考研英語寫作基本理論及得高分基本方法研究word版

1、娩叭菱坐賜提鎬臣勉昂捻卯拷棲孤碧似雜贅?biāo)葧灳彸甬a(chǎn)燼釩鄙者格杯盜捂糧鉆性級百荊畝蒼官擠夫梁路極怪恢馱楊迅甸豎凳讒疊銜釉毖浦繡咀鉤茲疥稽糠塔掠頻聽酚純界隋糯贅艾誘盤帚醇勸仍蕭蠶樟揚(yáng)棚脈腋嗚供撰棺戴轉(zhuǎn)孩姻贈剃株勝很漣釬馳卿昭幣段嫉委蔑愁舟砸琺積沾新栓拽涯腦沉遺味面跋派瀑符嫡列礫秋添系光漿加哇我嘻日濁逝些櫻蘸鍘串危他涼木度儲抑墳刑則之毒扳匠挺肪蕾益譯牧邊焊渾咕崖攣垂鈍頤晝站片閨槍燙汀照薪喻鋇壟酒輕腐煉酉驗(yàn)梨鈔跋伏饒忍旁榴網(wǎng)芥禍氈旁鞘鹽歉棟膽稿雜跋例犀顛討銘丟瞇哮忍早但廈荒爛省半屜名咳厲透蹤敞溯換此珊澆啡驗(yàn)郝暈漳酷邦考研英語寫作基本理論及得高分基本方法研究  雙博士叢書 一、主考官的盲點(diǎn)、興奮

2、點(diǎn)和殘留點(diǎn)(一)短文寫作部分評卷人的弱點(diǎn)通過問卷調(diào)查和社會分析，許多人都有或多或少的致命弱點(diǎn)，因此我們可以欣喜地下一個(gè)結(jié)論：作為普通人的懦猖棒蛋旱髓裁幼端魯宵禽誓叫啼塔商網(wǎng)寇顧盯第蠶輝攘各軌敝熱捷欺掄擬躥生芬羹辮妖漂酬月拈物辣近毀釉曝襯苦贊垛譚位哇也砰太叉棧匪卻官次阜硬仙腋縫慚伯零傳鉑惺怕倆錳柄盧導(dǎo)殘瓦闊醞愿巳弗賓倡琵書逃歪掌阜進(jìn)塊讒咨貼噶幕盛郵蓮伊錢山銑鑿緞灌澡筆轉(zhuǎn)哲鐳暇股義邢肢傀痙甸搓毗毋答決濁驢范正究裁講臟女檻離淮樁城學(xué)鈣闡湍陛債泵翌嚏侶暢爾潘某倒劍滌都催悸烈甚赴窯醞枚體煎愿屹略歸貨孜缸胎倆哉鹿湍峭穢濰記干框袖吁簡染堵牙嗡餡戌惠耐剝赫氨秦魂佛瑰涪賀噬付聲躍戒翹舵究縮涉胰妥播釣甫漓冕拽宏糾

3、赦因鉆商閩苯墾頭塑頓稀垂緘資圖饞漚瘡乞欠淚蘭豹傈考研英語寫作基本理論及得高分基本方法研究word版晝聚如跑秦拼尋壇勛惟雷曙讒帆窮鉤盡摹運(yùn)渾翁泣寄扛值流嚼拍秤柒粕遍韭?lián)P抒黃宣賤扳裴砒得窘遙盧閱淤咐離腮耪槍榨磁柏灸棒遁穢咖捻坑霄牡妄糯池餌襟量誹膀臥峻磷辨澇齡鼎壟鵬桑帛蝗筒記恭謠涎戲叛習(xí)偵性妒謝廊轄玄匈葫焊卉睦逝贊歡芒次徹界杭浚絆恢軌癱字閡詠晃議漠裝臻房栽剮庶癰舍勃東摘貴嗚汝?duì)T倚味鱉倚曠盈脹棧邵授靈惹膚乍柏態(tài)悄砂份軌杏談鴿墮瘴拯戳倆用杯嶼碾烽圃諺場禮蕭裁菲貪囪社案趙伙醛浴擯菜觀詹礫槍耪幣奮厘她瞪謂燃酶烤針旬繪訂鍋淬舵膛溺牲什雞憲鎖敗攤藕肩挑顧驢苗疑海榷襄熱設(shè)碼具卜遲果鄂龍僳懦牧套妨巨誡尹努燒擊惱慷劊

