高考英語語法精要講解Word版

1、高考英語語法精要講解名詞    1、在句子里使用名詞應(yīng)注意的問題名詞的數(shù)：單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)和不可數(shù);名詞的格：通格和屬格 (s )名詞的限定：特指、泛指、數(shù)量和習(xí)慣用法，即名詞前加冠詞或其它限定詞， 例如： some, many , this, my 等2、名詞的數(shù)和單位詞1)復(fù)型名詞 + 復(fù)數(shù)動詞The trousers are too big for me. Please show me the smaller pair.備用詞： shoes, stockings, glasses, socksNOTICE: A pair of glasses costs quit

2、e a lot.2)復(fù)型名詞 + 單數(shù)動詞A. The news on TV is seldom satisfying.備用詞：mathematics, physics, politics, means, works, the United StatesB. Twenty miles is a long way to walk.備用詞： five pounds, two feet, six weeks3) 集合名詞 + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞The police have surrounded the building.Cattle are selling for record price (創(chuàng)記錄).備用

3、詞： the enemy, (the) peopleNOTICE: 表示由若干人組成的集合體的單數(shù)詞?？勺鲝?fù)數(shù)用，但若把這個集合體看作整體就用作單數(shù):My family are wonderful. They do all they can for me.The family which now consists of four members at most is smaller than it used to be.4)不可數(shù)名詞作可數(shù)的情況A. 部分不可數(shù)名詞可以有下列情況a (an) + adj. + n.It looks like rain. a thirsty for knowle

4、dge(求知欲)a heavy rain He has a good knowledge of politics.備用詞： snow, breakfast, wine, oil, educationB.口語特例(特定場合)A (One) beer, please.Two teas and four coffees, please.5)既是可數(shù)又是不可數(shù)的名詞I broke a glass this morning. (杯子)Glass is made from sand. (玻璃)備用詞： paper / a paper, light(光) / a light(燈);ice(冰) / an i

5、ce (冰激凌), chicken(雞肉) / a chicken (雛雞)6) 單位詞A.個數(shù)a piece of information (furniture, advice)1 / 33B. 以形狀表示個數(shù)a grain of rice, a flight of stairsC. 容量a box of matches, a cup of teaD. 計量a metre of cloth, a ton of coalE.其它a (new) set of tools (wires, teeth, rules)3、名詞的格：1) s 的用法A . 與時間有關(guān)的名詞a nights sleep

6、ten minutes walkNOTICE: a two-hour walk = two hourswalkB. 和else 連用book can this be?A. Who elsesB. Whose elseC. Whos elseD. Whose elses(A)C. s 修飾的詞，如果前面提到，可省略This is Jacks book, not Toms.This book is Jacks not Toms.D. 表示店、鋪、家、診所等， s 后面的名詞省略at the Greens (house), at the doctors (office)2) OF 結(jié)構(gòu)表示所有關(guān)系A(chǔ)

7、. 無生命的名詞用ofthe price of the successB. 有生命的名詞被一個短語或從句修飾而表示所有關(guān)系時用ofCant you look at the book of the boy behind you?3)雙重所有格s 與of結(jié)構(gòu)并用，此時of結(jié)構(gòu)所修飾的名詞前通常有a, an, two, some, that等Miss Smith is a friend of Marys mothers.that brother of the girl4)名詞 + 名詞 (名詞用作形容詞)A. 單數(shù)名詞+名詞a shoe (flower) shop ticket officeNOTI

8、CE: the tailors (shop)B. 復(fù)數(shù)名詞+名詞sports meet clothes shop women pilots數(shù)詞    1、數(shù)詞在使用時應(yīng)注意的問題易錯數(shù)詞：年月日及介詞計算用詞和數(shù)字相關(guān)的詞2、綜合1) 數(shù)字表達(dá)：123,856,709one hundred and twenty-three million, eight hundred and fifty-six thousand, seven hundred and nine2) 年月日in the morning; on the morning of September 1;i

9、n September; in 1988; on September 1 (on the first of September)3、計算+Six and five is (are) eleven.Six hundred plus forty is (equals) six hundred and forty.-Four from seven is (leaves) three.Six hundred minus one hundred equals five hundred.X 16 x 11 = 176Sixteen times eleven is (makes) one hundred a

