研究生英語閱讀教材提高級

1、lesson 2 lesson 2 is the aerospace industry ready for mars? is the aerospace industry ready for mars? catalogueabout the author warm-up activities background information language points keys textabout the author 紐約時報紐約時報（the new york times）是一份在美國紐）是一份在美國紐約出版的報紙，在全世界發(fā)行，有相當的影響力。它有時約出版的報紙，在全世界發(fā)行，有相當的影響

2、力。它有時也被戲稱為也被戲稱為“灰色女士灰色女士”（the gray lady）或簡稱為）或簡稱為“時報時報”（the times）。它最初的名字是）。它最初的名字是“紐約每日時報紐約每日時報”（the new-york daily times），創(chuàng)始人是亨利），創(chuàng)始人是亨利j雷蒙德和喬治雷蒙德和喬治瓊斯。他們當時打算發(fā)行一份比較嚴肅的報紙，來打破當瓊斯。他們當時打算發(fā)行一份比較嚴肅的報紙，來打破當時在紐約盛行的花花綠綠的新聞報道方式。時在紐約盛行的花花綠綠的新聞報道方式。about the author 1851september 18we publish today the first i

3、ssue of the new-york daily times, and we intend to issue it every morning (sundays excepted) for an indefinite number of years to come. the founders are henry jarvis raymond and george jones.在在1851年年9月月18日它的首刊中該報寫到：日它的首刊中該報寫到：“今天我們發(fā)行紐今天我們發(fā)行紐約每日時報的首刊，我們打算在今后無限期內每天早晨約每日時報的首刊，我們打算在今后無限期內每天早晨（周日除外）發(fā)行一刊。

4、（周日除外）發(fā)行一刊?！?about the author 紐約時報享有可靠的新聞來源的聲譽。它的社論一般被認紐約時報享有可靠的新聞來源的聲譽。它的社論一般被認為是比較開通的。不過實際上它的社論是由許多不同的作為是比較開通的。不過實際上它的社論是由許多不同的作者撰寫的，而他們的觀點則從左到右各不相同。者撰寫的，而他們的觀點則從左到右各不相同。 許多年后該報也在周日發(fā)行。今天周日版是紐約時報每許多年后該報也在周日發(fā)行。今天周日版是紐約時報每周篇幅最大的一版，除新聞報道外其中還包括許多專欄周篇幅最大的一版，除新聞報道外其中還包括許多專欄如食品、旅游、藝術和其它文化專題。如食品、旅游、藝術和其它文化

5、專題。 許多保守派人物認為紐約時報的新聞報道，尤其是它的社許多保守派人物認為紐約時報的新聞報道，尤其是它的社論，太自由開放。甚至有許多人就紐約時報對美國政治界論，太自由開放。甚至有許多人就紐約時報對美國政治界的影響著書。與紐約時報相比在紐約出版的另兩份重要報的影響著書。與紐約時報相比在紐約出版的另兩份重要報紙紐約郵報和華爾街日報至少在其社論方面比較保守。紙紐約郵報和華爾街日報至少在其社論方面比較保守。 warm-up activities 1.is it necessary and sensible for us to spend a huge amount of money to explo

6、re the outer space? 2. what do you know about mars? in your opinion, is it possible that there life on mars? background information experimental space exploration dates back to as early as 1912 when the europeans discovered cosmic rays through balloon flight. in the 1940s usa first observed the suns

7、 uv spectrum and solar x rays. the former ussr sent sputnik-1, the first artificial satellite, into space in 1957 which marked the advent of mans space exploration era. sputnik-11. space exploration and mars survey background information in 1958 usa sent pioneer 0 into lunar orbiter. apollo 11 was t

8、he first manned lunar landing, which took place on july 20, 1969. neil a armstrong and edward e aldrin collected 21.7 kilograms of soil and rock samples and deployed experiments. usa launched several manned lunar explorations in the late 1960s and early 1970s. apollo 17 carried eugene a cernan, harr

9、ison h schmitt, and ronald b evans onto the moon on december 12, 1972. they became the last persons on the moon. crew apollo 111. space exploration and mars survey 1. space exploration and mars survey former ussrs attempts to explore mars in the earlier 1960s failed. usa began its mars exploration i

