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1、植物學(xué)(上)名詞術(shù)語中英文對照植物學(xué)(Botany)植物形態(tài)學(xué)(Plant morphology)植物解剖學(xué)(plant anatomy)原生質(zhì)體(protoplast)細(xì)胞壁(cell wall)顯微結(jié)構(gòu)(microscopic structure)亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)(submicroscopic structure)超微結(jié)構(gòu)(ultramicroscopic structure)質(zhì)體(Plastid)葉綠體(chloroplast)類囊體(thylakoid)基粒(granum)基粒間膜(基質(zhì)片層,fret)基質(zhì)(stroma或matrix)有色體(或稱雜色體,chromoplast)白色體(le

2、ucoplast)造油體(elaioplast)前質(zhì)體(proplastid)液泡(vacuole)液泡膜(tonoplast)細(xì)胞液(cell sap)紋孔(pit)胞間連絲(plasmodesmata)后含物(ergastic substance)淀粉粒(starch grain)淀粉體(amylop1ast)臍點(hilum)擬晶體(crystalloid)糊粉粒(aleuronegrain)糊粉層(aleurone layer)胞質(zhì)分裂(Cytokinesis)成膜體(phragmoplast)細(xì)胞板(cellplate)微管周期(microtubule cycle)細(xì)胞分化(cell

3、 differentiation)反分化(或脫分化dedifferentiation)組織(tissue)分生組織(meristematic tissue或meristem)頂端分生組織(apical meristem)側(cè)生分生組織(lateral meristem)居間分生組織(intercalarymeristem)形成層(cambium)木栓形成層(cork cambium或phellogen)原分生組織(promeri-stem)初生分生組織(primary meristem)次生分生組織(secondary meristem)保護(hù)組織(protective tissue)薄壁組織(p

4、arenchyma)機械組織(mechanical tissue)輸導(dǎo)組織(conducting tissue)分泌結(jié)構(gòu)(secretory structure)表皮(epidermis)周皮(periderm)氣孔(stoma)皮孔(lenticel)保衛(wèi)細(xì)胞(guard cell)吸收組織(absorptive tissue)根毛(root hair)木栓(phellem或cork)栓內(nèi)層(phelloderm)同化組織(assimilating tissue)儲藏組織(storage tissue)儲水組織(aqueous tissue)通氣組織(aerenchyma)傳遞細(xì)胞(tran

5、sfer cell)厚角組織(collenchyma)厚壁組織(sclerencnyma)石細(xì)胞(sclereid或 stone cell)纖維(fiber)木質(zhì)部(xylem)韌皮部(phloem)管胞(tracheid)導(dǎo)管分子(vesselelement或vesselmember)穿孔(perforation)導(dǎo)管(vessel)篩管分子(sieve-tube element或sieve-tube member)篩管(sieve tube)篩孔(sieve pore)篩孔(sieve pore)篩板(sieve plate)原生質(zhì)聯(lián)絡(luò)索(connecting strand)胼胝質(zhì)(cal

6、lose)篩域(sive area)伴胞(companioncell)胼胝體(callus)篩胞(sieve cell)腺表皮(glandular epidermis)腺毛(glandular hair)蜜腺(nectary)排水器(hydathode)吐水(guttation)水孔(waterPore)通水組織(epithem)分泌細(xì)胞(secretorycell)分泌腔(secretorycavity)分泌道(secretorycanal)乳汁管(laticifer)無節(jié)乳汁管(nonar-ticulatelaticifer)有節(jié)乳汁管(arti-culatelaticifer)組織系統(tǒng)(

7、tissue system)皮組織系統(tǒng)(dermal tissue system)維管組織系統(tǒng)(vascular tissue system)基本組織系統(tǒng)(fundamental tissue system或 ground tissue system)皮系統(tǒng)(dermal system)維管系統(tǒng)(vascular system)基本系統(tǒng)(fundamental system或ground system)種子(seed)胚(embryo)胚乳(endosperm)種皮(seed coat,testa)外胚乳(perisperm)胚根(radicle)胚芽(plumule)胚軸(hypocotyl

