商務(wù)英語翻譯概論：商務(wù)流程及翻譯技巧篇

1、1商務(wù)英語翻譯college business englisha course for translation2第一章 商務(wù)英語翻譯基礎(chǔ)知識next3第一節(jié) 翻譯的概念,分類,過程及方法next4n一. the definition of translationn.關(guān)于翻譯的幾種定義ntranslation is a process through which information expressed in the source( or: original) language is conveyed in the target language (a process through whic

2、h information is conveyed from the source language to the target language). it is a communication crossing different languages, different cultures and different societies.n 翻譯是一門藝術(shù).(translation is a fine art.)-林語堂翻譯論n翻譯是一門科學(xué)-董秋斯ntranslation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closes

3、t natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.-尤金奈達(dá)5n.廣義的翻譯是指語言與語言，語言變體與語言變體，語言與非語言等的代碼轉(zhuǎn)換和基本信息的傳達(dá)n.狹義的翻譯是一種語言活動，是把一種語言表達(dá)的內(nèi)容忠實(shí)地用另一種語言表達(dá)出來6二.翻譯的分類the classification of translation.按所涉及的兩種代碼的性質(zhì)分為：語內(nèi)翻譯（intralingual translation)：同一種語言間不同語言變體的翻譯 語際翻譯

4、（interlingual translation）：不同語言間的翻譯，是狹義翻譯的研究對象 語符翻譯（ interseniotic translation）：用非文字符號解釋文字符號.按翻譯主體的性質(zhì)分為人工翻譯和機(jī)器翻譯兩類nextexercise7n.按照翻譯的工具和成品形式可分為口譯和筆譯n.按翻譯的客體即所譯資料的性質(zhì)可分為n文學(xué)翻譯（literary translation)：包括詩歌，小說，戲劇等文學(xué)作品的翻譯，著重情感內(nèi)容和修辭特征的表達(dá)n實(shí)用翻譯(pragmatic translation)：包括科技，商務(wù)，公文等資料的翻譯，著重實(shí)際內(nèi)容的表達(dá)8三.翻譯的過程翻譯的過程是理解

5、和表達(dá)的有機(jī)結(jié)合翻譯的關(guān)鍵在于對原文的理解，要真正理解原文，譯者必須有扎實(shí)的語言功底和相關(guān)專業(yè)背景知識，并熟知英漢兩種文化知識，否則譯者就不能真正理解，從而產(chǎn)生誤差例：cannot beat the real thing.(美國可口可樂廣告）不能打敗真正的商品擋不住的誘惑！next9n后者簡單明了的把原文的真正含義表達(dá)了出來，能達(dá)到打動消費(fèi)者的目的n表達(dá)階段就是譯者把自己從原文所理解的內(nèi)容用目的語重新表達(dá)出來表達(dá)的好壞主要取決與對原文的理解深度和對譯文語言的餓修養(yǎng)程度理解原文不是易事，表達(dá)亦然n例：as we obtained a clean b/l, you will see that th

6、e goods were slopped in good order. we suggest, therefore, that you lodge your claim with it.n由于我們獲得了清潔提單，所以你們將明白貨物在裝運(yùn)時情況良好，且被安放的井井有條由此看來我們建議你們可以向該輪船公司提出索賠n我方已獲得清潔提單一張，貴方諒必清楚貨物裝船時狀況良好，因此建議貴方可依此向該輪船公司提出索賠10四.翻譯的方法.直譯和意譯是翻譯的兩大基本方法literal translation and free translation.所謂直譯是指翻譯時要求譯文與原文在詞語，語法結(jié)構(gòu)及表達(dá)方式上保

7、持一致的方法例：many investors no longer treat a stock as an instrument of ownership in a corporation but only as a derivative of economic factors, risks and potentials. 許多投資者不再把他們擁有的股票看作是擁有某一公司一部分權(quán)益的工具，而只是將它視為經(jīng)濟(jì)因素，風(fēng)險，潛力的衍生物see morenext11n.意譯是指擺脫原文形式的束縛而傳達(dá)原文的內(nèi)容nduring federal reserve chairman greenspans nea