10、n 1964.since then usa has been attempting to know more about mars and considering sending man onto it. like earth, mars has polar ice caps and clouds in its atmosphere, seasonal weather patterns, volcanoes, canyons and other recognizable features. however, conditions on mars vary wildly from what we

11、 know on our own planet. background information mars1. space exploration and mars survey over the past three decades, spacecraft have shown us that mars is rocky, cold, and sterile beneath its hazy, pink sky. weve discovered that todays martian wasteland hints at a formerly volatile world where volc

12、anoes once raged, meteors plowed deep craters, and flash floods rushed over the land. and mars continues to throw out new enticements with each landing or orbital pass made by spacecrafts. background information volcano on marsamong our discoveries about mars, one stands out above all others: the po

13、ssible presence of liquid water on mars, either in its ancient past or preserved in the subsurface today. water is key because almost everywhere we find water on earth, we find life. if mars once had liquid water, or still does today, its compelling to ask whether any microscopic life forms could ha

14、ve developed on its surface. is there any evidence of life in the planets past? if so, could any of these tiny living creatures still exist today? imagine how exciting it would be to answer, “yes!” background information 1. space exploration and mars survey even if mars is devoid of past or present

15、life, however, theres still much excitement on the horizon. we ourselves might become the “l(fā)ife on mars” should humans choose to travel there one day. meanwhile, we still have a lot to learn about this amazing planet and its extreme environments. background information 1. space exploration and mars

16、survey background information 2. mars exploration rover mission nasas twin robot geologists, the mars exploration rovers, launched toward mars on june 10 and july 7, 2003, in search of answers about the history of water on mars. they landed on mars january 3 and january 24 pst (january 4 and january

17、 25 utc). the mars exploration rover mission is part of nasas mars exploration program, a long-term effort of robotic exploration of the red planet. primary among the missions scientific goals is to search for and characterize a wide range of rocks and soils that hold clues to past water activity on

18、 mars. the spacecraft are targeted to sites on opposite sides of mars that appear to have been affected by liquid water in the past. the landing sites are at gusev crater, a possible former lake in a giant impact crater, and meridiani planum, where mineral deposits (hematite) suggest mars had a wet

19、past. background information 2. mars exploration rover mission after the airbag-protected landing craft settle onto the surface and open, the rovers will roll out to take panoramic images. these will give scientists the information they need to select promising geological targets that will tell part

20、 of the story of water in mars past. then, the rovers will drive to those locations to perform on-site scientific investigations over the course of their 90-day prime mission. background information 2. mars exploration rover mission these are the primary science instruments to be carried by the rove

21、rs: background information 2. mars exploration rover mission panoramic camera (pancam): for determining the mineralogy, texture, and structure of the local terrain. miniature thermal emission spectrometer (mini-tes): for identifying promising rocks and soils for closer examination and for determinin

22、g the processes that formed martian rocks. the instrument will also look skyward to provide temperature profiles of the martian atmosphere. mssbauer spectrometer (mb): for close-up investigations of the mineralogy of iron-bearing rocks and soils. alpha particle x-ray spectrometer (apxs): for close-u

23、p analysis of the abundances of elements that make up rocks and soils. background information 2. mars exploration rover mission magnets: for collecting magnetic dust particles. the mssbauer spectrometer and the alpha particle x-ray spectrometer will analyze the particles collected and help determine

24、 the ratio of magnetic particles to non-magnetic particles. they will also analyze the composition of magnetic minerals in airborne dust and rocks that have been ground by the rock abrasion tool. microscopic imager (mi): for obtaining close-up, high-resolution images of rocks and soils. background i

25、nformation 2. mars exploration rover mission rock abrasion tool (rat): for removing dusty and weathered rock surfaces and exposing fresh material for examination by instruments onboard. before landing, the goal for each rover was to drive up to 40 meters (about 44 yards) in a single day, for a total

26、 of up to one 1 kilometer (about three-quarters of a mile). both goals heve been far exceeded! background information 2. mars exploration rover mission moving from place to place, the rovers will perform on-site geological investigations. each rover is sort of the mechanical equivalent of a geologis