8、)子葉(cotyledon)種臍(hilum)種阜(caruncle)種脊(raphe)有胚乳種子(albuminousseed)無胚乳種子(exalbuminous seed)胚芽鞘(coleoptile)胚根鞘(coleorhi- za)盾片(scutellum)外胚葉(epiblast)種子萌發(fā)(seed germination)子葉出土的幼苗(epigaeous seedling)子葉留土的幼苗(hypogaeous seedling)器官(organ)營養(yǎng)器官(vegetative organ)根(root)根系(root system)主根(main root)直根(tap roo

9、t)初生根(primaryroot)側(cè)根(lateral root)次生根(secondaryroot)不定根(adventitiousroot)定根(normal root)種子根(seminal root)直根系(taprootsystem)須根系(fibrousrootsystem)原始細(xì)胞(initialcell)不活動中心(或稱靜止中心,quiescentcentre)根尖(roottip)根冠(root cap)分生區(qū)(meristematiczone)伸長區(qū)(elongationzone)成熟區(qū)(maturationzone)維管柱(vascular cylinder)皮層(co

10、rtex)切向分裂(弦向分裂,tangentialdivision)平周分裂(periclinalkivision)徑向分裂(radialdivision)橫向分裂(transversedivision)垂周分裂(anticlinaldivision)根毛區(qū)(roothairzone)初生生長(primary growth)初生組織(primary tissue)初生結(jié)構(gòu)(primary structure)根被(velamen)外皮層(exodermis)內(nèi)皮層(endodermis)凱氏帶(Casparian strip)通道細(xì)胞(passage cell)中柱鞘(pericycle)髓(

11、pith)初生木質(zhì)部(primary xylem)初生韌皮部(primary phloem)外始式(exarch)原生木質(zhì)部(protoxylem)后生木質(zhì)部(metaxylem)木質(zhì)部脊(xylem ridge)二原型(diarch)三原型(triarch)四原型(tetrarch)五原型(pentarch)六原型(hexarch)多原型(polyarch)原生韌皮部(protophloem)后生韌皮部(meta-phloem)根原基(root primordium)內(nèi)起源(endogenousorigin)形成層環(huán)(cambium ring)木射線(xylemray)韌皮射線(phloem

12、ray)維管射線(vascularray)木栓形成層(phellogen或cork cambium)栓內(nèi)層(phelloderm)木栓(phellem或cork)周皮(periderm)共生(symbiosis)根瘤(root nodule)菌根(mycorrhiza)外生菌根(ectotrophic mycorrhiza)內(nèi)生菌根(endotrophic mycorrhiza)內(nèi)外生菌根(ectendotrophicmycorrhiza)莖(stem)節(jié)(node)節(jié)間(internode)枝或枝條(shoot)葉痕(leafscar)維管束痕(bundle scar,簡稱束痕)芽鱗痕(bu

13、d scalescar)芽(bud)枝芽(branch bud)葉芽(leafbud)花芽(floralbud)葉原基(leaf primordium)腋芽原基(axillary bud primordium)側(cè)枝原基(lateral branch primordium)枝原基(branchprimordium)芽軸(bud axis)定芽(normalbud)不定芽(adventitiousbud)頂芽(terminal bud)腋芽(axillary bud)側(cè)芽(lateral bud)副芽(accessory bud)葉柄下芽(subpetiolar bud)裸芽(naked bud)

14、被芽(protected bud)鱗片(scale)芽鱗(bud scale)鱗芽(scaly bud)混合芽(mixed bud)活動芽(active bud)休眠芽(dormant bud)潛伏芽(latent bud)直立莖(erect stem)纏繞莖(twining stem)攀援莖(climbing stem)匍匐莖(creeping stem)纖匍枝(runner)單軸分枝(monopodial branching)合軸分枝(sympodial branching)假二叉分枝(falsedichotomous branching)二叉分枝(dichotomousbranching

15、)分蘗(tiller)原表皮(protoderm)基本分生組織(ground meristem)原形成層(procambium)生長點(growing point)生長錐(growing tip)莖端(stem apex)根端(root apex)枝端或苗端(shoot apex)莖尖(stemtip)根尖(root tip)組織原學(xué)說(histogen theory)表皮原(dermatogen)皮層原(periblem)中柱原(plerome)原套-原體學(xué)說(tunicacorpus theory)原套(tunica)原體(corpus)細(xì)胞學(xué)分區(qū)概念(concept of cytolog