8、rly 20 years as the world most powerful central banker, the u.s has suffered only one recession, a brief one in 1990-1991.n 格林斯潘作為全球最有實(shí)力的中央銀行的掌舵人，在其近年的任期中，美國僅在年間遭受過一次短暫的經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條n本句意譯主要體現(xiàn)在句子結(jié)構(gòu)層面上，將only one recession和a brief one in 1990-1991進(jìn)一步融合，更加符合漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣121討論翻譯的概念，分類，過程及方法并提出自己的看法和觀點(diǎn)2將下列漢語譯成英語：.語內(nèi)翻譯.語

9、際翻譯.語符翻譯.文學(xué)翻譯.實(shí)用翻譯.功能對等.機(jī)器翻譯.目的語.源語13n從商務(wù)英語翻譯教程這門課的名稱來看， 他有兩個關(guān)鍵詞，一個商務(wù)英語，一個翻譯。這門課就圍繞這兩方面來進(jìn)行。n說到翻譯呢，對于一個優(yōu)秀的翻譯人員的話，理論是基礎(chǔ)，實(shí)踐是真理。n也就是說，實(shí)踐對于學(xué)好翻譯來說是至關(guān)重要的。如果只掌握了理論，而不去實(shí)踐，是不能成為好的翻譯人員的。相反，沒有理論系統(tǒng)的學(xué)習(xí)，而有大量的翻譯實(shí)踐，有可能是以為合格的翻譯者。n而商務(wù)英語翻譯除了關(guān)系著翻譯，還涉及到很多商貿(mào)知識。14翻譯理論n在我國，文字翻譯最早開始于春秋時期的越人歌，迄今大約有2500年的歷史，對翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的爭論也有1000多年，但有

10、關(guān)翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在翻譯界迄今還沒有達(dá)成“共識”，即還沒有一個大家都認(rèn)同的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。n翻譯是一門推敲的，無唯一答案的課程。n國內(nèi)外翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)百家爭鳴、白花齊放。 15n信、達(dá)、雅”。n1898年，嚴(yán)復(fù)在天演論的譯例言中說：“譯事之難：信、達(dá)、雅。求其信，已大難矣！顧信矣，不達(dá)，雖譯，猶不譯也，則達(dá)尚焉?！焙髞硪话憔桶选靶拧⑦_(dá)、雅”當(dāng)作翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。n用今天的話來說，“信”就是忠實(shí)準(zhǔn)確，“達(dá)”就是通順流暢，“雅”就是文字古雅。 16n“功能對等”。n“功能對等”（functional equivalence）翻譯準(zhǔn)則是由美國著名翻譯家尤金.奈達(dá)（eugene a . nida）博士提出的。在眾多的國外翻譯家

11、中，奈達(dá)的翻譯理論可以說對我國的影響最大。他認(rèn)為，翻譯的預(yù)期目的主要是原文與譯文在信息內(nèi)容、說話方式、文體、風(fēng)格、語言、文化、社會因素諸方面達(dá)到對等。 17n綜觀國內(nèi)外翻譯家們的觀點(diǎn)，可以得出結(jié)論：中外翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)其實(shí)質(zhì)上有一致性，即：信息對等。n說到底，不管什么樣的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，都離不開一個“真”字，換言之，譯文應(yīng)該是原文信息的真實(shí)反映，譯者最大限度地將原文作者所賦予原文語言文字的“任務(wù)”轉(zhuǎn)譯到譯文里。 18譯者應(yīng)具備的能力n翻譯過程是一個語言轉(zhuǎn)化的過程，涉及跨語言，跨文化的內(nèi)容。n外語水平能力n母語水平能力n知識水平能力商務(wù)英語專業(yè)行話 術(shù)語n應(yīng)用水平能力n只有通過練習(xí)實(shí)踐，才能真正提高譯者的翻譯

