英語語法-時態(tài)

1、英語語法時態(tài)英語時態(tài)是英語語法中的第一道難關(guān)，攻下此難關(guān)是作文、閱讀、口語之關(guān)鍵。漢語用不同詞表達相應(yīng)時態(tài)，而英語用同一詞的不同變化形式表達時態(tài)。英語各種時態(tài)構(gòu)成表：以playplay為例：一般時態(tài)進行時態(tài)完成時態(tài)完成進行時態(tài)現(xiàn)在playplaysam/is/are playinghave/has playedhave/has been playing過去playedwas/were playinghad playedhad been playing將來shall/will playshall/will be playingshall/will have playedshall/will ha

2、ve been playing過去將來should/would playshould/would be playingshould/would have playedshall/would have been playing一般現(xiàn)在時1 1構(gòu)成：使用動詞原形，第三人稱單數(shù)須有變化。（1 1）直接加“s s”，worksworks，takes takes （2 2）以輔音加“y y”結(jié)尾，變“y y”為“ii”，再加“eses”carry carries carry carries （3 3）以“o, s, x, ch, sho, s, x, ch, sh”結(jié)尾的動詞加“eses” goes d

3、resses watches brushes waxesgoes dresses watches brushes waxes一般現(xiàn)在時2 2功能：（1 1）表現(xiàn)在的事實、狀態(tài)或動作：eg: eg: . Birds fly. . Birds fly. . She loves music. . She loves music. . Marys parents get up very early. . Marys parents get up very early. 一般現(xiàn)在時（2 2）表習(xí)慣性動作或職業(yè)，常與oftenoften，sometimessometimes，usuallyusually，

4、alwaysalways，every weekevery week，seldomseldom，occasionallyoccasionally，frequentlyfrequently等時間副詞連用。eg: eg: . I always take a walk after supper. . I always take a walk after supper. . She writes to me very often. . She writes to me very often. . Tom and his girlfriend go out to take a . Tom and his

5、girlfriend go out to take a picnic occasionally.picnic occasionally.一般現(xiàn)在時（3 3）表客觀真理，格言警句或事實： . The earth moves round the sun. . The earth moves round the sun. . The sun rises in the east and sets in the . The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. west. . Two and two makes four. . Two and two m

6、akes four. . No man but errs. . No man but errs. 人非圣賢，孰能無過。一般現(xiàn)在時 （4 4）表將來：A A在由whenwhen，after, beforeafter, before，asas，as soon asas soon as，althoughalthough，becausebecause，if if，even ifeven if，in casein case，tilltill，untiluntil，unlessunless，so long asso long as，wherewhere，whateverwhatever，wherever

7、wherever 等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來發(fā)生的動作。 （黃金重點?。〆g.eg.： . Ill tell her when she comes tomorrow. . Ill tell her when she comes tomorrow. . Even if it rains this afternoon, Ill meet you. Even if it rains this afternoon, Ill meet you. . Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed. Whatever happens, you shou

8、ld keep cool-headed. （不錯的句型?。?. Ill be right here waiting for you wherever you go. Ill be right here waiting for you wherever you go. （很感人的句型?。┮话悻F(xiàn)在時B B按時間表示將要發(fā)生的動作或事件，用一般現(xiàn)在時表達將來時概念。 . The play begins at 6:30 this evening. . The play begins at 6:30 this evening. . When does the plane take off? . When

9、 does the plane take off? . He leaves for that city next week. . He leaves for that city next week. . According to the timetable, the . According to the timetable, the express train to Shanghai starts at nine in the express train to Shanghai starts at nine in the morning. morning. （按照時刻表，開往上海的特快列車早上

10、 7 7 點出發(fā)。）Exercises1. The Browns _ a nice car and Browns brother _ a nice jeep. A. have / have B. has / has C. have / has D. has / have 2. If their house _ not like ours, what _ it look like? A. is / is B. is / does C. does / does D. does / is 3. - _ you think he will come? - If it _ tomorrow, he wi

11、ll not come. A. Do / rains B. Are / rains C. Do / will rain D. Are / will rain 4. The little child _ not even know that the moon _ around the earth. A. do / move B. do / moves C. does / moves D. did / moved 5. Many a student _ fond of films, but a good student seldom _ to the cinema A. are / goes B.