16、icalzonation)葉原座(leaf buttress)初生組織(primary tissue)初生結(jié)構(gòu)(primary structure)通氣組織(aerenchyma)淀粉鞘(starch sheath)無限維管束(open bundle)有限維管束(closed bundle)外韌維管束(collateral bundle)雙韌維管束(bicollateral bundle)周韌維管束(amphicribral bundle)周木維管束(amphivasal bundle)同心維管束(concentric bundle)中柱(stele)原生中柱(protostele)管狀中柱(

17、siphonostele)中央柱(centralcylinder)維管柱(vascularcylinder)內(nèi)始式(endarch)環(huán)髓帶(perimedullaryzone)髓腔(pith cavity)髓射線(pith ray)初生射線(primary ray)樹脂道(resin canal)維管束鞘(bundle sheath)下皮(hypodermis)初生加厚分生組織(primary thickening meristem)束中形成層(fascicularcambium)。束間形成層(interfascicular cambium)形成層帶(cambial zone)韌皮射線(phl

18、oem ray)維管射線(vascular ray)次生射線(secondary ray)初生射線(primary ray)侵入生長(intrusivegrowth或interpositional growth)早材(early wood)晚材(late wood)生長輪(growth ring)生長層(growth layer)年輪(annual ring)心材(heart wood)侵填體(tylosis)邊材(sap wood)木材解剖學(xué)(xylotomy或woodanatomy)補充組織(complementary tissue)封閉層(closing layer)葉(leaf)光合作

19、用(photosynthesis)柵欄組織(palisade tissue)海綿組織(spongy tissue)蒸騰作用(transpiration)葉片(lamina或blade)葉柄(petiole)托葉(stipule)完全葉(complete leaf)不完全葉(incomplete leaf)無柄葉(sessil leaf)葉狀柄(phyllode)盾形葉(peltateleaf)葉尖(leaf apex)葉基(leaf base)葉緣(leaf margin)葉鞘(leaf sheath)葉舌(ligulate)葉耳(auricle)葉枕(pulvinus)葉脈(vein)脈序(

20、venation)單葉(simple leaf)復(fù)葉(compoundleaf)葉軸(rachis)總?cè)~柄(common petiole)小葉(leaflet)小葉柄(petiolule)羽狀復(fù)葉(pinnately compound leaf)掌狀復(fù)葉(palmately compound leaf)三出復(fù)葉(ternatelycompoundleaf)三出掌狀復(fù)葉(ternate palmate leaf)三出羽狀復(fù)葉(ternate pinnate leaf)奇數(shù)羽狀復(fù)葉(odd-pinnately compound leaf)偶數(shù)羽狀復(fù)葉(evenpinnately compound

21、leaf)一回羽狀復(fù)葉(simple pinnate leaf)二回羽狀復(fù)葉(bipinnate leaf)三回羽狀復(fù)葉(tripinnateleaf)單身復(fù)葉(unifoliate compound leaf)葉序(phyllotaxy)互生(alternate)對生(opposite)輪生(whorled或verticillate)葉序周(cycle)開度(divergence)交互對生(decussate)。簇生葉序(fascicled phyllotaxy)葉鑲嵌(leaf mosaic)異形葉性(heterophylly)葉肉(mesophyll)異面葉(dorsi-ventrall

22、eaf或bifacialleaf)等面葉(isobilateral leaf)復(fù)表皮(multiple pyidermis)副衛(wèi)細(xì)胞(subsidiary cell)氣孔器(stomatalapparatus)氣孔復(fù)合體(stomatalcomplex)維管束鞘延伸(bundlesheathextension)泡狀細(xì)胞(bulliform cell)運動細(xì)胞(motorcell)沉水葉(submerged leaf)陽地植物(sun plant)陰地植物(shadeplant)耐蔭植物(tolerant plant)落葉樹(deciduous tree)常綠樹(evergreen tree)離

23、區(qū)(abscission zone)離層(abscission layer或分離層separationlayer)保護(hù)層(protectivelayer)葉跡(leaf trace)葉隙(leaf gap)枝跡(branch trace)枝隙(branch gap)根和莖的過渡區(qū)(也稱轉(zhuǎn)變區(qū),transition region或 transition zone)肉質(zhì)直根(fleshy tap root)額外形成層(supernumerarycambium或副形成層accessory cambium)塊根(root tuber)支柱根(prop root)攀援根(climbing root)呼吸

