Raptor運算符號、函數、子過程介紹大全

1、Raptor運算符號、函數、子過程介紹大全Raptor symbols 符號（六個）The six symbols used in Raptor are displayed in the Symbol Window in the upper left corner of the main window:賦值Assignmentx <- x + 1用Set x to x+1調用Call及subchartsgraphics routines and other instructor-provided procedures及subcharts輸入Input輸出Output 分支Selectio

2、n循環(huán)Loop ControlMath in Raptor（數學運算符）Unary Minus ( - )負號例如，x值分別為7，-3，3，則-x的值為-7；-x的值為3，-x值為-3Exponentiation ( or * )指數運算23的值為8；-3*2 的值為9 ( =(-3)*(-3) )* , / , REM, MOD乘、除、取余函數floor ( 5 / 2 )整除函數？=2xyx REM yx MOD y1031137211162009.52.522-103-1210-31-2常用于判斷某數是否奇偶數注：三種除運算除數均不可為0，否則將顯示“run-time

3、 error”+ , - 加減運算非三角函數In Assignments:x_magnitude <- abs(x)product <- e(log(factor1) + log(factor2)In Select and Loop Exit Comparisons:log(x) > 0.0sqrt(c2) <= sqrt(a2 + b2)random > 0.5 and abs(x) < 100.0以字母順序列出非三角函數：求絕對值ABS例如abs(-3.7) 為3.7CEILING（與FLOOR相對）ceiling(math_expression)例如c

4、eiling(15.9) 為16, ceiling(3.1) 為 4, ceiling(-4.1) 為-4FLOORvariable <- floor(math_expression)floor(15.9) is 15, floor(-4.1) is -5E指數冪exe為約等于2.7的對數常數LOG對數log(math_expression)參數不可為0，否則run-time errorMAXmax(math_expression, max_expression)例如：max(5,7) 為7.MINmin(math_expression, max_expression)例如：min(5,

5、7) 為5.PI返回圓周率值3.14159. POWERMODpowermod(base, exp, modulus)返回值為 (baseexp) mod modulus). RSA public key encryption and decryptionbases and exponents too large for the Raptor exponentiation operator can still be used for encryption.RANDOMRandom返回0.0,1.0)間的一個隨機數例如：floor(random * 6) + 1).SQRTsqrt(math_e

6、xpression)參數不可為負數三角函數SINsin(expression_in_radians)COScos(expression_in_radians)TANtan(expression_in_radians)COTcot(expression_in_radians)ARCSINarcsin(expression)ARCCOSarccos(expression)ARCCOTarccot(x,y)例如arccot(sqrt(2)/2,sqrt(2)/2) 為pi/4arccot(-sqrt(2)/2,sqrt(2)/2)為3/4 *piarccot(sqrt(2)/2,-sqrt(2)/2

7、)為-pi/4arccot(-sqrt(2)/2,-sqrt(2)/2)為-3/4 *pi.ARCTANarctan(y,x)Program Control用布爾值控制=EqualTrue if the compared items are equal/=Not EqualTrue if the compared items are not equal!=Not EqualTrue if the compared items are not equal>Greater ThanTrue if the expression on the left is greater than the e

8、xpression on the right<Less ThanTrue if the expression on the left is less than the expression on the right>=Greater Than or EqualTrue if the expression on the left is greater than or equal to the expression on the right<=Less Than or EqualTrue if the expression on the left is less than or

9、equal to the expression on the right例子：count = 10；count mod 7 != 0；x > maximumBoolean Operators布爾運算有：AND, OR, XOR and NOTn >= 1 and n <= 10n < 1 or n > 10表達式1 XOR 表達式2中，兩個表達式有1個為true則返回true可用于比較數和字符串Boolean Functions布爾函數Key_HitIs_OpenMouse_Button_Pressed(Left_Button)Delay_ForDelay_For

10、(duration)含一個參數的過程，含義為暫停若干秒duration。Clear_Console一個過程，用于清除控制臺顯示，并將光標移至初始位置。關于Raptor圖默認色為白色。程序可使用下列函數在窗口中輸出raptor圖。RaptorGraph坐標用Open_Graph_Window打開Raptor Graph后，白色背景中將出現(xiàn)一個打開的window。window左下角像素的坐標為(1,1)。Open_Graph_Window(400,300)顯示的窗口： Drawing Operations畫圖操作可以繪制指定顏色的指定形狀。Keyboard Operations鍵盤操作 