12、 is / goes C. are / go D. is / go 現(xiàn)在進行時：am/is/are +am/is/are +現(xiàn)在分詞1 1表示現(xiàn)在正在進行的動作。 . The kettle is boiling. Shall I make tea? . The kettle is boiling. Shall I make tea? . Dont you think you eat too much? Youre . Dont you think you eat too much? Youre putting on weightputting on weight（體重增加）。 . The wo

13、rkers are building a new bridge . The workers are building a new bridge across the river. across the river. 現(xiàn)在進行時：am/is/are +am/is/are +現(xiàn)在分詞2 2表現(xiàn)階段正進行的動作。 . He is taking English this semester. He is taking English this semester. . Weare preparing for our final examination . Weare preparing for our f

14、inal examination this week. this week. 現(xiàn)在進行時：am/is/are +am/is/are +現(xiàn)在分詞3 3go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, die, go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, die, start, return, join, etc. start, return, join, etc. 用于進行時態(tài)時表示即將開始的動作。 . Look! The bus is coming. Look! The bus is coming. . The old man is ser

15、iously ill, and he is . The old man is seriously ill, and he is dying. dying. . Alice is leaving for Beijing with her . Alice is leaving for Beijing with her mother.mother.現(xiàn)在進行時：am/is/are +am/is/are +現(xiàn)在分詞4 4與 always, forever, continually, constantly always, forever, continually, constantly 等副詞連用，表示說

16、話人帶有感情色彩：贊賞或厭惡。 . He is always thinking of others. He is always thinking of others.（他總是想著別人。） . The boy is continually making noises. The boy is continually making noises.（這男孩不斷地發(fā)出吵鬧聲。） . The teacher is constantly (always) . The teacher is constantly (always) criticizing her for being late.criticizi

17、ng her for being late.（老師一直在批評她遲到。）現(xiàn)在進行時：am/is/are +am/is/are +現(xiàn)在分詞5 5下面表示狀態(tài)、感覺、情緒、精神活動的動詞不可用于進行時。（切記?。゜elievebelieve（相信），doubtdoubt（懷疑），seesee（看見），hearhear（聽見） ，knowknow（知道），understand understand （理解），belongbelong（屬于），thinkthink（認為），considerconsider（認為），feelfeel（覺得），looklook（看起來）， seem seem（看上去），sh

18、owshow（顯示），mindmind（介意），havehave（有），soundsound（聽起來），tastetaste（嘗起來）， require require（要求），possesspossess（擁有），carecare（關(guān)心），likelike（喜歡），hatehate（討厭），lovelove（喜愛）， detest detest（憎恨），desiredesire（意欲）現(xiàn)在進行時：am/is/are +am/is/are +現(xiàn)在分詞 永遠不要說Im believing.Im believing.或He is seeing a He is seeing a house. hou

19、se. 這些動詞后面不要隨意加-ing. -ing. 我們在寫作及口語中常犯此類大錯！ 注意：have a party / think abouthave a party / think about可以用進行時，因為這里havehave意為“舉行”；thinkthink意為“考慮”。Exercises1. How can you _ If you are not _ ? A. listening / hearing B. hear / listening C. be listening / heard D. be hearing / listening to 2.The girl even w

20、ont have her lunch before she _ her homework. A. will finish B. is finishing C. had finished D. finishes 3. Those who have applied for the post（職位）_ in the office.A. are being interviewed B. are interviewing C. interviewing D. to be interviewing 4. The old scientist _ to do more for the country. A.

21、is wishing B. has been wishing C. wishes D. has been wished 5. If he _, dont wake him up. A. still sleeps B. is still sleeping C. still has been sleeping D. will be sleeping still 一般過去時1 1表示過去某個特定時間或某一段時間發(fā)生的動作或情況。 . We visited the school last spring. We visited the school last spring. . I went to sc

22、hool by bike when I was in . I went to school by bike when I was in middle school. middle school. . China was founded in 1949. . China was founded in 1949. 一般過去時2 2在表示時間或條件等的狀語從句中代替過去將來時。 . She told me that she would not go with us if . She told me that she would not go with us if it rained the next

23、 day.it rained the next day. . They would not leave until she came back. They would not leave until she came back. . My friend promised to marry me once she . My friend promised to marry me once she made her final decision.made her final decision.一般過去時3 3一般過去時和一般現(xiàn)在時的幾組差異： Her brother was a chemist.

