)不可數(shù)名詞，所以謂語動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。Driving fast is very dangerous.Swimming is my favourite sport.Painting is an art.Hearing the bad news made him cry.注意：現(xiàn)在分詞作主語時(shí)，和動(dòng)詞不定式一樣，當(dāng)它是較長(zhǎng)的短語時(shí)，常常用it作形式主語，而把現(xiàn)在分詞放到句末。如：It's nice spending the holiday at the beach.It's tiring working late.現(xiàn)在分詞作主語時(shí)

9、的常用句型： a waste of time no good/no useIt +be+ little/hardly any use + V-ing分詞 not/hardly worth worth/worthwhile如：It's no use complaining.It's no good smoking a lot.It's a waste of time doing such a thing. no no sense in（沒有道理）There +be+ no point in（毫無意義） +V-ing分詞 no use in Nothing worse th

10、an(沒有比.更糟糕的)如：There was no knowing what he was doing.There is no point (in) doing so.這么做，毫無意義。經(jīng)常跟在it +be后面的形容詞，然后接動(dòng)名詞作實(shí)際主語的形容詞還有：Odd古怪的Crazy瘋狂的Hopeless無望的NiceFunny好笑的Foolish愚蠢的interestingTiring累人的betterterribleEnjoyable愉快的Pointless無意義的2作表語：-ing分詞作表語多和系動(dòng)詞be連用。注意：如果主語用了不定式，表語也要用不定式；同樣地，如果主語用的是-ing分詞，表

11、語也應(yīng)用-ing分詞。即，作主語和表語的動(dòng)詞在形式上的一致。如：Seeing is believing=To see is to believe.My favourite sport is swimming.Her only hobby(愛好) is collecting stamps.注意：現(xiàn)在分詞作表語和動(dòng)詞不定式作表語的區(qū)別在于：現(xiàn)在分詞表示習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作；而不定式表示一次性的具體動(dòng)作。如：My plan is to finish my homework before tomorrow.My favourite sport is swimming.3. 作賓語英語中，有相當(dāng)一部分動(dòng)詞后，只能

12、接-ing分詞作賓語。這類動(dòng)詞主要有：Admit承認(rèn)adviseAnticipate期望做。Detest憎恨做。Defer推遲suggestEscape逃避做。Quit停止做。Deny否認(rèn)Miss錯(cuò)過Avoid避免做。Tolerate忍受。Keep保持做。Appreciate感謝。Practise練習(xí)。enjoyMind介意Consider考慮做Risk冒險(xiǎn)做。Excuse原諒如：Excuse me interrupting you.I enjoy reading newspapers.I suggest you should practise speaking English every m

13、orning.注意：有一類動(dòng)詞后即可跟不定式作賓語，也可跟-ing分詞作賓語?？梢园堰@類動(dòng)詞分為三種類型：1）兩種形式意義基本相同。2）兩種形式略有差別。3）意義完全不同。A）兩種形式意義基本相同的動(dòng)詞有：attempt, begin, cease(停止), continue, intend, start, commence(開始).如：She started to cry/crying.What do you intend to do/doing next?你打算接下來做什么？He continued to work/working.B)兩種形式意義略有差別的動(dòng)詞主要有：hate, like

14、, dislike, love, prefer等。如：I like playing basketball.I hate to trouble you.I prefer to go for a walk.I prefer singing songs.C)后跟不定式和-ing分詞時(shí)，意義完全不同的動(dòng)詞有：remember, forget, regret., try, mean, chance(碰巧),cannot help.等。它們后面跟不定式表示動(dòng)作還未發(fā)生，而跟現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生。如：I regret to do this thing.I regret doing such a thin

15、g.Mean to do 表示打算，意欲做某事：而mean doing表示“意味著，意思是”如：I mean/plan to buy a house.Fighting means killing.Chance to do表示碰巧做某事；而chance doing表示冒險(xiǎn)做某事、碰運(yùn)氣試著做某事He chanced to meet his old friend in the street.He chanced taking part in that race.Cannot help to do表示不能幫忙做某事;Cannot help doing表示情不自禁，不由得做某事如：I cannot h

16、elp to do homework for you.I cannot help laughing.4. 作介詞賓語除了我們已經(jīng)談到的“疑問詞+不定式”可以作介詞賓語外。通常情況下，只能用-ing分詞作介詞的賓語。但個(gè)別表示“除了。之外”的介詞如“except, but, than”通常接不定式。如：I can do nothing except/but wait.后面跟-ing分詞作介詞賓語的短語結(jié)構(gòu)主要有：A) “動(dòng)詞+介詞+動(dòng)名詞”I am used to sleeping on the floor.(習(xí)慣于。)I am looking forward to meeting you.Th