11、用于確定是否有鍵輸入。例如輸入字符串ASCII編碼Mouse Operations鼠標操作可以返回當前鼠標位置。Window Operations窗口操作用于更新和設置窗口屬性。Freeze_Graph_Window and Update_Graph_Window 調用可以平滑動畫顯示。注:窗口必須打開才能進行相應操作，否則將出現(xiàn)run-time errorWindow Operations窗口操作Close_Graph_WindowClose_Graph_Window關閉窗口過程例：Close_Graph_WindowGet_Max_Heightvariable <- Get_Max_

12、Height返回窗口的高度像素值。事實上，該過程常在Open_Graph_Window調用前使用。其值可用來作為打開窗口的參數。Open_Graph_Window(Get_Max_Width,Get_Max_Height)Get_Max_Widthvariable <- Get_Max_Width類同上Get Window Heightvariable <- Get_Window_Height返回窗口高度。圖窗口必須先打開。例：Get Window Widthvariable <- Get_Window_Width類同上Is_OpenIs_Open用于判斷窗口是否打開，返回值

13、為Yes (True) 或No (False)。常用于判斷。例：Open_Graph_WindowOpen_Graph_Window(X_Size, Y_Size)例：Open_Graph_Window(500, 300) opens a 500 pixel (wide) by 300 pixel (high) graphics window.Set_Window_TitleSet_Window_Title(Title)改變或設置窗口標題。例：Set_Window_Title("CS 110 PEX 3")Smoothing Animations平滑繪制圖形Fre

14、eze_Graph_Window及Update_Graph_Window常用于平滑動畫顯示不用Freeze_Graph_Window將使每次描畫變得明顯而導致動畫很愣。Freeze_Graph_Window is called (and before Unfreeze_Graph_Window is called), this buffer is used for all graphics calls.  That is, the objects being drawn by the graphics calls are not drawn to the screen, but in

15、stead to the screen buffer.  When the programmer has drawn the desired objects to the screen buffer, the Update_Graph_Window call is used to almost instantaneously move the screen buffer to the viewable graphics screen.  An animation normally repeats the following steps:1) Draw desired obj

16、ects (to the screen buffer) using normal graphics calls (例如Draw_Circle, Draw_Line, etc.)2) 調用Update_Graph_Window使描畫迅速可見結束動畫描畫時，用Unfreeze_Graph_Window過程，將screen buffer數據更新屏幕使動畫立即描畫。例：Colors顏色Black, Blue, Green, Cyan青,Red, Magenta紫, Brown, Light_Gray淺灰, Dark_Gray深灰, Light_Blue淺藍, Light_Green淺綠, Light_

17、Cyan淺青, Light_Red淺紅, Light_Magenta淺紫, Yellow, White或用序號015（0-黑, 1-藍,15-白）例：Draw_Box(X1, Y1, X2, Y2, BoxColor, Filled)Draw_Box(X1, Y1, X2, Y2, Green, Filled)Draw_Box(X1, Y1, X2, Y2, 2, Filled)色值可達241，當大于15時，將為擴充色。Filled值為True(or Yes) or False (or No)。True則用指定顏色填充，否則無色。Closest_Colorcolor <- Closest

18、_Color(Red, Green, Blue)一個函數，返回值0241之間的某值（接近RGB顏色模式中），在0 255間或顯示run-time error。例：Color <- Closest_Color(50, 30, 110)具有RGB色值為50,30,110Generating Random Colors產生隨機顏色Random_Color返回015 (Black, Blue, Green, Cyan, Red, Magenta, Brown, Light_Gray, Dark_Gray, Light_Blue, Light_Green, Light_Cyan, Light_Re

19、d, Light_Magenta, Yellow, White)的一個隨機色。例：Display_Text(100,100,"Message",Random_Color)Random_Extended_Color返回0241間隨機色例：Display_Number(100,100,Score,Random_Extended_Color)畫圖操作Clear_WindowClear_Window(Color)例：Clear_Window(Red)清屏且填充紅色Draw_Arc繪制弧Draw_Arc(X1, Y1, X2, Y2, Startx, Starty, Endx, En