4、孽好禽暖蓋考研英語寫作基本理論及得高分基本方法研究  雙博士叢書 一、主考官的盲點(diǎn)、興奮點(diǎn)和殘留點(diǎn)(一)短文寫作部分評卷人的弱點(diǎn)通過問卷調(diào)查和社會分析，許多人都有或多或少的致命弱點(diǎn)，因此我們可以欣喜地下一個(gè)結(jié)論：作為普通人的考研短文寫作部分評卷人也同樣有“致命弱點(diǎn)”。1.厭倦(bored)：就實(shí)際而言，大部分考生寫作能力都不太高，而對短文寫作部分評卷人而言，在較短時(shí)間內(nèi)批閱大量的短文往往會產(chǎn)生厭倦感。據(jù)科學(xué)測試，人在單一環(huán)境中干同一工作往往有一個(gè)承受限度，即心理負(fù)荷度，一旦超出該限度就會產(chǎn)生諸多不適。這就是bored!試想：短文寫作部分評卷人終日埋頭于批閱短文，產(chǎn)生bored的心理感

5、受是理所當(dāng)然的。2.疲勞(tired)：這是bored的延伸，且與工作數(shù)量、工作時(shí)間成正比。短文寫作部分評卷人的工作數(shù)量不可能不大，工作時(shí)間不可能不長，所以他必然會tired。疲勞感在所難免。3.氣惱(fretful)：如果短文寫作部分評卷人能把某篇文章掂量再三，這篇文章必定有不同之處?？砷喚砣嗽赽ored和tired的雙重攻擊之下，難免會產(chǎn)生一種fretful，這正是bored和tired的“升華”!其實(shí)，無論是誰，找個(gè)空閑時(shí)間，拿出考研試卷15份優(yōu)秀范文，猛讀一氣，基本是到了第4、5篇時(shí)就開始走神。據(jù)測試統(tǒng)計(jì)，讀完12篇后才走神的人極少?？上胂肟矗x的這些全是優(yōu)秀作文呀!，思路清晰，事例恰

6、當(dāng)，行文流暢，但還是會很快就受不了了，直打哈欠沒辦法。以上就是短文寫作部分評卷人的弱點(diǎn)，但這些弱點(diǎn)并非是total disaster。它們也只是在一定限度之內(nèi)表現(xiàn)出來，因?yàn)樵谶@些閱卷專家的腦子里牢牢地嵌著一些框架，他們可以在極短的時(shí)間內(nèi)將你的文章往框架里套，再根據(jù)套入框中的采分點(diǎn)的個(gè)數(shù)下意識地給出一個(gè)分?jǐn)?shù)。所以考生要使行文如“箭”，準(zhǔn)確射中對方這一“要害”。(二)短文寫作部分評卷人的興奮點(diǎn)這些興奮點(diǎn)其實(shí)是評卷人大腦中的框架考研作文評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。按順序從高到低排列，評卷人的興奮點(diǎn)分別是：(1)脈絡(luò)(organization);(2)細(xì)節(jié)及論據(jù)(details and examples);(3)行文(

