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1、    美國博士生學(xué)術(shù)職業(yè)社會化的相關(guān)研究與實踐    五、結(jié)語美國博士生學(xué)術(shù)職業(yè)社會化相關(guān)研究的產(chǎn)生適應(yīng)了美國博士生教育改革、學(xué)術(shù)職業(yè)的發(fā)展變遷以及社會化理論自身演變的邏輯,經(jīng)過幾代學(xué)者的努力,形成了日漸成熟的研究體系,其研究視角和視野不斷拓寬,展現(xiàn)了博士生從入學(xué)到就業(yè)過程中個人發(fā)展與學(xué)術(shù)發(fā)展的綜合圖景。社會化理論重在關(guān)注個人接受外部環(huán)境的影響,在博士生學(xué)術(shù)職業(yè)社會化的研究中尤其強調(diào)學(xué)生和教師構(gòu)成學(xué)術(shù)環(huán)境的影響作用,因此作為理解博士生教育的有效工具,對于高校改進實踐、采取有針對性的干預(yù)措施產(chǎn)生了重要影響,其深厚的實踐基礎(chǔ)和良好的概括性,都使其易于得到理

2、解和應(yīng)用。在我國博士生教育快速發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵時期,關(guān)注博士生社會化對于不斷改進和完善博士生的培養(yǎng)過程,加強博士生的學(xué)術(shù)職業(yè)準備具有重要的借鑒意義。社會化理論鼓勵師生、生生交往,培養(yǎng)機構(gòu)營造良好的學(xué)術(shù)環(huán)境,向?qū)W生傳達明確的學(xué)術(shù)期望;強調(diào)家庭、朋友的支持和鼓勵;同時注重專業(yè)協(xié)會聯(lián)系行業(yè)與高校的輔助協(xié)調(diào)作用。這些方面都為我國提高博士生教育質(zhì)量所應(yīng)著手的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)提供重要的啟發(fā)意義。然而我們也應(yīng)看到,該框架延續(xù)了結(jié)構(gòu)功能主義學(xué)派對于社會結(jié)構(gòu)及功能的關(guān)注,強調(diào)一致的知識、技能、價值觀習(xí)得,過于依賴外部環(huán)境對博士生的塑造,將博士生個體和學(xué)術(shù)組織看成是為整體利益共同發(fā)揮作用的各個組成部分,因此對于發(fā)展和完善學(xué)生個

3、性的目標(biāo)關(guān)注不夠。此外,隨著博士生職業(yè)發(fā)展的多元化趨勢,對于博士生個人發(fā)展以及通用技能發(fā)展的關(guān)注也亟待加強。因此,在美國博士生學(xué)術(shù)職業(yè)社會化的研究成果運用于我國博士生教育的實踐當(dāng)中,應(yīng)注意其在中國教育情境下的適切性;同時在我國博士生教育蓬勃發(fā)展的今天,于豐厚的培養(yǎng)實踐基礎(chǔ)中,也應(yīng)竭力進行本土的理論建構(gòu),促進中國博士生教育的創(chuàng)新與發(fā)展。注釋:數(shù)據(jù)來源:美國國家教育統(tǒng)計中心(national center for educational statistics)。數(shù)據(jù)來源:schuster j h. the american faculty:the restructuring of academic

4、 work and careersm. baltimore:johns hopkins university press,2008:59。weidman j c,twale d j,and stein e l. socialization of graduate and professional students in higher educationa perilous passage?r. asheeric higher education report,2001:49。參考文獻:1菲利普·g·阿特巴赫.美國博士教育的現(xiàn)狀與問題j.教育研究,2004(6):34-41.

5、2gaff,jerry g pruitt-logan,anne s weibl,richard a. building the faculty we need:colleges and universities working togetherj. affiliated schools,2000:100.3bowen h r,schuster j h. american professors:a national resource imperiled.m. oxford:oxford university press,1986:197.4council of graduate schools.

6、 ph. d. completion and attrition:policy and practices to promote student successr. council of graduate schools,2010:48.529golde c m,dore t m. at cross purposes:what the experiences of todays doctoral students reveal about doctoral educationm. philadelphia:pew charitable trusts,2001:3,30.6parsons t,p

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9、motion,tenure and beyond:faculty socialization as a cultural processr. ashe-eric higher education report,1994.12weidman j c,twale d j,stein e l. socialization of graduate and professional students in higher educationa perilous passage?r. ashe-eric higher education report,2001.13鄭杭生.社會學(xué)概論新修m.北京:中國人民大

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13、t researcher in doctoral educationj. journal of higher education,2008,79(3):326-350.2028gardner s k.“i heard it through the grapevine”:doctoral student socialization in chemistry and historyj. higher education,2007,54(5):723-740.21trocchia p j,berkowitz d. getting doctored:a proposed model of market

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15、3;nyi k. the meaning of money in the socialization of science and engineering doctoral students:nurturing the next generation of academic capitalists?j. journal of higher education,2013,84(2):266-294.24mendoza p. academic capitalism and doctoral student socialization:a case studyj. journal of higher

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