20、dy, Color)含8個參數，在指定的(X1, Y1, X2, Y2)矩形中繪制橢圓。 (X1,Y1) and (X2,Y2) 為矩形中的對角坐標。從坐標(Startx,Starty)開始，到(Endx,Endy)結束。注：必須先打開圖窗口，否則將run-time error例：Draw_Arc(1,100,200,1,250,50,2,2,black)在以下300x300 window中：Draw_BitmapDraw_Bitmap(Bitmap, X, Y, Width, Height)一個含5個參數的調用，用于在圖窗口中繪制圖像。Bitmap為函數Load_Bitmap的返回值X，Y圖

21、像在圖窗口左上角的坐標值Width，Height以像素表示的圖像繪制的最大寬度、高度注:必須先打開圖窗口，否則將run-time error注：Raptor本身不自動縮放圖像，一旦圖像尺寸大于指定寬、高度，將自動截去圖像右、下邊。否則將正常顯示。例：在(50,450)位置繪制具有400、300像素寬、高的圖像。注意必須先對參數bitmap用Load_Bitmap function賦值。 或裝入mypicture.bmp文件中的圖像。Draw_Box繪制矩形Draw_Box(X1, Y1, X2, Y2, Color, Filled)(X1, Y1)矩形的任一角坐標，(X2, Y2)與(X1,

22、Y1)相對的另一角坐標Filled值為True(or Yes) or False (or No)。True則用指定顏色填充，否則無色。Filled值為True(or Yes) or False (or No)。True則用指定顏色填充，否則無色。注：圖窗口必須先打開，否則run-time error例：Draw_Box(50,150,250,25,Green,True)從左(50,150)到右(250,25)繪制綠色矩形Draw_Box(250,150,50,25,Green,False)同一位置繪制無色矩形。Draw_Circle繪圓形Draw_Circle(X, Y, Radius, Co

23、lor, Filled) 在中心坐標(X,Y)繪制半徑為radius的圓形。Filled用法同矩形調用。注：必須先打開圖窗口，否則run-time error例：繪制綠色或無色圓形Draw_Circle(50,150,25,Green,True)Draw_Circle(100,250,50,Green,False)Draw_Ellipse繪制橢圓Draw_Ellipse(X1, Y1, X2, Y2, Color, Filled)(X1,Y1) 起點坐標，(X2,Y2)終點坐標注：必須先打開圖窗口，否則run-time error例：Draw_Ellipse(50,150,250,2

24、5,Green,True)Draw_Ellipse(250,150,50,25,Green,False)繪制綠色、無色橢圓。Draw_Ellipse_RotateDraw_Ellipse(X1, Y1, X2, Y2, Angle, Color, Filled)此過程與Draw_Ellipse類似，但卻是繪制一個逆時針旋轉的指定角度angle，該值用數值指定 (例如，90度以pi/2給出)例：Draw_Ellipse_Rotate(50,150,250,25,pi/2,Green,True)繪制90度的橢圓。Draw_Line繪制直線Draw_Line(X1, Y1, X2, Y2, Colo

25、r)注：必須先打開圖窗口，否則run-time error例：Draw_Line(50,150,250,25,Green);Flood_Fill填充指定顏色Flood_Fill(X, Y, Color)一個過程調用，在在(X,Y)指定的區(qū)域內填充指定顏色。注：必須先打開圖窗口，否則run-time error例：Flood_Fill(X1+1,Y1-1,Red)Get_Pixel獲取某處顏色Get_Pixel(X, Y) 返回指定坐標位置的顏色值，若x，y值錯誤，將顯示run-time error并停止程序運行。常用于賦值。也用于判斷，例如使循環(huán)退出的判斷Get_Pixel(x1,y

26、1)= Green注：必須先打開圖窗口，否則run-time error例：set Color to Get_Pixel(200,200);Load_Bitmap裝載圖Load_Bitmap(Filename)一個函數，返回某文件中的圖像。用于Draw_Bitmap過程注：圖像文件必須是支持的格式.bmp,.jpg)或.gif注：必須先打開圖窗口，否則run-time error例： The following example loads the image with the filename mypicture.bmp into memory and assigns an asso