10、nd seventy-six.÷ 9 ÷ 3 = 3Nine divided by three equals three.4、dozen, scoreA. three dozen eggs; three dozen of these eggs; dozens of eggsB. three score years; a (three) score of people; scores of times5、小數(shù)，分?jǐn)?shù)，百分比引導(dǎo)的短語作主語時的主謂一致問題.分?jǐn)?shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)引導(dǎo)的短語作主語，其謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)根據(jù)分?jǐn)?shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)后面的名詞來確定.如果是可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)，其謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式

11、;如果是不可數(shù)名詞或單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞其謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式.More than 40 percent of the students wear glasses.70 percent od the fund(資金) was supplied by the Government.6、“一個半.”的表達(dá)法.one pound and a half ,one and a half years冠詞1、冠詞應(yīng)注意的問題習(xí)慣用法同一名詞前不同名詞的比較2、不定冠詞1) 成對的名詞(此類名詞間常有一種自然的聯(lián)系)a knife and fork2) a most + n. “非?！癟his is a most be

12、autiful country.3) a (an) 與 one 之區(qū)別A. 數(shù)字對比用oneIt was one coffee we ordered, not two.B. 對比A knife is no good. (刀子不行)One knife is no good. (一把刀子不行)C. 通用a (one) million, a (one) quarter4) a (an) 與every 之比較:three times a year;twice every three years5) 慣用法A. What a surprise ! What a lovely dress !quite a

13、 nice day rather a good ideasuch a funny expressionB. too cold a day How lovely a dress!so strange a person as good a map as3、定冠詞1)普通名詞組成的專有名詞 the Great Wall the Summer Palace2)江河、海洋、山脈、群島、海峽、海灣 the Pacific (Ocean)3)the + adj. (-ing; -ed)A. 指一類人，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)The old are being taken good care of.B. 指一類事，謂語用單

14、數(shù)The beautiful is not always the same as the good.4)用在radio, piano, telephone, 方位、次序、自然現(xiàn)象(rain)、身體部位前 He hates the telephone.5)被定語從句、介詞短語、副詞短語、不定式短語等修飾的名詞前The boy who you are looking for (in blue, there, standing there,dressed in blue ) is a student.4、零冠詞1)街道、廣場、節(jié)假日、季節(jié)、月份、星期、棋類、球類等National DayNanjin

15、g Road2)職位充當(dāng)補(bǔ)語、同位語時He was elected headmaster of the school.3)成對出現(xiàn)的成語arm in arm (手挽手), hand in hand (手牽手), face to face,side by side(肩并肩), day and night, young and old,from door to door, from morning till night, from beginning to end5、冠詞比較1)go to school (hospital, church); in prison (強(qiáng)調(diào)用途)go to the s

16、chool, visit the prison (強(qiáng)調(diào)建筑物本身)2) Ill go there next Friday. (以說話時間為準(zhǔn))In 1989, he was 28, and the next year, he was 29. (以所給時間為準(zhǔn))3) by air (plane, boat)in a spaceship ( on the bike, on the bus)4) Open the window to let in fresh air. (泛指)The air in the room is not fresh. (特指)5) be at tablebe at the

17、table6) a cup of coffeeTwo coffees, please. I like white coffee.This is a very good coffee. The coffee on the table is Toms.7) Mr. White is waiting to see you.A Mr. White is waiting to see you.The Mr. White you are looking for is waiting to see you.8) A horse is a useful animal. The horse is a usefu

18、l animal.Horses are useful animals.9) the best season of the year the best time of year.人稱代詞1、多個人稱代詞的排列順序you and Ihe and Iyou and heyou, he and Iyou, they and we(情況多)2、It 的用法 代替this, thatThats a book, isnt it ? 做某動作的人或嬰兒-Someone is coming. Who can it be ?-It may be Jack.Its a lovely baby. Is it a bo

19、y or a girl?表示時間、距離、自然現(xiàn)象Its 20 miles to (from) Paris.3、簡略回答中用so, not, it 的情況肯定答語中，下列動詞后面常用so:think, hope, believe, Im afraid, It seems (appears), etc.-Is it true that he had a heart attack?-Im afraid so. / I believe so. / It seems so.否定答語中用not:-Has Anne got into university?-Im afraid not. / I think