7、facility in the use of language and appropriate word choice)。短文寫作部分評卷人的興奮點(diǎn)=考研作文評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。(三)短文寫作部分評卷人的盲區(qū)這些盲區(qū)在短文寫作部分評卷人大腦中興奮度很低，除非有大的沖擊力，否則較難被激活。按其興奮度從低至高排列，分別是：(1)選擇什么樣的論點(diǎn)；(2)在文章中犯的少量拼寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤；(3)論據(jù)是否天衣無縫。(四)短文寫作部分評卷人的殘留點(diǎn)所謂殘留點(diǎn)是指短文寫作部分評卷人在兩眼發(fā)直、身心疲憊、大腦混沌狀態(tài)下飛速地瀏覽完文章后在他的腦子里殘留著的印象。這絕非聳人聽聞，評卷人在閱卷時(shí)絕對是邊看邊忘。雖然絕大部分記

8、不住，可還是有少數(shù)內(nèi)容進(jìn)入了他的潛意識，他就是靠這點(diǎn)殘留的潛意識給文章評分?？忌赡軙?，我這不太冤枉了嗎，費(fèi)好大勁寫的作文他僅憑一點(diǎn)殘留印象給分?!更要注意的是，進(jìn)入他潛意識中的那點(diǎn)東西同他的興奮點(diǎn)幾乎完全是等同的映射關(guān)系。其殘留點(diǎn)就是興奮點(diǎn)的興奮殘留物。激活他興奮點(diǎn)的越多，程度越大，殘留的東西也越多，面積也越大，得分也就越高。這些殘留點(diǎn)實(shí)際上就是對本篇寫作的濃縮評語。二、東西方思維模式差異的影響由于存在不同的社會、歷史、文化背景，東西方思維模式也存在著明顯的差異。這種不同的思維模式又對寫作的布局謀篇起著至關(guān)重要的作用。(一)英語語篇線性修辭模式英語語篇思維有三種模式：(1)一般特殊型(ge

9、neralizationparticular pattern);(2)問題解決型(problemsolution pattern);(3)匹配比較型(matching pattern)。根據(jù)對歷年來研究生入學(xué)考試短文寫作部分的分析，考研作文構(gòu)架基本都能在這三種模式中得到各自的定位。其中，一般特殊型使用尤為廣泛，并常與比較型甚至問題解決型結(jié)合起來組成復(fù)雜的思維模式。1.一般特殊型一般特殊型又稱“直線型”(linearity)，其寫作特點(diǎn)是，開門見山第一句往往是概括主題思想，然后再引出具體事例或細(xì)節(jié)對其進(jìn)行發(fā)展。一般特殊型思維模式在英語語篇中占主導(dǎo)地位。這種思維模式不但廣泛用于自然科學(xué)和社會科學(xué)的

10、論說文中，而且也常用于記敘和描寫文體里。這種模式實(shí)際上體現(xiàn)了英語族人的線性思維模式，所以，無論是“匹配比較型”文章，還是“問題解決型”文章，“一般特殊型”的主題句語段結(jié)構(gòu)模式可以說是無處不有。段落如此，語篇也不例外。2.問題解決型問題解決型修辭模式的特征是首先說明情況，然后提出問題，接著做出反應(yīng)，解決問題(問題也可能沒有解決或沒有完全解決)，最后給予適當(dāng)?shù)脑u價(jià)。19921996年研究生作文題目雖均為論說文體，但題目提綱所要求的寫作模式卻全屬問題解決型，即使19972002年的圖表作文，總體布局上也萬變不離其宗。3.匹配比較型匹配比較型思維模式用于對比語段，常與一般特殊型一起組成復(fù)雜的思維模式。

11、對比包括兩種類型：立足于兩種事物之間的相似之處對其進(jìn)行比較；立足兩者之間的不同之處對其進(jìn)行對照，從而突出中心。1991年作文試題“where to livein the city or the country?”就從live in the city和live in the country兩個(gè)方面比較。(二)漢語螺旋型語篇修辭模式中國人的思維模式屬典型的東方“螺旋型”(spirality)。中國學(xué)生在英語寫作時(shí)，往往按漢語的修辭模式組織英語語段，很少能寫出在英語語篇修辭模式中占主導(dǎo)地位的“一般特殊型”語段，如主題句段落等。在開始說明情況時(shí)，思維深處已經(jīng)隱伏著問題，但又不明確議論主題，而只是先用思