27、ciated value to the variable bitmap.  The variable bitmap could then be used in a subsequent call to Draw_Bitmap in order to draw all or part of the image in a RaptorGraph window.Put_Pixel改變顏色Put_Pixel(X, Y, Color) 一個過程，改變指定位置的顏色注：必須先打開圖窗口，否則run-time error例：Put_Pixel(50,50,Red);Put_Pixel(5

28、0,50,ColorVar);Keyboard Operations鍵盤操作Get_Keyvariable <- Get_Key返回最后一個按鍵的擴展ASCII碼值Left Arrow 165 Right Arrow 167 Up Arrow 166 Down Arrow 168 注：圖窗口必須打開，否則run-time error。例：Get_Key_StringGet_Key_String返回用戶輸入字符串的最后一個鍵值。 Get_Key_String按鍵返回值a"a"Shift-a"A"Page Down"PageDn&q

29、uot;F-1"F1"Enter"Enter"Esc"Esc"Tab"Tab"Backspace"Backspace"Down Arrow"Down"Up Arrow"Up"Left Arrow"Left"Right Arrow"Right"Insert"Insert"Delete"Delete" (Back Slash) ""Space Bar"

30、 "Control-A"Ctrl-A"注：圖窗口必須打開，否則run-time error。例： Key_DownKey_Down("key")當指定鍵按下時，返回true。如Key_Down("c")；Key_Down(" ") 空格鍵按下為trueKey_Hit, calls to Key_Down are unaffected by any previous calls to Get_Key, Get_Key_String, or Wait_For_Key.注：圖窗口必須打開，否則run-

31、time error。例：按鍵按鍵參數a"a"Shift"Shift"Page Down"PageDn"F-1"F1"Enter"Enter"Esc"Esc"Tab"Tab"Backspace"Backspace"Down Arrow"Down"Up Arrow"Up"Left Arrow"Left"Right Arrow"Right"Insert"

32、;Insert"Delete"Delete" (Back Slash) ""Space Bar" "Control"Ctrl"Key_Hit當get_key調用時，有鍵按下則返回true常用于是否執(zhí)行了Get_Key調用。注：圖窗口必須打開，否則run-time error。例：Wait_For_KeyWait_for_Key當有鍵按下時暫停程序運行。注：圖窗口必須打開，否則run-time error。例：Wait_For_KeyMouse Operations鼠標操作Get_Mouse_ButtonG

33、et_Mouse_Button(Which_Button, X, Y)一個過程，等待鼠標單擊，并返回鼠標單擊處的X,Y坐標值，如同時單擊左、右兩邊，則只保留左鍵坐標。釋放時的坐標值Which_Button must be either Left_Button or Right_Button.注：圖窗口必須打開，否則run-time error。例：Get_Mouse_Button(Left_Button,Mouse_X,Mouse_Y)Get_Mouse_XGet_Mouse_X 返回鼠標當前的X值注：圖窗口必須打開，否則run-time error。例：Get_Mouse_YGet

34、_Mouse_Y例：Mouse_Button_DownMouse_Button_Down(Which_Button)當鼠標左或右鍵按下時間，返回true。與Mouse_Button_Pressed不同，Mouse_Button_Down對以前的Get_Mouse_Button 或Wait_For_Mouse_Button調用無效。注：圖窗口必須打開，否則run-time error。例：Mouse_Button_PressedMouse_Button_Pressed(Which_Button)當最后一次調用Get_Mouse_Button或Wait_For_Mouse_Button(或因未調用

35、Open_Graph_Window)鼠標按下時返回true。常用于測試是否調用了Get_Mouse_Button。注：圖窗口必須打開，否則run-time error。例：Mouse_Button_ReleasedMouse_Button_Released(Which_Button)當Get_Mouse_Button或Wait_For_Mouse_Button (或因Open_Graph_Window未成功調用)時鼠標釋放返回true注：圖窗口必須打開，否則run-time error。例：Wait_For_Mouse_ButtonWait_For_Mouse_Button(Which_But