20、not. / It seems not.協(xié)力動詞中也可以用notso:believe, think, suppose, expect, etcI dont believe so. / I dont think so.do代替上下文動詞，并且表示一個已完成的動作時，do后常用so / it:-Please lay the table.-Ive just done so (it).指示代詞 that, one, it的區(qū)別one 代替可數(shù)名詞，表示泛指; the one 表示特指; that代替不可數(shù)名詞 ，表示特指; 它們都可以代替前面提到的同一類事物; it指前面提到的同一事物。Th

21、ere is an old engineer and a young one here.His attitude to me is that of a friend.Ive lost my pen. Have you seen it? (Have you lend me one?) the / this / that / these / those + adj. + one / onesIll try on a few of these shirts. Please pass me that white one.the one后面可以接介詞短語或定語從句The boy in your clas

22、s is taller than the one in our class.The skirt (that) she made herself is more beautiful to wear thanthe one (that) she bought last year. one 不能代替前面提到的不可數(shù)名詞Dont use powdered milk. Use this fresh milk. (不可用 fresh one)those , ones These machines are better than those we made last year. -Id like a pou

23、nd of apples.-Which ones?-The red (ones). -Why dont we take a little break ?-Didnt we just have ? (NMET2000)A. itB. thatC. oneD. this(C)物主代詞   1、名詞性物主代詞可作主語、表語、賓語，不能作定語This is my cup. Yours is the one thats green.These things are mine. Those are theirs.2、名詞性物主代詞與 of 結(jié)構(gòu)連用That brother of you

24、rs looks healthy.He is an old friend of mine.3、下列結(jié)構(gòu)用 the 代替物主代詞He pulled Jack by the hair (arm).He was wounded in the leg.He was blind in the right eye.反身代詞、 1、加強(qiáng)語氣(可前可后)The headmaster spoke to me himself. The headmaster himself spoke to me.Tom felt that he knew everybodys business better than

25、they knew it . (NMET 1996)A. themselvesB. oneselfC. itselfD. himself(A)2、own： 反身代詞無所有格形式，用 own 表達(dá)Id love to have my own room / a room of my own.不定代詞 1、every eachevery指時間: every other day,every three days = every third dayeach放在復(fù)數(shù)主謂語之間:We each have a book.each放在句尾:She gave her children an apple

26、each.2、some- any- every- no-作單數(shù)看: Is there anyone here who is a doctor?不與 of 連用:不說someone of; no one of. etc可說 some one of; none of, etc.+ adj. / to do (vt.): Is there anything for me to sit on ?+ else: This isnt mine. Its someone elses.3、some any表示請求、建議的問句用someWould you like some (more) coffee ?som

27、e + n.(singl.)You will realize it some day.any在肯定句中表示任何一個(無論哪個)Any child can answer that.Give me a plate. Any one (plate) will do.any (some) of +限定詞+n.some of the oil , any of my water4、both all常用于助動詞或情感動詞后，但在簡答中放在前面 The girls are both ready. - Are you ready ? - Yes, we both (all) are.放在作賓語的賓格代詞后面He

28、 gave some to us all (both).all單獨(dú)用，指人時謂語用用復(fù)數(shù);指物時謂語用單數(shù)All is lost. All are here.5、either neither eitheror; neithernor 作主語，謂語的使用是鄰近原則Neither he nor I am going to London.作定語，修飾單數(shù)名詞Neither (Either) book is satisfactory.6、another (the) other (the) othersanother另外的，另一個的Please show me another (one).Do you

29、need another cup ?another +基數(shù)詞(few) +n.I need another three days. (three more days)(the) other (+ n.) (the) otherthe other six (persons) / the others / the other day7、(a) few (a) little few 的搭配We had a good few letter this morning(很多).Not a few letters were written to the magazines. (不少) -How many d

30、o you want ?-Just a few, please. (不多)quite a few (相當(dāng)多)only a few (只有幾個，幾乎沒有) little 的搭配Theres only a little soup left. -How much do you want ?-Just a little, please.8、much many(much /far) too much far too manyYour son got much (far) too much pocket money.There are far too many accidents at this cros

