虛擬語氣語法總結(jié)

1、虛擬語氣在英語文法中有三種語氣，即直述式語氣(Indicative Mood)、祈使語氣 (Imperative Mood)和虛擬語氣(Subjective Mood)，其中前兩種我們早已熟悉了，這里則不多談了，如： How beautiful she is! 則是直述式語氣，而Hurry up! Don't hurry up 則是祈使語氣。我們主要來看看虛擬語氣的主要用法。虛擬語氣主要是用來表達一種無法實現(xiàn)的愿望，一種與事實相反的情況，或者將不可能實現(xiàn)的，或可能性很小的事實，假想為事實予以表述。這樣的動詞結(jié)構(gòu)稱為虛擬語氣。它主要有三種形式，即與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè)，與過去事實相反的假設(shè)

2、，與將來事實相反的假設(shè)。它們具體結(jié)構(gòu)如表。虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成種類條 件 句 結(jié)構(gòu)主 句 結(jié) 構(gòu)與現(xiàn)在事實相反動詞用過去式be 動詞用 wereShould/could動詞原形would/might動詞原形與過去事實相反的用had過去分詞Should/couldhave過去分詞would/mighthave過去分詞與將來事實相反動詞用過去式were to 加動詞原形should 加動詞原形should動詞原形would動詞原形虛擬語氣其他習慣用法簡表種類功用句型例句虛擬語氣表示主觀愿望主句謂語賓語從句謂語動詞I wish we could go to the seaside today.wish現(xiàn)在

3、過去式過去had+過去分詞I wish I had gone to the basketball match.將來should+動詞原形would+動詞原形could+動詞原形might+動詞原形I wished I could fly to the moon.I wish you would stay here a little longer.would rather現(xiàn)在過去式I would rather you came to my party tomorrow.表示虛擬比較或方式狀語從句從句動詞形式She looked after the orphan as if he were her

4、e own child.as if, as though, even if 從句與現(xiàn)實相反過去式與過去相反had+過去分詞They're talking as if they had been friends for many years.與將來相反should+動詞原形would+動詞原形could+動詞原形might+動詞原形The man looked worried, as though something would happen to him.that, so that, in order that從句may+動詞原形might+動詞原形can+動詞原形could+動詞原形

5、Turn on the light so that I could see it clearly. I warned him in order that he might keep away from the danger.表示間接的命令、建議或請求賓語從句用于suggest, propose, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等之后(should)+動詞原形They required that I (should) go at once. He suggested that the meeting (should) start e

6、arlier.表語從句主句中的主語常是：suggestion, idea, proposal, order, request等My suggestion is that we should tell him. Our only request is that this problem(should) be settled as soon as possible.同位語從句They received an order that the work be stopped.在主語從句中表示驚奇、惋惜、理應如此等It is necessary (important, natural, strange 等

7、) that主語從句中的動詞形式：It is necessary that every member remember these rules.It is a great pity that he should be so careless.It is suggested that we should get everything ready by tonight.It is a pity (a shame, no wonder 等) thatshould+動詞原形It is suggested (requested, proposed 等) that表示祝愿或愿望may+動詞原形May yo

8、u succeed!動詞原形+賓語Long live the People's Republic of China!其他It is time that+主語+should+動詞原形It is time that+主語+動詞過去式It's time that you should go home now.It is high time that we left.1 語法辨析Incorrect: If I was a girl， I would marry youCorrect: If I were a girl， I would marry you表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬語氣時，

9、if條件句中的be動詞一律用were，這句話應譯為我要是個女孩，我就嫁給你。實際上不可能是個女孩。Incorrect: If I were you I will not worryCorrect: If I were you I shouldn't worry現(xiàn)在時的虛擬語氣主句要用should 或would 加動詞原形，這句話應譯為我要是你的話，就沒有必要煩惱。要注意這種語態(tài)用在這里實際上是想把要講出的觀點表達得婉轉(zhuǎn)些，有禮貌些。Incorrect: God forgives you!Correct: God forgive you!這里的主語 God 是第三人稱單數(shù)，之所以動詞不加

