Organic Compounds WinstonSalemForsyth County School 有機(jī)化合物溫斯頓salemforsyth縣學(xué)校

1、organic compoundschapter 24organic compoundsnsection 1- simple organic compounds slides 3-20nsection 2- other organic compounds slides 21-32nsection 3- petroleum- a source of carbon compounds slides 33-44nsection 4- biological compounds slides 45-62section 1 simple organic compoundsnwhat youll learn

2、:nabout organic and inorganic carbon compoundsndifference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbonsnidentify isomers1 simple organic compoundsnmost compounds that contain the element carbon are made by living organisms or synthesized in laboratories.nmore than 90 % of carbon compounds are organ

3、ic. nothers like carbon dioxide and carbonates are inorganic compounds.why does carbon form so many organic compounds?nwith 4 electrons in its outer energy level, carbon can form one covalent bond with each of these electrons.nthere are many c compounds because c can form so many bonds. nsome are sm

4、all like the ones used as fuel while some are complex like those in medicine and plastics.how can c atoms arrange themselves?nc atoms can bond together as chains, branched chains, & rings.how can c atoms arrange themselves?nthe first structure shows carbon bonded in a straight chain as heptane,

5、an organic compound in gasoline.nthe second structure, a branched chain, shows isoprene, an organic compound in natural rubber.nthe third structure, a cyclic ring or chain, is vanillin from vanilla flavoring.nalso forms single, double or triple covalent bonds.hydrocarbonsna compound that is made of

6、only carbon and hydrogen is called a nnatural gas contains the hydrocarbon methane or ch4. single bondsnhydrocarbons with only single-bonded c atoms are called it is saturated because each c is bonded to as many h as possible.boiling points of hydrocarbonsmethaneethanepropanebutanepentaneboiling poi

7、nts of hydrocarbonsndid you see a pattern?nthe boiling points of saturated hydrocarbons increase as the number of carbon atoms in the chain increases.can different hydrocarbons have the same formula?nbutane is c4h10 and so is isobutane. butane is a straight chain molecule but isobutane has a branche

8、d chain. image file history links what are isomers? are compounds that have the same chemical formula, but have different molecular structures & shapes. nthousands of hydrocarbons are isomers. n butane & isobutane are two of them.properties of butane isomersdescriptioncolorless gascolorless

9、gasdensity0.60 kg/l0.603 kg/lmelting point-135-145boiling point-0.5-10.2are there other kinds of isomers?nsome isomers differ only slightly in the way their atoms are arranged. some form what are called right-handed & left-handed molecules. these have nearly identical physical and chemical prope

10、rties.multiple bondsnethene or ethlylene gas is what makes fruit ripen. nyou can see ethene has one double bond. nthe two c atoms share two pairs of electrons.multiple bondsnthe ethyne molecule has a triple bond with two carbon atoms sharing three pairs of electrons. also called acetylene, its used

11、in welding torches. ethene and ethyne are unsaturated hydrocarbons.multiple bondsnan is one that has at least one double bond or triple bond. the compounds are unsaturated because each carbon atom is not bonded to as many hydrogens as possible.nthe last three letters tell what type of bond is in the

12、 molecule. compounds ending in ane have only single bonds. those with ene have at least one double bond and yne signifies at least one triple bond.flow chartorganic compoundscontain only c & h are calledbond assingle bonds_ bonds_ bondsstraight chains_ chains_ chainsflow chartorganic compoundsco

13、ntain only c & h are calledhydrocarbonsbond assingle bondsdouble bondstriple bondsstraight chainsbranched chainscyclic chainssection 2 other organic compoundsnwhat youll learn:nwhat aromatic compounds arenwhat alcohols and acids arensome organic compounds you use everyday2 other organic compound

14、snorganic compounds produce tastes and smells such as wintergreen, cloves, cinnamon, and vanilla.nthis is wintergreen or methyl salicylate used in chewing gum.aromatic compoundsnother organic compounds have unpleasant tastes or smells.nthis figure shows the structural formula for acetyl salicylic ac

15、id or aspirin which has a sour taste.nan contains a benzene structure having a ring made of six c atoms.why is benzene stable?nthe chemical structure for benzene is c6h6.nthe benzene ring is made of six c atoms bonded together by three double bonds & three single bonds alternating around the rin

16、g. why is benzene stable?nall 6 c equally share the electrons making the molecule very stable.nthe symbol for benzene is a circle inside a hexagon.nmany organic structures contain a benzene ring.are there other ring structures?norganic compounds can contain more than one ring structure. nsome moth c

17、rystals are made of naphthalene with two rings fused together.nmany contain 3 or more rings fused together.substituted hydrocarbonsnchemists change hydrocarbons into other compounds with different physical & chemical properties. substituted hydrocarbonsna is a hydrocarbon that has one or more of

18、 its hydrogen atoms replaced by atoms or groups of atoms of other elements.nchemists decide what kinds of properties they want in a new compound and then they choose atoms or groups of atoms or types of bonds that will give those properties.what are some substituted hydrocarbons?nan forms when a hyd

19、roxyl group, oh, replaces one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon.nthis is ethanol. when the sugars in grains or fruits ferments, it produces ethanolwhat are some substituted hydrocarbons?norganic acids form when a carboxyl group, -cooh, attaches to a c atom of a hydrocarbon.nacetic acid is an o

20、rganic acid found in vinegar. other organic acids include citric acid in citrus fruit & lactic acid in sour milk.what other elements can be added to hydrocarbons?nchlorine can be used as well as h & o.nwhen 4 cl atoms replace 4 h on ethene, they form tetra-chloroethene, a solvent used in dry