31、sing.much修飾形容詞和副詞的比較級或最高級比較級+不可數(shù)名詞Theres much / far less water in the river than usual.many修飾“比較級 + 可數(shù) 名詞復(fù)數(shù)”There are many / far more people than I expected.9、全部否定與部分否定全部否定用詞neither nothing no one nobody nonenot與all, both, every, every- 連用時表示部分否定Not all his work is successful.形容詞 1、多個形容詞得排列順序限定

32、詞(冠詞、物主代詞、所有格、序數(shù)詞)+ 基數(shù)詞 + 描述性形容詞 + 大小新舊 + 顏色 + 產(chǎn)地 + 物質(zhì)(材料、用途)+ 名詞a beautiful new red dressa little brown box2、系動詞 + adj. ( 除 be 外的其它連系動詞)The cake looks good but it tastes awful.3、subj. + be + adj. + to do (vt.)The man is easy to get along with.The bed is too small for him to lie on.4、It is (was) + a

33、dj. + of (for) sb. to do sth.下列形容詞后用 of: good, kind, nice, brave, clever, careless, foolish, silly, stupid, cruel, etc.其它形容詞后用for5、the more of the twoHe is the stronger of the two brothers.6、倍數(shù)three times as big asThis room is twice bigger than that one.three times the size of7、比較級和最高級的被修飾比較級可以被下列詞修

34、飾：much, far, any, even, still, rather, a little, a lot, a bit, no, by farIts no use asking me. I dont know any more than you.最高級可以被下列詞修飾：much, the very, by farThis cake ought to be good, because I used the very best butter副詞 1、程度副詞 (quite, rather, fairly) quite: 不修飾比較級，但: He is quite better.表示程

35、度，和可顯示程度的詞連用，如：old, interesting, polite, tired, etc.類似completely(完全地)和absolutely(絕對地)，和下列詞連用，如：perfect, impossible, different, etc.此時，可修飾adj., adv., v.,等.The job is quite impossible.Thats not quite what I want.rather: 可與比較級及too 連用rather older, rather too many peoplerather than表示選擇，“寧愿(前面)不愿(后面)”Id p

36、refer to go in August rather than in July.I decided to write rather than (to) telephone.or rather 表示“更確切地說“Ill meet him, or rather, Ill ask him to meet me.fairly：不可與比較級連用，與積極意義的詞連用強(qiáng)弱程度的順序：very rather quite fairly notThis film is very good. (rather good 勝過多數(shù)影片;quite good 值得一看; fairly good 勉強(qiáng)還可以看看)2、頻

37、度副詞(often, usually, always, ever, never, seldom, hardly 等放在行為動詞前、系動詞及助動詞后He is always making a joke.never, hardly, seldom等放在句首時，用倒裝Never have I seen anything so wonderful as that.簡答中頻度副詞放在助動詞及系動詞前-He is late again. -Yes, he always is.3、too much much tootoo much + 不可數(shù)名詞，意思“太多”I drank (far much, a lot

38、 , a little, rather) too much beer last night.作 adv.You work too much.作 pro.Too much was happening all at once.much too + adj. “實在太”You are much too kind to me.4、形近詞 deep / deeply deep into the night (the woods, the future)be deeply moved (hurt, sorry) deeply regret late / lately / later / latest ar

39、rive (come) lateWhat have you been doing lately ? near / nearly go (come, live) near nearly finished (midnight) loud / loudly / aloud -adj. -adv.an early train a fast driver hard work a deep holearrive early drive fast work hard drink deep.介詞 1. be + adj. + prep.be good at, be afraid of, be anx

40、ious about (of), be kind to, be fit for, etc.2. be + v.-ed + prep.be satisfied with, be worried about, be surprised at, be pleased at (by)3. v. + prep.agree with (to / on), apologize for, arrive at (in), believe in, depend on4. v. + n. + prep.pay attention to, take part in, make use of, have a word

41、with5. v. + adv. + prep.go on with, go in for, go ahead with, keep up with, make up for6. prep. + n. + prep.in charge of, in time of, in place of, on top of, at the end (edge) of7. out of + n.out of breath, out of control, out of date, out of sight, out of work (order)8. n. + after + n.hour after ho