10、 s 是因為要表達一種祝愿，即人力所不能及的事情，實際上是 forgive前有一助動詞should， May 等，但在口語中將其省略了。如： May you be happy 祝你幸福。Incorrect: If the weather was nice yesterday,we would have gone to the zooCorrect: If the weather had been nice yesterday， we would have gone to the zoo因句中有 yesterday 一詞即表示的是與過去相反的事實，即昨天天氣很不好，我們也未去動物園，所以 if

11、條件句應用 had過去分詞。Incorrect: If it is was not snowing right now,I will go for a walkCorrect: If it was (were) not snowing right now， I would go for a walk虛擬語態(tài) be 動詞作助動詞時，則可用was來取代were， 如 was to。虛擬語態(tài)中的動詞如果是表示正在進行之中也要用進行時態(tài)。Incorrect: If you had taken my advice,you would have been better nowCorrect: If you

12、 had taken my advice,you would be better now這句話的意思是如果你以前要是能聽我的忠告的話，你現(xiàn)在就會好多了。其條件句是與過去事實相反的虛擬句，而主句是與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬句，這在語法書中叫做混合虛擬條件句。例如： If I had caught that plane， I would be dead now 即： The plane I intended to catch crashed and everyone was killedIncorrect: He were you， he would go home at onceCorrect: We

13、re he you， he would go home at onceCorrect: If he were you， he would go home at once在虛擬條件句中的if可以省略，但if省略后其句子的結(jié)構(gòu)要采用倒裝語序。Incorrect: Supposing your teacher saw you with me What does she think?Correct: Supposing your teacher saw you with me， what might she think?這句話中沒有if條件句，但仍要用作虛擬語態(tài)。這里因為有些分詞或介詞短語，起到了從句

14、的作用。這些短語有： without， providing, supposing， but for(you)Incorrect: To see the girl， you will like herCorrect: To see the girl， you would like her這里的條件句是用不定式取代了。Incorrect: I'm sorry I did have come here by carCorrect: I'm sorry I should have come here bycar這里的條件句被省略了，其意為我真應該坐小車來。同樣在句意不會混淆的情況下，主

15、句也有時可以被省略，如：What if we should fail! (我們?nèi)f一失敗了如何)。 If he could do it, why not? (如果他能做，他怎么會不干呢?)Incorrect: If the earth were (was) to turn from east to west， I willgive you this car as a giftCorrect: If the earth were(was) to turn from east to west I would give you this car as a gift條件句中也常用were to 來表示說

16、話者認為可能性極小或根本不可能的事。Incorrect: If you'd have told him early， he would have passed the examCorrect: If you had told him early， he would have passed the exam非正式口語中往往聽見外國人講：'d havepp (過去分詞)但仍沒有人認為它是正確的句子，不易為我們效仿。Incorrect: The little girl looked as if she would have seena ghostCorrect: The little

17、 girl looked as if she had seen a ghost要注意的是 as if 從句中如果用虛擬語氣，它的用法要與 if條件句的動詞結(jié)構(gòu)相同，即與現(xiàn)在事實相反動詞用過去式，be 動詞用were，而與過去事實相反的動詞用hadpp (過去分詞)。另外更要注意的是，并非所有 as if 從句都要用虛擬語氣。如： Itlooks as if it is going to snow (看天好像要下雪)即是真實條件句。Incorrect: I should have come here early， but I had beenbusyCorrect: I should have

18、come here early but I wasbusybut 是轉(zhuǎn)折連詞，其后的句子是真實句，而不是虛擬句。Incorrect: To tell the truth， I wish I know her address nowCorrect: To tell the truth, I wish I knew heraddress nowwish的賓語從句中要用虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)，與現(xiàn)在事實相反的條件動詞要用過去式，be動詞用were，與過去事實相反的條件動詞要用had過去分詞。如： I wished I had passed that examIncorrect: His homework was