36、ton)一個過程，暫停運行知道指定的鼠標鍵按下，左鍵優(yōu)先。注：圖窗口必須打開，否則run-time error。例：Wait_For_Mouse_Button(Left_Button)Text Operations文本操作Display_NumberDisplay_Number(X, Y, Number, Color)在左上角指定位置X，Y按指定顏色Color顯示值Number注：圖窗口必須打開，否則run-time error。例：Display_Number(3,10,x, Black)Display_Text顯示字符串Display_Text(X, Y, Text, Color)注：圖窗

37、口必須打開，否則run-time error。例：Display_Text(3, 10, "Hello!", Black)Display_Text(30, 50, "Score: " + score, Red)顯示字符串變量"Score: " + score的值Get_Font_Heightvariable <- Get_Font_Height返回字符高度。注：圖窗口必須打開，否則run-time error。例：Get_Font_Widthvariable <- Get_Font_Width注：圖窗口必須打開，否則run

38、-time error。Set_Font_SizeSet_Font_Size(Size)設置文字大小0100pt，默認值為10注：圖窗口必須打開，否則run-time error。例：Set_Font_Size(14)Set_Font_Size(x)按變量x值設置文本大小。Arrays數組Array Overview數組概述一系列帶有順序的用標記的數。例：scores1scores2scores3scores4順序號必須是正數。Scores成績123487937782 常用于循環(huán)處理。 Two-Dimensional Arrays二維數組用于表示矩陣。例：grid1,1gr

39、id1,2grid1,3grid1,4grid2,1grid2,2grid2,3grid2,4grid3,1grid3,2grid3,3grid3,4grid1234138615229121436111813grid3,2值11,grid2,4 值14.Processing Two-Dimensional Arrays二維數組處理雙循環(huán)。分別對行列。例如：Creating Arrays創(chuàng)建數組使用前必須先創(chuàng)建數組。說明數組的最大順序（用賦值語句）。大于最大順序號時將出現(xiàn)run-time error例如，先values7 <- 3則12345670000003如：values9 <-

40、 6則：123456789000000306對100個數組元素賦初始值0，可以：values100 <- 0  Creating Two-Dimensional Arrays創(chuàng)建二維數組 numbers3,4 <- 13。則二維數組numbers12341000020000300013Array Operations數組操作Length_OfLength_Of is a function that takes one argument, a one-dimensional array without any index or square bracke

41、ts after the name.  It returns the highest index (which is also the number of elements) defined for the array.  Length_Of can also be used to determine the length of a string expression. 例：Length_Of(Scores) will return 4.Scores123487937782Raptor ReferenceMath 數學運算符-負號unary minus

42、, *指數運算exponentiation*乘法multiplication/除法divisionrem, mod求余remainder+加法addition-減法subtractionBasic Math Functions基本函數運算abs 絕對值ceiling (round up)取上界e 返回自然對數值 (base for natural logarithms)floor 取下界(round down)log 求自然對數max 求最大值min 求最小值pi pi值powermod - used for public key encryption / decryptionrandom -

43、 0.0,1.0)間隨機數sqrt 平方根 Trigonometric Functions三角函數arccos - arc cosinearccot - arc cotangentarcsin - arc sinearctan - arc tangentcos - cosinecot - cotangentsin - sinetan - tangentProgram ControlRelational Operators=     equal to>     greater than<

44、60;   less than!=    not equal to/=    not equal to>=   greater than or equal to<=   less than or equal toBoolean Operatorsand 與運算not 非運算or 或運算xor 異或運算'xor' (true if expressions on either side are different)clear_console

45、清除主控制臺信息delay_for 等待若干秒Raptor GraphicsAvailable colors可用色Black, Blue, Green, Cyan, Red, Magenta, Brown,Light_Gray, Dark_Gray, Light_Blue, Light_Green, Light_Cyan, Light_Red, Light_Magenta, Yellow, WhiteAvailable fill values可用填充Filled, UnfilledTrue, FalseYes, NoMouse button values鼠標值Left_Button , Rig

46、ht_Button,  RaptorGraph Functions (return a value)圖函數Closest_Color, Get_Font_Height, Get_Font_Width, Get_Key, Get_Key_String, Get_Max_Height, Get_Max_Width, Get_Mouse_X, Get_Mouse_Y, Get_Pixel, Get_Window_Height, Get_Window_Width, Is_Open, Key_Down, Key_Hit, Mouse_Button_Down,  Mouse_Butto