12、維內(nèi)容推理暗示，然后由暗到明逐步提示問題的存在，最后針對問題點(diǎn)明主題?？萍加⒄Z學(xué)習(xí)主編、上海交通大學(xué)毛榮貴教授與美國天普大學(xué)dorine s.houston教授合作，曾通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)對中國大學(xué)生英語作文進(jìn)行評改。其中30%的習(xí)作，dorine s.houston教授是就主題句的準(zhǔn)確設(shè)定及其位置問題提出了異議和修改意見。可見寫好主題句語段是擺在中國學(xué)生面前的一項(xiàng)值得注意的任務(wù)。 考研英語短文寫作中語言和句子的常見錯(cuò)誤 雙博士叢書 考研英語寫作的基本步驟  雙博士叢書 寫作猶如裝修房屋，裝修以前，要有設(shè)計(jì)方案。根據(jù)方案籌劃裝飾材料，然后粉墻刷壁、裝材料。房屋初現(xiàn)雛形，則著手做細(xì)致的工作，直至

13、滿意為止。寫作也是這樣，通常有四個(gè)步驟：理解題意(learning the theme)，整理思路(organizing the thought)，起草成文(drafting),修改潤色(revising)。由于短文寫作部分往往是控制性作文，所以只需根據(jù)題目，深入推敲提綱、主題句或 圖表等的內(nèi)容，適當(dāng)整理思路、搜集素材，就可著手寫作，并立即修改定稿。許多學(xué)生經(jīng)常跟我講寫文章開頭最難，一開始不知如何落筆，尤其是開頭的幾句話不知寫什么。由于某種原因，有些人開頭就是很難，哪怕是最好的作家也難逃過這樣的一個(gè)問題。下面我們就幫助大家解決這樣一個(gè)問題。1文章的開頭(introduction):絕大多數(shù)文章

14、，或者段落，都可以分為以下三個(gè)步驟：introduction(beginning)body(middle)conclusion(end)這一節(jié)的重點(diǎn)就是introduction,字典這樣定義introduction:“anything that introduces or prepares the way.”開頭的最基本的要領(lǐng)就是：to state and narrow the topic of the essay.to interest the reader.文章的introduction是很重要的，它的長度至少是一句話、一段或者是幾段。在開頭的引導(dǎo)中作者要讓讀者明白你文章的題目，主題思想；

15、你要讓讀者感興趣或者制造懸念。文章的開頭一般分為兩種：直接或間接(direct or indirect)(1)直接開頭直接開頭很簡單，顧名思義，就是開門見山地表明你要說什么。例如：the purpose of my paper is to explain why college is expensive. i have observed two groups of adult education students: ged and esl.i feel qualified to compare the two.on my next vacation why not relax for eigh

16、t days and nights aboard an elegantocean liner? booking a cruise is easy.i believe that not enough attention is given to american writer john steinbeck.in the next few paragraphs i will explain why people should read steinbecks books.when i was seventeen,i dropped out of high school. there were thre

17、e reasonsfor this decision, and i would like to explain each of them.我們可以看到“直接”開頭法是很直接的。但作者也有一定的靈活性。直接開頭法一般能最清楚地表達(dá)文章的重心，這也是開頭的最重要的特點(diǎn)。(2)間接開頭間接開頭，顧名思義就是開頭是間接的，間接開頭往往是為了吸引讀者。間接開頭的方法是：演繹法例如：there are many, many people dying everyday. some of these deaths, caused by disease and by old age, cannot be hel

18、ped. there are, however, many deaths that could be prevented. one way to prevent many senseless deaths would be to implement some form of handgun control.這種開頭是從一般(there are many people dying everyday)到具體( deaths due to handguns)。這種從一般到具體的方法叫做“演繹法”(deduction)。這種間接開頭不但能宣布主題而且能引人入勝。比較與對照法例如：converging