21、 cleaning.what other elements can be added to hydrocarbons?nwhen 4 fl atoms replace 4 h atoms, they form a compound that can be made into a black, shiny material used for nonstick cookware.nn, br and s are also used in substituted hydrocarbons. ncompounds called thiols are formed when s replaces the

22、 o in the oh group of an alcohol.n thiols are also called mercaptans which smell very bad such as skunk spray.section 3 petroleum- a source of carbon compoundsnwhat youll learn:nhow carbon compounds are obtained from petroleumnhow carbon compounds form long chains of moleculesnwhat polymers arewhat

23、is petroleum?nplastic comes from petroleum, a dark, flammable liquid often called crude oil. it exists deep within earth. coal, natural gas, & petroleum are all called fossil fuels because they come from fossilized material.noil wells pump crude oil to earths surface.nengineers separate the mixt

24、ure by fractional distillation at refineries in metal towers called fractionating towers.what is a fractionating tower?nas tall as 35 m, metal plates are arranged to let vapors pass through.n pipes are attached at different levels to separate crude oil into fractions using distillation. ndepending u

25、pon their boiling point, vapors condense at particular levels or temps.what is a fractionating tower?ncrude oil is heated to more than 350uses for petroleum compoundsnsome fractions are used for fuels. butane & propane are some of the lightest fractions taken from the top of the tower. molecules

26、 of propane have 3 c atoms; butane has 4 c atoms.nmolecules with 5-10 c atoms/molecule condense on the upper plate & are used for gasoline & solvents. n those that condense on lower plates have 12-18 c atoms like kerosene & jet fuel. nbottom fractions are lubricating oil with leftovers u

27、sed to make asphalt to pave roads.polymersna is a very large molecule made from small molecules linked together like a chain.na is the small molecule that forms a link in the polymer chain.na polymer chain can contain as many as 10,000 monomers.what are some common polymers?nplastic is a common poly

28、mer made from the monomer ethene or ethylene combined repeatedly to makefor shopping bags and plastic bottles.npolypropylene is used to make glues and carpets.ncopolymers consist of two or more different monomers combined to make one polymer molecule.what are some common polymers?ncharacteristics in

29、clude being light & flexible.nso strong used to make plastic pipes, boats, car bodies;nused in place of wood & metal in buildings.nsome people call this the age of plastics.what determines the properties of polymer materials?ntheir properties depend on which monomers are used to make them ar

30、e they branched & what shape are they?nsometimes the same polymer can take two completely different forms like polystyrenewhat determines the properties of polymer materials?npolymers can be spun into thread & made into tough fabrics for suitcases & backpacks or for bulletproof vests.npo

31、lymer fibers can stretch and return to their original shape for exercise clothing.what are some other petroleum products?nother products are made by separating individual compounds from the petroleum fractions & then changed into substituted hydrocarbons to make:are there some problems with poly

32、mers?ndisposing of things made with polymers is a problem because they do not decompose.nrecycling reuses clean plastics to make new products. uses heat or chemicals to break long polymer chains into monomer fragments which then can be used to make other polymers. too expensive to be practical now d

33、ue to different process for each polymer.section 4 biological compoundsnwhat youll learn:nabout proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipidsnpolymers in foodnbiological polymersbiological polymersnmany important biological compounds in your body are biological polymers:proteinsare large organi

34、c polymers formed from organic monomers called amino acids.nonly 20 amino acids can make millions of different proteins for various tissues of your body like muscles, tendons, hair, fingernails, etc.ncell parts are pictured.what are amino acids?namino acids are the monomers that combine to form prot

35、eins.nthe figure shows the structures of the amino acids.neach amino acid has an amine group, -nh2 & a carboxyl group, -cooh.what are amino acids?nthe amine group of one amino acid can combine with the carboxyl group of another amino acid.nthis compound is a peptide with a peptide bond joining t

36、hem.na molecule containing 50 or more amino acids is called a protein.what do proteins look like?nbecause proteins are such a long chain, it twists around itself & can be identified by the way it twists.nmany foods contain proteins which your body breaks into monomers to make new proteins for bl

37、ood & muscles, etc.nucleic acidsare another group of organic polymers that are essential for life.nthey control cell activities & reproduction.ndna or codes & stores genetic information (genetic code) in the nuclei of cells.what is dna made of?nmonomers called nucleotides make up dna. nn

38、ucleotides contain an organic base, a sugar, a phosphoric acid unit. ntwo chains of nucleotides twist around each other like a “twisted ladder” or a double helix (spiral).what is dna made of?nhuman dna has 4 base pairs which forms millions of combinations.nthe figure shows how bases on one side of t

39、he ladder link with the other side to form a base pair.nthe genetic code of dna gives instructions for making other nucleotides & proteins needed by the body.what is dna fingerprinting?neach molecule of dna in your body has more than 5 million base pairs. nyour dna is unique unless you have an i

40、dentical twin.ndna can be used to solve crimes by removing the dna from hair, blood, or saliva left at a crime scene. nby breaking the polymer into monomers & comparing the pattern to a suspects dna, they can link the suspect to the crime scene.carbohydratesare organic compounds made of c, h &am

41、p; o with twice as many h atoms as o atoms.ncarbohydrates include sugars & starches.nfoods like bread & pasta contain carbohydrates.what are sugars?nsucrose is table sugar which the body breaks down into fructose & glucose or more simple sugars.nfruit contains fructose.nglucose is found in your blood & in fruit & honey.neating sugar-rich food gives you a quick boost of energy.sucrose c12h22o11glucose c6h12o6what is a starch?nstarch is a polymer carbohydrate made of monomers of glucose.nyour body breaks it into sugars which release energy into your cells.nathlete