27、t walking the surface of mars.the mast-mounted cameras are mounted 1.5 meters(5 feet) high and will provide 360-degree, stereoscopic, humanlike views of the terrain. the robotic arm will be capable of movement in much the same way as a human arm with an elbow and wrist, and will place instruments di

28、rectly up against rock and soil targets of interest. in the mechanical fist of the arm is a microscopic camera that will serve the same purpose as a geologists handheld magnifying lens. the rock abrasion tool serves the purpose of a geologists rock hammer to expose the insides of rocks. background i

29、nformation 2. mars exploration rover mission 3. space shuttle challenger disaster - a nasa tragedy background information nasas shuttle program was begun in the 1970s, to create reusable craft for transporting cargo into space. previous space craft could only be used once, then were discarded. the f

30、irst shuttle, columbia was launched in 1981. one year later, the space shuttle challenger rolled off the assembly line as the second shuttle of the us fleet. they were followed by discovery in 1983 and atlantis in 1985. the space shuttle challenger flew nine successful missions before that fateful d

31、ay of the disaster in 1986. explosion of space shuttle challenger explosion of space shuttle challenger challenger crewshuttle mission 51l was much like most other missions. the challenger was scheduled to carry some cargo, the tracking data relay satellite-2 (tdrs-2), as well as fly the shuttle-poi

32、nted tool for astronomy (spartan-203)/halleys comet experiment deployable, a free-flying module designed to observe tail and coma of halleys comet with two ultraviolet spectrometers and two cameras. background information 3. space shuttle challenger disaster - a nasa tragedy one thing made this miss

33、ion unique. it was scheduled to be the first flight of a new program called tisp, the teacher in space program. the challenger was scheduled to carry sharon christa mcauliffe, the first teacher to fly in space. background information 3. space shuttle challenger disaster - a nasa tragedy selected fro

34、m among more than 11,000 applicants from the education profession for entrance into the astronaut ranks, mcauliffe was very excited about the opportunity to participate in the space program. i watched the space age being born and i would like to participate. besides mcauliffe, the challenger crew co

35、nsisted of mission commander francis r. scobee; pilot michael j. smith; mission specialists ronald e. mcnair, ellison s. onizuka, and judith a. resnik; and payload specialists gregory b. jarvis. christa was also listed as a payload specialist. background information 3. space shuttle challenger disas

36、ter - a nasa tragedy from the beginning, though, shuttle mission 51l was plagued by problems. liftoff was initally scheduled from at 3:43 p.m. est on january 22, 1986. it slipped to jan. 23, then jan. 24, due to delays in mission 61-c and finally reset for jan. 25 because of bad weather at transocea

37、nic abort landing (tal) site in dakar, senegal. the launch was again postponed for one day when launch processing was unable to meet new morning liftoff time. predicted bad weather at kennedy space center (ksc) caused the launch to be rescheduled for 9:37 a.m. est, jan. 27, but it was delayed anothe

38、r 24 hours when ground servicing equipment hatch closing fixture could not be removed from orbiter hatch. background information 3. space shuttle challenger disaster - a nasa tragedy the fixture was sawed off and an attaching bolt drilled out before closeout completed. during this delay, the cross w

39、inds exceeded limits at kscs shuttle landing facility. there as a final delay of two hours when a hardware interface module in the launch processing system, which monitors fire detection system, failed during liquid hydrogen tanking procedures. the challenger finally lifted off at 11:38:00 a.m. est.

40、 background information 3. space shuttle challenger disaster - a nasa tragedy seventy three seconds into the mission, the challenger exploded, killing the entire crew. language points1. be up to sth. (line 3, para. 2) be well enough to do sth. 勝任勝任的的那譯員的英語實在不能勝任那工作。那譯員的英語實在不能勝任那工作。 the interpreters

41、english was not really up to the task. language points*be up to a particular standard be of a good enough quality to reach that standard 達到，接近于；及得上達到，接近于；及得上 那球隊今天發(fā)揮得不是最理想的。那球隊今天發(fā)揮得不是最理想的。 the team did not play up to its best today. 這工作沒有達到我要求的標準。這工作沒有達到我要求的標準。 the work isnt up to the standard i req