24、Her brother was a chemist.（已去世） Her brother is a chemist. Her brother is a chemist.（尚健在） Thats all I had to say. Thats all I had to say.（話已說完） Thats all I have to say. Thats all I have to say.（言之未盡） It was so nice to see you. It was so nice to see you.（離別時用） It is so nice to see you. It is so nice t

25、o see you.（見面時用） Jane did a lot of work this morning. Jane did a lot of work this morning.（已是當(dāng)天下午或晚上） Jane has done a lot of work this morning. Jane has done a lot of work this morning.（仍是上午）Exercises（用所給動詞的正確時態(tài)填空）。1. Yesterday I _ (think) that you were 1. Yesterday I _ (think) that you were not in

26、Beijing. not in Beijing. 2. Alice usually _ (sit) in the front of the 2. Alice usually _ (sit) in the front of the classroom, but she _ (sit) at the back classroom, but she _ (sit) at the back this morning. this morning. 3. He _ (tell) the news to us three days 3. He _ (tell) the news to us three da

27、ys ago. ago. 4. He_ (begin) to teach Chinese in 4. He_ (begin) to teach Chinese in 1990. 5. she would not telephone me if she 1990. 5. she would not telephone me if she _ (have) no time._ (have) no time.thoughtsitssattoldbeganhadExercises1. They _ the trip until the rain stopped. A. continued B. did

28、nt continue C. hadnt continued D. would continue 2. The local peasants gave the soldiers clothes and food without which they _ of hunger and cold.A. would die B. will die C. would be dead D. would have died 3. It was not until then that I came to know that the earth _ around the sun. A. moved B. has

29、 moved C. will move D. moves 4. When all those present（到場者）_ he began his lecture.（重點題） A. sit B. set C. seated D. were seated 5. If I had had time, I would have written to you. But in fact I _ not. A. have B. would have C. had D. had had 過去進行時：were/was+were/was+現(xiàn)在分詞1 1表示過去某一時刻或階段正在發(fā)生的動作。 . I was pl

30、aying chess at 8 oclock yesterday . I was playing chess at 8 oclock yesterday evening. evening. . When I arrived, they were watching TV. . When I arrived, they were watching TV. . They were doing housework this time last . They were doing housework this time last week. week. 過去進行時：were/was+were/was+

31、現(xiàn)在分詞2 2用于條件狀語從句中表示過去將來進行的動作。 . She told me to wake him up if she was . She told me to wake him up if she was sleeping. sleeping. . I asked my friend to warn me about it . I asked my friend to warn me about it as long as I was driving too fast. as long as I was driving too fast. 過去進行時：were/was+were/w

32、as+現(xiàn)在分詞3 3過去某時將發(fā)生的事。 . They told me that they were leaving for . They told me that they were leaving for New York. New York. . He was going out when I arrived. He was going out when I arrived.Exercises1. My brother _ while he _ his bicycle and hurt himself.A. fell / was riding B. feel / were riding

33、C. had fallen / rode D. had fallen / was riding 2. He _ his leg as he _ in a football match. A. broke / played B. was breaking / was playing C. broke / was playing D. was breaking / played 3. -Myfather will be here tomorrow. -I thought that he _ today. A. was coming B. is coming C. will come D. come

34、s 4. Jack was going out of the shop when he collided with an old woman who _ in. A. come B. was coming C. had been coming D. had come 5. Michike couldnt come to the telephone when Mr. Smith called her because she _ in the lab. A. had been working B. has been working C. was working D. worked 現(xiàn)在完成時：ha

35、ve/has+have/has+過去分詞1 1表示過去所發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。常與yetyet，justjust，beforebefore，recentlyrecently，latelylately（最近），everever，nevernever等表時間的副詞搭配使用。 He hasnt seen her lately. He hasnt seen her lately. I havent finished the book yet. I havent finished the book yet. 現(xiàn)在完成時：have/has+have/has+過去分詞2 2表示一個從過去某個時

36、間開始，延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并可能持續(xù)下去的動作，常與表示一段時間的時間狀語連用。如：so so farfar（迄今為止），up till nowup till now（直到現(xiàn)在），since, for since, for a long timea long time（很長時間），up to presentup to present（直到現(xiàn)在），in the past / in the last few yearsin the past / in the last few years（在過去的幾年里），these daysthese days（目前） . He has worked here for

37、15 years. . He has worked here for 15 years. . I have studied English since I came here. I have studied English since I came here. . The foreigner has been away from China for a . The foreigner has been away from China for a long time. long time. . So far, I havent received a single letter from my .