12、水平19第二節(jié) 商務(wù)語言特點(diǎn)及翻譯技巧next20 商務(wù)英語（business english）是一種包含各種商務(wù)活動內(nèi)容、適合商業(yè)需要的專門用途的英語，這些商務(wù)活動涉及技術(shù)引進(jìn)、國際旅游、海外投資、對外貿(mào)易、招商引資、對外勞務(wù)承包與合同、國際金融、涉外保險、國際運(yùn)輸?shù)?。商?wù)英語源于普通英語，具有普通英語的語言學(xué)特征，但又是商務(wù)知識和英語的綜合，因而又具有獨(dú)特性。 商務(wù)英語的特點(diǎn)和翻譯原則一、商務(wù)英語的語言特點(diǎn)一、商務(wù)英語的語言特點(diǎn)二、商務(wù)英語翻譯的原則二、商務(wù)英語翻譯的原則sec 6sec 4sec 2sec 1sec8sec 7返回返回21 1 專業(yè)術(shù)語豐富 作為專門用途英語，商務(wù)英語與商

13、務(wù)活動密切相關(guān)，承載著對外貿(mào)易和國際商務(wù)等方面的信息交流，其突出特點(diǎn)就體現(xiàn)在專業(yè)術(shù)語的大量運(yùn)用。例如： the distributor agrees to accept, on presentation, and to pay with exchange, sight draft against bill of lading attached。 譯文：經(jīng)銷商同意在提示時予以承兌，憑所附提單以即期匯票的方式支付。 上面短短的一句話中，包含了大量的專業(yè)術(shù)語，如：distributor經(jīng)銷商、accept承兌、on presentation提示、sight draft 即期匯票、bill of la

14、ding提單等。不難看出，沒有對商務(wù)知識的深入了解和專業(yè)術(shù)語的熟練掌握，要進(jìn)行商務(wù)英語的翻譯必然舉步維艱。又如“negotiation”一詞，通常作“談判”解，而在“negotiation of the relative draft”（議付有關(guān)匯票）中則表示“議付”解，與普通英語中的含義相去甚遠(yuǎn)。在做商務(wù)英語的翻譯時，譯者必須懂得商務(wù)專業(yè)相關(guān)知識，避免將專業(yè)術(shù)語通俗化，否則輕則鬧出笑話，重則造成嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。 一、商務(wù)英語的語言特點(diǎn)（1）sec 6sec 4sec 2sec 1sec8sec 7返回返回22 2用詞正式、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)而又靈活豐富 商務(wù)活動大多具有正式、莊重的特點(diǎn)，與之相適應(yīng)，商務(wù)英語

15、用詞一般也較為正式、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，以書面語為主，尤其是商務(wù)信函、法律文書、協(xié)議或合同等公文文體，多使用一些正式，甚至是冷僻的詞匯。如：使用prior to/previous to而非before；expiry 而非end；certify 而非prove；solicit 而非seek；appoint 而非make an appointment of；continue而非keep on；in the name of 而非like；along the lines of 而非like；for the purpose of 而非for； in the event of 而非 if；with reference

16、to 而非about等。同時，商務(wù)英語詞匯又具有靈活多樣的特點(diǎn)。不同的介詞、詞序以及單復(fù)數(shù)變化等都會導(dǎo)致詞義發(fā)生重大變化，并給翻譯帶來一定的困難。例如：property in goods 貨權(quán)、property of goods貨物的屬性、appearance surface 外表、surface appearance 表面狀況。 一、商務(wù)英語的語言特點(diǎn)（2）sec 6sec 4sec 2sec 1sec8sec 7返回返回23 3 句子結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)范而復(fù)雜 商務(wù)英語的語句往往具有結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、邏輯嚴(yán)密的特點(diǎn)，力求最大限度地實(shí)現(xiàn)表達(dá)效果的準(zhǔn)確性、時效性和邏輯性。在一些招標(biāo)文件、投標(biāo)文件和商務(wù)合同中，復(fù)雜

17、的復(fù)合句、分割現(xiàn)象、介詞短語、插入語、同位語、倒裝句、被動語態(tài)等較為常見，這些句子結(jié)構(gòu)語義層次分明、信息量大、不易產(chǎn)生歧義，因此不僅有利于提高國際商務(wù)活動的時效性，而且有利于加速商務(wù)信息的傳遞。例如： (1)this contract is made by and between the buyers and the sellers, whereby the buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions s