42、ur, year after year, battle after battle, defeat after defeat9. n. + by + n.step by step, side by side, one by one10. n. + to + n.face to face, heart to heart11. n. + in + n.hand in hand, arm in arm12. from + n. + to + n.from side to side, from place to place, from door to door13. a + n. + ofa bit o

43、f, a great deal of, a few of, a drop of, a line of14. with + n.with a long history, with satisfaction (care), with pleasure, with ones help15. on + n.on a trip (journey), on a visit (to), on fire, on business, on sale, on watchon the team, on show, on duty, on foot16. without + n.without help, witho

44、ut mercy, without delay17. in + n.in silence, in danger (trouble, surprise, fear), in high spirits, in love (return)18.as + n.as a matter of fact, as a rule, as a whole19. by + n.by now (then), by hand, by mistake, by this means, by chance, by the year20. at + n.at sea, at sunset, at Christmas, at t

45、he doctors, at the station, at a time21. for + n.for a moment, for a time, for ever, for example22. to + n. ( + to )to ones delight (joy, surprise), to the east (west), to the right, due to,thanks to, according to, to this day.基本句型 英語的五種基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)：主語 + 不及物動詞 (SV)主語 + 連系動詞 (SVC)主語 + 及物動詞 + 賓語 (SVO)主

46、語 + 及物動詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語(SVOD)主語 + 及物動詞 + 賓語 + 賓語補(bǔ)足語(SVOC)1. S + VHe works. He is studying. 主語+謂語(vi.) + 狀語(從句)The sun sets in the west. He went nowhere 主語+謂語(vi.) + 名詞短語We had come a long way. He waited (for) two years.2. S + V + CHe is a student / in yellow / there 主語 + be + 表語表語由下列詞充當(dāng)：名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞(

47、短語)、動詞不定式、分詞(短語)、動名詞、從句等 主語 + 其它連系動詞 + 表語這些連系動詞包括：appear, continue, feel, go(變成), keep, lie(處于狀態(tài)), look, prove, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, become, come, fall, get, grow, turnBob lay sick.His dream comes true.3. S + V + OAn idea struck me. 主語+謂語(v. + prep)+賓語It depends on the weather. 備

48、用詞：act as, agree on / with / to,arrive in (at), come across, base on, break into, suffer from, lead to,prefer to, think of, fire at, reach for, quarrel about, worry about 主語+謂語(v. + adv.)+賓語I thought over the plan. I thought it over.備用詞：bring out (up), think out, turn off (on , out, down), give inNO

49、TICE: v + adv. + prep.get along with, add up to, do away with,break away with, keep up with, go ahead with, go through with v. + n. + prep make use of, make fun of, catch sight of,take care of, take the place of, take a look at, take pride in 主語+謂語+賓語+介詞+賓語The teacher punished him for being late.Con

50、gratulate him on his success.Compare this with that.4. S + V + O + D (間接賓語由代詞和名詞充當(dāng)) 主語 + 謂語 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語Will you lend me your pen, please ?She bought him many toys. 主語 + 謂語 + 直接賓語 + 介詞 + 代詞或名詞Will you lend your pen to me, please ?She bought many toys for him.備用詞：pay, give, hand, sell, pass, offer,

51、explain, sing, leave5. S + V + O + C 賓語和賓補(bǔ)之間的關(guān)系有兩種： 主表關(guān)系;主謂關(guān)系。賓語可由形容詞、副詞、介詞、動詞不定式充當(dāng)主表： I find the book interesting. (主謂賓+形容詞) I saw him there. (主謂賓+副詞) I found the book on the desk.(主謂賓+介詞) We elected him monitor. (主謂賓+名詞)主謂：They saw the thief running away. (主謂賓 + 現(xiàn)在分詞)Where did you see him knocked

52、down?(主謂賓+過分詞) What makes you think so ?(主謂賓+動詞不定式)It句型 1. It + be + adj. + (for sb) to do sth sth + be + adj. + to doIt is not easy to learn English. (English is not easy to learn.)備用詞：difficult, necessary, important, quick, hard, etc.2. It + be + adj. + of sb to do sth sb. + be + adj. + to do sthIt was foolish of Tom to sell such a suit as that to a millionaire.(Tom was foolish to sell such a suit as that to a millionaire.)備用詞：wise, clever, bright, kind, nice, silly, stupid, cruel, etc.