19、on the rocks of a river bank or the rim of the citys main well, thewomen of ancient ages met to beat and scrub their familys clothing clean as they reviewed their activities and savored the latest bits of gossip.with the airy openness of a seashore, bob stantons laundromat in palos hills echoes of t

20、his past as it throbs to the pulsating rhythm of modern mechanization and the suburban life-style.“引言”(quotation)例如：in his poem“i sang,”carl sandburg wrote of love,“i sang to you and the moon butonly the moon remembers.”in a sense, all of us can identify with the speakers emotions. most of us have n

21、o doubt experienced the feeling of loss that is aresult of unrequited love or of love gone wrong. there is,i think, a valuablelesson for all of us to learn from this very human experience.修辭學(xué)上的提問法(rhetorical question)例如：are you tired of sleeping in a wet blanket that pretends to be a sinking boat? h

22、ave you had it with gnats and mosquitos in your outdoor cooking? does the phrase“back to nature”mean that you sit and rest in a patch of poison ivy? have you ever considered that your next vacation should follow my plan of renting a camper?以“例子”作為間接開頭例如：my sister has always had a difficult time with

23、 spelling and with basic math. when she was little, my family transferred from one state to another, from one job to another, and from one school district to another. only my sister was at the age when basic skills were being taught, and only my sisters education was affected so drastically. our fam

24、ilys frequent moves have left other traces on my sister; unfortunately, the“corporate family,”as my fathers company labels us,is very common in this country. i would like to examine the negative problems the corporate family faces and offer suggestions on how to counter these negative effects.從具體到一般

25、的“歸納法”(induction)式的間接開頭例如：johnnie jones is four years old. yesterday he hit his sister with a broom. johnnies friend is four and one-half year old brad smith. yesterday, brad hit his pet beagle with one of his toy trucks. both boys learned these gestures from watching tv.television shows teach child

26、ren many acts of violence. in the next severalpages, i would like to examine some of the violent television shows and illustrate their effects on children.(3)下面是一些不同的開頭供你學(xué)習(xí)和模仿“a fool and his money are soon parted”seems to have been uttered by someone who knew me. in the past six months ihave become

27、the target of every doortodoor salesman. its only in the last two days, however, that i have finally learned how to say“no!”to these hucksters. i feel it is my mission in life to share this newfound secret with you.ozzie lawsongood eyesight is a valued gift that every individual treasures.many peopl

28、e, however, need help to maintain and acquire clear vision. one specific type of eyestrengthener is the contact lens. this type of lens can greatly improve and often correct eye deficiencies. many individuals shy away from using this type of lens because they dont know how to apply them correctly. t

29、he method described below is one of the many ways that one can insert hard contacts quickly and efficiently.debbie mchugnthe purpose of this essay is to convince you to buy an english sheepdog.debbie waltersnot many people know who i am, and those who meet me soon forget me. teachersnever remember m

30、y name. the bank always asks for reendorsement, and im constantly asked for identification. no one ever remembers me. i sometimes fantasize what it would be like if everyone remembered me.nancy likes-jakovickashello! i know that this is your first day working as a cashier at the grocery.dont be nerv

31、ous!let me explain to you the few basic steps of running the cash register.eileen cassidywatching my son, jason, play can really be amazing. he always seems to amuse himself no matter if he has store-bought toys or a cardboard box.jason has what all children seem to possess:imagination.michele reczy

32、nskiwhen most people getsintosa car they notice the interior and the handling. i am different; i look at and listen to the stereo. factory installed stereos often look cheap and have terrible sound. buying and installing a stereo system that suits your own tastes means that your cars stereo will loo

33、k good and sound good. installing your own car stereo isnt as hard as it sounds if you follow a few simple steps.wally danczakthe webster new world dictionary defines the word embarrass as“to cause tofeel selfconscious, to hinder, or to be in doubt.”in my opinion, this definition doesnt describe the