42、uire. language points*be/ feel up to doing sth be well enough or not too tired to do sth 適應適應的的 你身體怎樣，可干點活嗎？你身體怎樣，可干點活嗎？ are you up to doing some work? 我覺得自己身體吃不消。我覺得自己身體吃不消。 i dont think i feel up to it. language points*be up to sb. to do sth it is sbs responsibility to do sth. 是是的職責的職責 教師理應拒受劣等作業(yè)。

43、教師理應拒受劣等作業(yè)。 it is up to the teacher not to accept shoddy work. 這事全由你定，是嗎？這事全由你定，是嗎？ its up to you, isnt it? language points*be up to sth be doing sth. secretly that someone should not be doing（偷偷地）忙于偷偷地）忙于的；密謀的；密謀的的 你騙不了我你騙不了我我知道你要干什么。我知道你要干什么。 you cant fool me i see what you are up to. 讓我們去瞧瞧他在搞什么名

44、堂。讓我們去瞧瞧他在搞什么名堂。 lets go and see what hes up to. language points2. take up an offer or a challenge (line 2, para. 3) accept it 接受建議或挑戰(zhàn)接受建議或挑戰(zhàn) 你應按保險公司擔保的條件找他們交涉。你應按保險公司擔保的條件找他們交涉。 you should take the insurance company up on their guarantee. 由于運動員們一個又一個地接受賽跑中領先者的挑戰(zhàn)，由于運動員們一個又一個地接受賽跑中領先者的挑戰(zhàn)，萬米賽跑的格局在不斷變化

45、。萬米賽跑的格局在不斷變化。 as one athlete after another took up the challenge of the frontrunners, the pattern of the 10,000 meters race was constantly changing. language points* take up an attitude or belief adopt it and make it your own, as a standard for what you say and do 采??；接受采取；接受 他對任何問題都采取積極進取的態(tài)度。他對任何問題

46、都采取積極進取的態(tài)度。 he takes up an active and aggressive attitude to any problem. language points* take up a particular amount of time, space, or effort use that amount 占用（時間，空間）；花費（精力）占用（時間，空間）；花費（精力） much of the day was taken up with classes or study. 這天的大部分時間用來上課或學習。這天的大部分時間用來上課或學習。 language points* take

47、 up a point, an idea, or suggestion that has been raised discuss it further, either agreeing or disagreeing with what has already been said（進一步）討論進一步）討論 進一步談論一下那個問題，我覺得你說得很有道理，進一步談論一下那個問題，我覺得你說得很有道理，但你談得還不夠透徹。但你談得還不夠透徹。 id like to take that up. i think theres a lot of truth in what you say, but you

48、dont go far enough. language points* take up sth. such as a task or a story begin again doing sth. that has been interrupted or that was begun by sb. else 繼續(xù)繼續(xù) 老師從他昨天停下的課程接著往下講。老師從他昨天停下的課程接著往下講。 the teacher took up the lesson where he left off yesterday. language points3. brain drain (line2, para. 5

49、) emigration; the movement of a large number of scientists, engineers, academics, etc. away from their own country to other countries where the conditions and salaries are better 人才外流人才外流人才外流使我們冒者大批人才流失海外的危險。人才外流使我們冒者大批人才流失海外的危險。 we risk a major loss of talent to overseas jobs via a brain drain. lan

50、guage points*brain drain an activity requiring great mental concentration resulting in fatigue and exhaustion 絞盡腦汁絞盡腦汁 那次的數學測驗，我真是絞盡了腦汁。那次的數學測驗，我真是絞盡了腦汁。 that maths exam i took was a regular brain drain. language points*brain drained emigrated（作為人才）移居作為人才）移居 大約在大約在10年前他移居到美國。年前他移居到美國。 he is an engli

51、sh-man brain-drained to the u.s. some 10 years ago. language points4. be greeted with (line 2, para. 6) meet 對對作出反應作出反應 他們將感到震驚和以外。他們將感到震驚和以外。 they will be greeted with shock and surprise. 他（他的演講）受到歡呼（一片噓聲）。他（他的演講）受到歡呼（一片噓聲）。 he (his speech) was greeted with cheers (catcalls). language points5. go o