38、 So far, I havent received a single letter from my brother. brother. 現(xiàn)在完成時：have/has+have/has+過去分詞3 3某些非延續(xù)性動詞（即：動作開始便終止的動詞），在現(xiàn)在完成時中不能與表示一段時間狀語搭配。黃金要點：I I常見的非延續(xù)動詞：die, arrivedie, arrive（到達），joinjoin（加入），leaveleave（離開），go, refusego, refuse（拒 絕），failfail（失敗），finishfinish，buybuy，marrymarry，divorcedivorce

39、（離婚），awakeawake（醒） ，buybuy，borrowborrow，lend .lend .（背三遍?。㊣I II這類動詞并非不能用現(xiàn)在完成時，而是不能接常由forfor引導(dǎo)的時間狀語。III III但若是用在否定句中，非延續(xù)動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時可以與表示一段時間的狀語連用。 She has gone away for a month. She has gone away for a month.（誤） She She has been awayhas been away for a month for a month （正） The man has died for two year

40、s. The man has died for two years.（誤） The man The man has been dead has been dead for two years.for two years.（正） How long have you bought the book? How long have you bought the book?（誤） How long How long have you gothave you got the book. the book.（正）現(xiàn)在完成時：have/has+have/has+過去分詞4 4注意 sincesince的用法：

41、 . They havent had any trouble . They havent had any trouble sincesince they they came here.came here. . It has been ten years . It has been ten years sincesince we met last we met last time. time. . He has been here . He has been here sincesince 1980. 1980. . He has been here . He has been here sin

42、cesince ten years ago. ten years ago.現(xiàn)在完成時：have/has+have/has+過去分詞5 5幾組對比：He has gone to Shanghai. He has gone to Shanghai. 他到上海去了。 He has been to Shanghai. He has been to Shanghai. 他去過上海。She has gone. She has gone. 她已走了。 She is gone. She is gone. 她缺席了。（oror她死了。）The door has been closed. The door has

43、 been closed. 門關(guān)上了。（動作）The door is closed. The door is closed. 門是關(guān)著的。（狀態(tài)）Exercises1. The prices _ going up all the time in the past few years. A. keep B. kept C. have kept D. are keeping 2. For the whole period of two months, there _ no rain in this area. A. is B. will be C. has been D. have been 3.

44、 Today is Janes wedding day. She _ John. A. have just married with B. was just married to C. has just been married to D. just has been married to 4. No wonder the flower have withered, they _ any water for ages.A. hadnt B. havent C. havent had D. hadnt had 5. Nowadays computer _ a wide application w

45、ith the development of production and science. A. found B. has found C. finds D. had found 現(xiàn)在完成進行時：have/has been+have/has been+現(xiàn)在分詞1 1表示從過去某時開始發(fā)生，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在且可能延續(xù)下去的動作。 . Ive been waiting for an hour but she . Ive been waiting for an hour but she hasnt come. hasnt come. . He has been running after her f

46、or 8 . He has been running after her for 8 years.years.（run after: run after: 追求）現(xiàn)在完成進行時：have/has been+have/has been+現(xiàn)在分詞2 2表某種感情色彩。 . Ive been wanting to see you for so . Ive been wanting to see you for so many years. many years. . Whos been telling you such . Whos been telling you such nonsense. n

47、onsense. 現(xiàn)在完成進行時：have/has been+have/has been+現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進行時的對比：現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)“結(jié)果”，而完成進行時強調(diào)“動作的延續(xù)”。 . I have thought of it. I have thought of it.（我已想到了這一點。） . I have been thinking of it. I have been thinking of it.（我一直在想這一點。） . Jim has painted the door. Jim has painted the door.（杰姆已將門油漆過了。） . Jim has bee