24、根(respiratory root)寄生根(parasitic root)吸器(haustorium)半寄生植物(semiparasitic plant)地上莖(aerial stem)地下莖(subterraneous stem)莖刺(stemthorn)莖卷須(stem tendril)葉狀莖(也稱葉狀枝,phylloid)小鱗莖(bulblet)小塊莖(tubercle)根狀莖(rhizoma)塊莖(tuber)鱗莖(bulb)球莖(corm)莖刺(stem thorn)莖卷須(stem tendril)葉狀莖(phylloid)肉質(zhì)莖(fleshy stem)苞片(bract)鱗葉(

25、scale leaf)葉卷須(leaf tendril)葉刺(leaf thorn)葉狀柄(phyllode)捕蟲葉(inect catdning leaf)營養(yǎng)繁殖(vegetative propagation)孢子繁殖(或無性繁殖 asexual reproduction)有性生殖(sexual reproduction)孢子(spore)配子(gamete)花(flower)花柄(花梗,Pedicel)花托(Receptacle)花被(Periath)花萼(calyx)萼片(sepal)花冠(corlla)副萼(accessory calx)雄蕊群(Androecium)雄蕊(stame

26、n)花絲(faliment)花藥(anther)花粉囊(pollen sac)藥隔(connective)花粉粒(pollen grain)雌蕊群(Gynoecium)雌蕊(pistil)四強雄蕊(tetradynamous stamen)二強雄蕊(didynamous stamen)單體雄蕊(monodelphous stamen)二體雄蕊(diadephous stamen)多體雄蕊(polydephous stamen)聚藥雄蕊(synatherous stamen)柱頭 (Stigma)花柱(style)子房(ovary)心皮(Carpus)單雌蕊(simple pistil)離生單雌

27、蕊(apocarpous pistil)合生心皮雌蕊(syncarpous pistil)復(fù)雌蕊(compound pistil)子房壁(ovary wall)子房室(locule)胎座(placenta)邊緣胎座(marginal placentation)側(cè)膜胎座(parietal placentation)中軸胎座(axile placentation)特立中央胎座(free central placentation)子房上位(superior ovary)子房下位(inferior ovary)子房半下位(halp-inferior ovary)完全花(Flower)兩性花(bisex

28、ual flower)單性花(unisexual flower)雌花(pistillate flower)雄花(staminate flower)雌雄同株(monoecious)雌雄異株(dioecious)無性花(neutral flower)穎片(glume)外稃(lemma)內(nèi)稃(pelea)漿片(lodicule)花程式(Floral formula)花圖式(Floral diagram)花序(inflorescence)孢原細(xì)胞(archesp-orial cell)初生周緣層(primary parietal layer)初生造孢細(xì)胞(primary sporogenous cel

29、l)藥室內(nèi)壁(endothecium)中層(middle layer)絨氈層(tapetum)纖維層(fibrous layer)花粉母細(xì)胞(Pollen mothercell)花粉(pollen)營養(yǎng)細(xì)胞(vegetative cell)生殖細(xì)胞(generative cell)同時型(simultaneous type)連續(xù)型(successive type)外壁(exine)內(nèi)壁(intine)孢粉學(xué)(Palynology)直生胚珠(Orthotropous ovule)倒生胚珠(Anatropous ovule)橫生胚珠(Amphitropous ovule)彎生胚珠(Campulit

30、ropous ovule)拳卷胚珠(Circinotropous ovule)合點(chalaza)珠心(nucellus)珠被(integument)外珠被(outer integument)內(nèi)珠被(inner integument)珠孔(micropyle)珠柄(funiculus)胚囊母細(xì)胞(embryo-sac mother cell)胚囊(embryo-sac)絲狀器(filiform apparatus)極核(polar nuclei)中央細(xì)胞(central cell)反足細(xì)胞(anitipodal cell)助細(xì)胞 (synergid)卵器(egg apparatus)卵細(xì)胞(

31、egg)開花 (Anthesis)傳粉(Pollination)自花傳粉(Self-pollination)異花傳粉(cross pollination)閉花受精(cleistogamy)開花受精(chasmogamy)傳粉(pollination)相互識別(recognition)親和(compatible)風(fēng)媒(anemophily)風(fēng)媒花(anemophilous flower)蟲媒(entomophily)蟲媒花(entomophilous flower)水媒(hydrophily)鳥媒(ornithophily)受精作用(fertilization)花粉管(pollen tube)干柱頭(dry stigma)濕柱

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