47、n_Pressed, Mouse_Button_Released, Random_Color, Random_Extended_ColorRaptorGraph Calls圖過程Clear_Window, Close_Graph_Window, Display_Text, Display_Number, Draw_Arc, Draw_Box, Draw_Bitmap, Draw_Circle, Draw_Ellipse, Draw_Ellipse_Rotate, Draw_Line , Flood_Fill, Freeze_Graph_Window, Load_Bitmap, Open_Gra

48、ph_Window, Wait_For_Key, Wait_For_Mouse_Button, Get_Mouse_Button, Put_Pixel, Set_Font_Size, Set_Window_Title, Unfreeze_Graph_Window, Update_Graph_WindowArraysArray OperationsLength_Of 返回數組長度 - indexing: 順序To_Character 返回指定數的ASCII值To_ASCII 為指定字符賦予ASCII值StringsString Operations+ - ConcatenationLength_

49、Of 返回字符串長度 - indexing:順序Variable Type QueriesBoolean FunctionsIs_Array, Is_Number, Is_String, Is_2D_ArraySoundSound CallsPlay_Sound, Play_Sound_Background, Play_Sound_Background_LoopFilesFile CallsRedirect_Input  - 以某文件中數據作為輸入Redirect_Output 將值輸出到某文件。 Note that it is as easy for the progra

50、mmer to process 4,000 values as it is to process  four  by simply changing the value of the variable howmany!  That is part of the power of arrays used with counting loops.整個Reference結束Advanced Topics1、Sound OperationsRaptor程序可以用后面三個過程播放聲音 (.wav)文件，但需注意：· 文件名必須是字符串或字符串變量· 必須

51、帶有完整路徑，否則必須與raptor在同一文件夾中· .wav可省略· 如果文件名錯誤，將產生鳴笛音Play_SoundPlay_Sound(filename)例：Play_Sound("c:windowsmediaWindows XP Startup")Play_Sound_BackgroundPlay_Sound_Background(filename)例：Play_Sound_Background("c:windowsmediatada.wav")Play_Sound_Background_Loop循環(huán)播放背景Play_Soun

52、d_Background_Loop(filename)例：Play_Sound_Background("sound.wav")    2、Strings（1）String Variables & Assignment或在過程中：Assigning values to strings· 必須用雙引號"Hello, World!")· 可以是字符串變量或表達式"Hello, " + name_string_var + ", it's nice to meet yo

53、u"（2）String vs. Numeric Input下面為非法輸入數字符串3e5   (3 x 105)3  512312.3.2-55 (nothing - if nothing is input, an empty string results58.7"123"    (quotes will be part of the string)（3）String Operations+ (Concatenation)例： "The answer is: " + count will

54、 have the value "The answer is: 7" if the value of count is 7.Length_OfLength_Of返回一維數組或字符串長度Length_Of(stringVar) Length_Of("Answer" + " is") 值為9 (Indexing)返回第一個字符例如，字符串 "John Doe"則initial <- Name1 后值為'J'.Name6 <- 'F'將使"John Doe"

55、變?yōu)?quot;John Foe" To_CharacterTo_Character(70) 值為 'F'To_ASCIITo_ASCII('F') 值為70（4）String Comparisons=, !=, /=, <, <=, >, <=以字典順序比較。例："abc" <"abd"控制字符<可打印字符<數字字符<大寫字母<小寫字母3、Files for input and output（1）Files Overview文件概述（2）Input

56、ting from a FileRedirecting Input from a FileRedirect_Input("file.txt")Redirect_Input("C:Documents and SettingsJohn.DoeCS110file.txt");Stopping Input RedirectionRedirect_Input(False)停止file輸入，改由鍵盤輸入。例：下列流程圖"file.txt"（3）Input Line by Line逐行輸入Line-Oriented Input When

57、a file is used for input, an Input symbol consumes exactly one line of the file.  The contents of the line determine whether Raptor interprets it as a string or a number (see String vs. Numeric Input).  Therefore, a text file created for input must have the desired number of lines to match the number of inputs to be performed.  Further, each of these lines must make sense for the variable that is to input that line of data. 例如,某文件包含一個學員信息： C4C John Doe283.51分別順序賦予下列變量：cadet_name；squadron；GPANotes: 空行賦值給variable空串。Fi