48、n painting the door. Jim has been painting the door.（杰姆一直在油漆門。）Exercises1. They _ us since five oclock this morning. A. are helping B. have been helping C. have been helped D. have helped 2. I _ the book the whole day, yet I havent finished it. A. have been reading B. have read C. am reading D. had

49、been reading 3. Please come in. We _ about your paper. A. talk B. had been talking C. have been talking D. would have talked 4. Such natural resources as coal and petroleum _. A. gradually are exhausted B. are being gradually exhausted C. have gradually exhausting D. have been exhausting gradually 5

50、. It _ almost every day so far this month. A. is raining B. rained C. rains D. has been raining Exercises用所給動詞正確時態(tài)填空。1. You should go to bed. You _ 1. You should go to bed. You _ (watch) TV for 5 hours. (watch) TV for 5 hours. 2. I _ (write) letters since breakfast. 2. I _ (write) letters since brea

51、kfast. 3. I _ (write) 3 letters since breakfast. 3. I _ (write) 3 letters since breakfast. 4. Sorry, but Mr. Smith _ (leave) for 4. Sorry, but Mr. Smith _ (leave) for Beijing.Beijing.5. I _ (look) for him everywhere, 5. I _ (look) for him everywhere, where can he be? where can he be? have writtenhav

52、e been writinghas lefthave been watchinghave been looking過去完成時：had+had+過去分詞1 1表示過去某個動作或某個具體時間之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生、完成的動作?！斑^去的過去”。 They had got everything ready before I They had got everything ready before I came. came. The play had begunbefore I got to the The play had begunbefore I got to the theater with my boy

53、friend. theater with my boyfriend. 過去完成時：had+had+過去分詞2 2過去完成時常用于 hardly / scarcely . when, hardly / scarcely . when, no sooner . thanno sooner . than等固定句型結(jié)構(gòu)中。（超級重點句型，意為：“一就”） She had hardly / scarcely gone to bed She had hardly / scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang. when the bell rang. No sooner

54、 had he arrived at the railway No sooner had he arrived at the railway station than he met her parents.station than he met her parents.（注意 no sooner no sooner 在句首時要倒裝。）過去完成時：had+had+過去分詞3 3intendintend（打算），meanmean（意味），hopehope（希望），wantwant（想要），planplan（計劃）等動詞的過去完成時用來表示本打算做而沒有做的事。 I had intended to

55、call on you yesterday, but I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was someone came to see me just when I was about to leave.about to leave.（原想昨天去看你） They had planed to hold a football match They had planed to hold a football match last week, but they had to c

56、ancel it because last week, but they had to cancel it because the bad weather.the bad weather.（原計劃上周舉行一場足球賽）Exercises1. -Lets hurry! The president is coming. -Oh, I was afraid that we _. A. already miss him B. had already missed him C. will miss him already D. have already missed him 2. Your letter

57、came just as I _ my office. A. was leaving B. would leave C. had left D. left 3. I _ my keys, I cant remember where I last sawthem. A. was losing B. lost C. had lost D. have lost 4. Nobody knew where the teacher _. A. has gone B. would have gone C. had gone D. would be gone 5. The sportsmen _ traini

58、ng for 3 hours when the coach told them to break off for rest. A. have been B. are C. had been D. were 一般將來時：shall/will+shall/will+動詞原形1 1表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。 He will graduate from the college next year. He will graduate from the college next year. We shall finish our work as quickly as possible. We sha

59、ll finish our work as quickly as possible. 一般將來時：shall/will+shall/will+動詞原形2 2將來時的其它結(jié)構(gòu)：（務(wù)必背下?。㊣. I. be going to do somethingbe going to do something. . 打算做某事。（美國口語中常讀作be gonnabe gonna） Im going to buy a new coat this fall. Im going to buy a new coat this fall. be going to be going to與willwill的對比：下列情

60、況須用will will Ill be sixteen years old next year. Ill be sixteen years old next year. It will be the 20 th of August tomorrow. It will be the 20 th of August tomorrow. When he comes, I will give him your message. When he comes, I will give him your message. II. II. be + to do sthbe + to do sth. .表示計劃