19、written badlyI wish he will do it better tomorrowCorrect: His homework was written badlyI wish he would do it better tomorrowwish要用來表示對現(xiàn)狀不滿，希望將來有所改進，則要用would加動詞原形。并非wish不能表達真正的祝愿，但是不能接從句，而要用雙賓語，或不定式，如：I wish you luck (雙賓語)I wish you to be a good studentI wish to see her at onceIncorrect: I wish it w

20、ill not be another failureCorrect: I hope it will not be another failureCorrect: I wish it would not be another failure要注意 hope 與 wish 的不同用法。2 例題解析例1If he on tourists for his business， he would have to close his shopA dependsB will dependC dependedDhas depended答案C這是與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè)。應譯為：如果他僅靠旅游來做生意的話，他早就要關(guān)

21、門了。例2Had she been younger， shemore beautifulA had beenB might have beenC might beD would be答案B因其條件句是省去if的與過去事實相反的假設(shè)。例3If you thatTV play last night， you wouldn't be sleepyA haven't watchedB didn't watchC hadn't watchedD wouldn't have watched答案C因是與過去事實相反的假設(shè)。應譯為：昨晚你要是不看那個電視劇，你現(xiàn)在也不會

22、這么困倦了。這是混合虛擬句，主句是與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬。例4If it tomorrow， we will not go for the picnicA will rainB had rainedC rainedD rains答案D因其主句是將來時，所以條件句應用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。所以要注意的是有些真實條件句并沒有虛擬的含意，不要亂用虛擬語態(tài)。例5We had hoped that wego home at onceA didB willC /D would答案D had hoped 用來表達對過去未能實現(xiàn)的愿望，其賓語從句要用would加動詞原形。例6I want to see her t

23、odayI'd rather you A didn'tB do notC don'tD do答案A 'd rather 其后如直接接動詞則用動詞原形。如加賓語從句則從句中謂語動詞要用過去式。例7It is very late， It's timeA we have leftB we will leaveC we leftD we leave答案C要注意It is (high/about) time 其后可接 for something, 如：It is time for supper. 或 for somebody to do something 也可接

24、從句，但從句中的謂語動詞要用過去式，有時也可用should加動詞原形，但should不可省略。例8These typewritten papers are very neatI wish I type too， but I don't know howA canB mayC couldD will答案C因wish在從句中表示與現(xiàn)在相反的虛擬，所以要用would或could。例9It is important that hethis work at onceA doB doesC didD will do答案A虛擬語氣可以用來表示要求、建議、提議、命令、意愿等。在Itis 形容詞(過去分

25、詞) 從句的結(jié)構(gòu)中，從句中的謂語動詞要用should加動詞原形，其should在美語中經(jīng)常省略。這樣的形容詞有： important， necessary， strange， natural。這樣的過去分詞有： demanded, requested, suggested， required， recommended。例10The teacher ordered that the students herA obeysB obeyedC obeyingD obey答案D因帶有命令要求口氣的動詞其賓語從句中的謂語動詞也要用should加動詞原形。其should在美語中則被省略。這樣的動詞有：as

26、k， advise， demand， desire， insist， order， recommend, require， request， suggest例11She rejected my suggestion that sheher son the next weekA metB will meetC meetD would meet答案C因同位語從句的謂語動詞要用should加動詞原形。這是因為其前面的名詞是由例10中的那些表示愿望、命令、建議的動詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來的。例12What's the matter with her?I don't know but she look

27、s she'd lost her boy friendA thatB so thatC asD as if答案D其意為她看上去好像是失掉了男朋友一樣臉色不好看。例13You finally passed the examYes， your help. I would have not succeededA but thatB but forC but ifD thanks to答案B由but for， without， supposing 等短語或連接詞也可以引出虛擬語態(tài)。例14 today， hewould get there by the weekendA Would he leaveB Was he leavingC Were he to leaveD If he leaves答案C如果條件句中if被省去，則要用倒裝語序