52、ut of business fail in business; simply stop trading or operating 停業(yè)，歇業(yè)停業(yè)，歇業(yè) (line 3, para. 13) 自從超級市場出現(xiàn)后，許多小副食店已關閉。自從超級市場出現(xiàn)后，許多小副食店已關閉。 a lot of small grocers have gone out of business since the advent of the supermarkets. language points*go into business set up in business 從事商業(yè)從事商業(yè) 他畢業(yè)后將去經商。他畢業(yè)后將去

53、經商。 he will go into business when he leaves school. language points6. lay off (line 16, para. 16) sack（因無活可干而被）解雇因無活可干而被）解雇 他們不得不削減產量，解雇工人。他們不得不削減產量，解雇工人。 theyve had to cut back production and lay off workers. *lay off language points* lay off doing sth give up or stop doing it 放棄；停止（工作）放棄；停止（工作） 醫(yī)生

54、叫他戒煙。醫(yī)生叫他戒煙。 his doctor told him to lay off cigarettes. 他從來不肯閑者。他從來不肯閑者。 he never lays off. language points*lay off leave sb. alone; stop touching sth 停止打擾；不要觸碰停止打擾；不要觸碰 請別打擾我，好嗎？請別打擾我，好嗎？ lay me off, will you? 別碰那本書別碰那本書 那是我的。那是我的。 lay off that book its mine! language points7. be subject to sth. (l

55、ine 2, para. 20) be affected by sth. or be made to experience sth.受受影響的；有待于影響的；有待于的；需要的；需要的的 這樣一種工作極易招致行賄受賄。這樣一種工作極易招致行賄受賄。 such a job was particularly subject to bribery. 你們的工資要納稅。你們的工資要納稅。 your wages are subject to tax. *be subject to sth. language pointsbe liable to sth.; be prone to sth.易受易受的；常遭

56、的；常遭的；易患的；易患的的 那些一看見東西就想買的人易受巧妙的廣告的誘惑。那些一看見東西就想買的人易受巧妙的廣告的誘惑。 those who cant resist buying things are subject to the temptation of clever advertisements. 這個地區(qū)常遭旱災，水災和地震。這個地區(qū)常遭旱災，水災和地震。 the area is subject to drought and floods and earthquakes. *be subject to sth. 他神經高度緊張，所以很容易發(fā)心臟病。他神經高度緊張，所以很容易發(fā)心臟病。

57、 he is highly strung and, therefore, subject to heart attacks. language points* be subject to sb/sth. be bound by sb/sth；be under the control or authority of sb/sth. 隸屬的；服從的；受制約的隸屬的；服從的；受制約的 這樣一個民族不再受外國的統(tǒng)治。這樣一個民族不再受外國的統(tǒng)治。 such a people is no longer subject to foreign rule. 如同我們這些老百姓一樣，警方人員也應遵紀守法。如同我

58、們這些老百姓一樣，警方人員也應遵紀守法。 the police are like the rest of us subject to the law. language points8. by comparison in comparison; by contrast: 比較起來；對比之下比較起來；對比之下 (line , para. 20) 我們通過比較來判斷一個人的能力。我們通過比較來判斷一個人的能力。 we judge ones ability by comparison. 與占主要地位的相似點比較起來，這些差別是次要的。與占主要地位的相似點比較起來，這些差別是次要的。 such dif

59、ferences are secondary by comparison with the overriding similarities. *by comparison with compared with 跟跟比較比較 language points9. vie for compete for 競爭；搶先；爭優(yōu)勝競爭；搶先；爭優(yōu)勝 (line 5, para. 22) 當其他藝術家爭搶主要場地時，他選了一個死角。當其他藝術家爭搶主要場地時，他選了一個死角。 while other artists vied for the prime sites, he chose a dead corne

60、r. 劉翔要和世界的一些頂尖好手競爭一番，爭奪第一名，劉翔要和世界的一些頂尖好手競爭一番，爭奪第一名，就得盡最大努力去跑。就得盡最大努力去跑。 liuxiang will have to run his best, as he will be vying with some of the best runners in the world for the first place. *vie in compete in 參加參加比賽；競爭比賽；競爭 有多少選手參加這項賽跑？有多少選手參加這項賽跑？ how many runners are vying in this race? keys . r