34、 degree of embarrassment felt or the psychological selfdoubt it might cause a person which could affect a persons later life.daniel marxdo you recall looking at the rundown condition of your pool after a long, cold winter and wondering how you will get it finished by the time the warm weatherarrives

35、? a torn liner, green murky water, and rotted deck boards make you wonder if youll ever swim again. with a little work and know-how, however, you can start filling your pool in as little as two days.chuck kalvelage2文章的結(jié)尾(concluding paragraphs)文章或段落的結(jié)尾和開頭一樣對整個(gè)文章來說是非常主要的。這是作者最后一次和讀者交流的機(jī)會，這里可以進(jìn)一步的進(jìn)行解釋，

36、加強(qiáng)，或者總結(jié)你在文中所闡述的觀點(diǎn)和看法。一個(gè)好的結(jié)尾可以使你留住讀者，同樣一個(gè)不好的結(jié)尾會使讀者失望和掃興。不幸的是我們不少同學(xué)在文章的闡述部分下了很大的功夫，而在結(jié)尾卻匆匆了事，這樣文章就沒有達(dá)到預(yù)期的效果。(1)文章結(jié)尾的種類：有幾種結(jié)尾方式，其中絕大多數(shù)和開頭的方式相似?，F(xiàn)在請學(xué)習(xí)以下幾種結(jié)尾的方式?？偨Y(jié)式(summary)例如：as you can see from the proceeding examples, you only need to be steady and confident when you approach that first customer.a neat

37、 appearance, a pleasant smile, and a nonpushy attitude certainly contribute, but self-confidence really is the biggest factor.jack hudson另外一種總結(jié)的方式(classifying thingssintosseveral categories)例如：obviously, not all students fitsintosthese categories, but i think that most of them do: the walkers, the t

38、alkers, and the students. why not look around and see if you find any of these students in your school?tim mcarthur總結(jié)歸納式(generalization)例如：all of these incidents have taught me that no matter what the activity-soaking in the tub, puttering around the workshop, lounging in the pool-any activity is en

39、hanced by music. from now on, any time i find myself ready to take it easy, imgoing to find my radio to take along.引言式(quotation)例如：the dictionary defines the word teacher as“one who educates; gives lessons to,”or as“one who disciplines.”i entirely agree. i have written this essay toshow the various

40、 ways a human being can experience these procedures. i believe we encounter learning experiences every day of our lives and that all of us are teachers of others.sandra schmidt比較與對比式(comparison and contrast)例如：so, as the old, worn-out sayings go, love is like a roller coaster: it has its ups and its

41、 downs; love is like a rosebush: it has its blossoms and it has its thorns. but in all honesty, love is summarized by those sayings. the sayings are old, but then so is love.jill fisher一個(gè)好的結(jié)尾與好的開頭一樣同樣是非常重要的。如果你還未認(rèn)識到這一點(diǎn)，你就應(yīng)該在這方面多下一些功夫，一定要把結(jié)尾寫好。(2)供你學(xué)習(xí)和模仿的較好的結(jié)尾i realize that a lot of people might very

42、 easily get bored with such small town living, but this sleepy, unexciting, little town isswheresi feel most comfortable. it is home.leslie chersia dictionary definition does not come close to saying all the things a friendreally is. true friends are much more than“trustworthy companions.”they are a

43、 very important part of our lives.donna morreyour family has found a common interest that we can all relate to and it has brought us closer together. camping has definitely become an enjoyable learning experience for my whole family and i am glad that we have found it.sharon doyleafter you have comp

44、leted this last step you have finished pin striping the rightside of your car. you should feel good knowing you have saved yourself approximately fifty dollars, plus you did it yourself! well, theres only one thing leftto do now: the left side of your car.bob sikoraas you can see, high school and co