17、e rain stopped us from working.She objected to marrying him(反對(duì))B)“形容詞+介詞+-ing分詞”I am interested in playing basketball.Tom is responsible for breaking the glass.C)"名詞+介詞+動(dòng)名詞"There are many ways to do it/of doing it.He didn't go out for fear of raining.-ing分詞的慣用搭配有：A) 主語+have+fun/pleasur

18、e/a good time/trouble/difficulty+(in) doing sth如：We had a lot of fun (in) playing basketball.I have trouble/difficulty(in) understanding him.B)“There is+difficulty/trouble/pleasure+(in) doing sth”如：There is difficulty in passing the exam.There is trouble in learning a foreigh language.C)“be busy+(in

19、) doing sth”I am busy in doing my homework.D) “What about/How about +-ing分詞”（征求意見句型。怎么樣）What/How about having a cup of tea?How about playing basketball with me?E)注意：有一類-ing分詞和go搭配，表示“去（干。）”，這些分詞大多與休閑娛樂的戶外活動(dòng)有關(guān)。常用的有：boatingCamping野營(yíng)Climbing爬山Driving駕車兜風(fēng)Dancing跳舞Hiking徒步旅行Hunting打獵Fishing垂釣runningJoggi

20、ng慢跑Ridding騎馬Sailing航行Shopping購(gòu)物Sightseeing觀光Skating滑冰swimmingWalking散步Window shopping逛街如：We went boating yesterday.5.作定語 單個(gè)分詞作定語時(shí)放在所修飾名詞前 arunningboy thegirlstandingthere （分詞短語作定語，故置于所修飾名詞之后）并且一般都可以轉(zhuǎn)化為一個(gè)進(jìn)行時(shí)的定語從句 如：aboywhoisrunning agirlwhoisstandingthere注意：某些現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時(shí)，已不再表示動(dòng)作，已經(jīng)從分詞變?yōu)榱诵稳菰~詞性。如：aninter

21、estingstory，anexcitingmatch。這些也可以屬于現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，但是不能轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)的定語從句。但是可以有三級(jí)變化（原級(jí)、比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)）和被某些副詞如very修飾。6.作賓語補(bǔ)語只有兩類動(dòng)詞可以加現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ) ） 感官動(dòng)詞或心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞：see，hear，watch，feel，notice，observe，find，listen to，look at ）表示致使意義的動(dòng)詞：make, have，get，catch，leave，keep, let 注意：但是并不代表這些動(dòng)詞后的賓補(bǔ)形式都要用現(xiàn)在分詞（有些后面可以加不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)） eg.I saw him si

22、nging now.和 I saw him sing in the house.注意 ：賓語與作賓補(bǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞之間存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，即賓語是現(xiàn)在分詞動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者。7.作狀語分詞作狀語時(shí)的邏輯主語（即分詞動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者）一般要與句中主語保持一致。若邏輯主語和分詞動(dòng)作之間為主動(dòng)，用主動(dòng)。反之，用被動(dòng)。A） 作時(shí)間狀語 如：.Walking in the street,I saw him.當(dāng)我在街上走時(shí)，我看到他了可以轉(zhuǎn)化為一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句：When/While I was walking in the street,I saw him.注意：當(dāng)我要強(qiáng)調(diào)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作時(shí)我們可以在分詞前面加上whe

23、nwhile 那么上面的例句就可以改寫為When/While walking in the street,I saw him.（其實(shí)這是省略了從句中的I was,因?yàn)閺木涞闹髡Z和主句一致）。如果句子為：When/While he was walking in the street,I saw him. 當(dāng)他走在街上，我看到他了。這里，由于從句主語和主句主語不一致，故不可省略。B）作條件狀語 如： Working hard,you will succeed. （只要）努力工作，你就會(huì)成功。可以轉(zhuǎn)換為if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句。即：If you work hard, you will succeed.C)

24、作原因狀語 如： Being ill,she stayed at home. （因?yàn)椋┥?，她留在家?注意being是常用來作原因狀語的 這句可以轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的原因狀語從句：Because/As she was ill, she stayed at home.D)作讓步狀語 如. Having failed many times,he didn't lose heart. 有很多次失敗，他沒有灰心。=Although he had failed many times, he didn't lose heart.E)作結(jié)果狀語 如： His friend died,leaving

25、 Tom a lot of money, 他的朋友死了，（所以）給湯姆留了很多錢。=His friend died, so he left Tom a lot of money.F)作方式狀語 如：Please answer the question using another way. 請(qǐng)用另一種方式回答這個(gè)問題G)作伴隨狀語,表示現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行中。如：He sat on the chair, singing songs.They left the shop, satisfied.The worked for a whole day, exhausted.They watching TV in the living room, I was cooking in the kitchen.8. 現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立主格 （1）獨(dú)立主格，又叫獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作狀語。它沒有主語和謂語，只有邏輯上的主語，因此，它在句法上不