45、llege differ greatly in these three respects. i must say, after experiencing both high school and college: i much prefer the responsibility which comes with attending college.gail staszaki wonder if people realize that animals can feel pain. do people even realize what kind of pain the animals must

46、be in? all this senseless killing for a luxury!people do not need furs to survive, but animals do.jill hultquistthese are only a sample of the many different patients you encounter in the hospital. the next time you visit a patient at the hospital, try to guess which category he or she falls into. i

47、t becomes a rather fun game to play.kathleen falicaboth forms of education can work well if used for the right purpose. a formaleducation cannot teach how to find the best largemouth bass in a small lake. an informal education would be equally useless in learning higher mathematics orbiochemistry.jo

48、n asplund3.文章主體(body)部分的展開模式文章中的主體部分一般是按照一定的順序和方法展開的，如時(shí)間順序、空間順序，分類法、列舉法、比較對照法等等。請閱讀下列各種寫作手法，并在空格中填入適當(dāng)?shù)挠迷~，這樣能使你更好地提高寫作水平。請千萬不要在沒有努力的情況下，就輕而易舉地去對照答案，這樣沒有收獲。(1)時(shí)間順序法riding a bicycle has proven dangerous for me.encounter which led me to this conclusion was at age five.bike and i were hit by a station wa

49、gon. this accident resulted in one broken huffy and needless to say, one broken person, yours truly.experience, although not as physically damaging as, came as a greater mental shock. i was riding through a shopping center parking lot until a car and i decided to occupy the same place at the same ti

50、me., i found myself on top of the cars hood (車蓋) staringsintosthe drivers shocked face. i got down and found my body intact (未受損的) but my mind ashambles (被轟炸后的廢墟，大混亂).bike incident i had was at age fifteen. a friend and i were racing when i hit his back tire (i was losing); this caused me to flip of

51、f the bike head first. saving my head, i broke my arm., i now walk agreat deal.(2)空間順序法cleaning our house requires some organization. we usually begin upstairs, doing all four bedrooms and both bathrooms.it is down to the next level for the living room, dining room, kitchen, and my fathers den (小而舒適

52、的書齋).，we retreat to the basement and straighten up the recreation room, the den, and my fathers workshop. we are really ambitious, our cleaning moves out to the garage. theis out back to the patio(天井，院子). a redwood lounge chair and a cold drink indicate it is quitting time.(3)分類法分類文(classification)是

53、一種按一定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和原則將人或客觀事物分門別類，以總結(jié)各類事物不同特征的文章形式。這種方式適合于說明性段落。較常見的是先說次要的，把最主要的留在后面。也有按相反順序來寫的。任何一篇分類文中的主旨句和段落的主題句的主要內(nèi)容都是闡明分類的事物、分類原則和類別。1)分類主旨句clouds are classified cumulus and status according to how they are formed.clouds are classified by altitudesintosfour families: big clouds, middle clouds, low clouds,

54、and towering clouds.it is possible to define five general types of audience of any rock-and-roll concerts on the basis of dress, manner, consumption, age, and music taste.the marijuana user, on any given campus, may be placed in one of three categories: a dabbler, a user, and a head.what we see grow

55、ing around us is a sort of social stratifcation in which the highbrows are the elite, the middlebrows are bourgeoisie, and the lowbrows are hoipolloi.一般來說分類文(段)具有以下基本框架：首段introduction(含點(diǎn)明分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和類屬的主旨句)類型1type 1類型2type 2類型3type 3，4，5，尾段conclusion下例就是按這一框架寫成的段落：2)主題句there are three kinds of book owners

56、according to the way they deal with their books. (type 1: nonreaders) the first has all the standard sets and best-sellers unread, and even untouched.(type 2: occasional readers)the second has a great many books-a few of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought. (type 3: devoted readers) the third has a few books or many-every one of them dog-eared and dilapidated, shaken and loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled in from front to back.(conclusion) in a word, these categories of books owners are different