18、tipulated below. 譯文：本合同由買賣雙方訂立，因此買賣雙方同意按照下面規(guī)定的條款買賣以下商品。 一、商務(wù)英語的語言特點(diǎn)（3）sec 6sec 4sec 2sec 1sec8sec 7返回返回24 (2)should either party to this contract suffer damages because of any wrongful act or neglect of other party, claim shall be adjusted by agreement or arbitration. 譯文：如果由于他方的違約行為或疏忽而使本合同任何一方遭受損失，

19、其索賠通過協(xié)議或仲裁予以理算。 現(xiàn)代社會的商人越來越忙，他們使用的商務(wù)英語，尤其是在商務(wù)信函當(dāng)中使用的英語，更趨于口語化、簡單化，簡單句、并列句的使用越來越多，有時甚至使用省略句，如subject to your confirmation.以你方確認(rèn)為準(zhǔn)；thank you for your letter dated 7th october offering us chinese embroideries. 貴方十月七日報(bào)盤中國繡制品函悉，十分感謝。 一、商務(wù)英語的語言特點(diǎn)（4）sec 6sec 4sec 2sec 1sec8sec 7返回返回25 4 程式化的套語運(yùn)用廣泛 為了提高信息往來的

20、效率和促進(jìn)商務(wù)活動的時效性，商務(wù)英語在長期的實(shí)踐中形成了各種固定的程式化套語。這既是商務(wù)英語句法有別于其他語體的一個顯著的特點(diǎn)，又是進(jìn)行商務(wù)英語翻譯的一個突破口和著眼點(diǎn)。例如： (1)this contract is made by and between the buyers and the sellers, whereby the buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the undermentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below

21、. 譯文：買賣雙方同意按一下條款購買、出售下列商品并簽訂本合同。 一、商務(wù)英語的語言特點(diǎn)（5）sec 6sec 4sec 2sec 1sec8sec 7返回返回26 (2)the shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo on board. 譯文：如果上述貨物對船舶和（或）船上其他貨物造成任何損害，托運(yùn)人應(yīng)付全責(zé)。 在上面兩個例子中，whereby，undermentioned commodity，subject to the terms and conditions

22、 stipulated below，be liable for 等都是程式化的套語，也是商務(wù)英語遣詞造句的典型模式，要做好商務(wù)英語翻譯，熟練掌握這些程式化的套語是不可或缺的。禮儀套語： n we shall appreciate your. 若能. 我們將甚為感謝n be subject to ones confirmation. 以某人確認(rèn)為有效n we arrange to open an l/c. 我們安排開立信用證n it gives us great pleasure to acknowledge receipt of 請接受我方對.的真摯謝意 一、商務(wù)英語的語言特點(diǎn)（6）sec 6

23、sec 4sec 2sec 1sec8sec 7返回返回27 商務(wù)英語翻譯同普通英語翻譯或者文學(xué)翻譯有很大的區(qū)別，譯者除了要有扎實(shí)的雙語基本功和熟練的翻譯技巧，還必須具備豐富的商務(wù)專業(yè)知識，了解商務(wù)各個領(lǐng)域的語言特點(diǎn)和表達(dá)法。 二、商務(wù)英語翻譯的原則（1）sec 6sec 4sec 2sec 1sec8sec 7返回返回28 1 熟悉商務(wù)英語翻譯的性質(zhì)、特點(diǎn) 英語語言基礎(chǔ)、科技常識、商務(wù)業(yè)務(wù)知識是構(gòu)成商務(wù)英語翻譯的三大要素。商務(wù)英語翻譯在內(nèi)容上涉及商務(wù)活動的各個環(huán)節(jié)；在表達(dá)方式上，感情色彩比較弱，使用的成語、諺語、俗語較少，程式化較為明顯。因此，商務(wù)常識和業(yè)務(wù)流程應(yīng)該是商務(wù)英語翻譯的主要依據(jù)。

24、例如： the bank in ecuador will instruct its agent bank in the united states to establish a letter of credit. price: rmb 30 per yard, c.i.f., c. 5%, lagos. payment: by confirmed, irrevocable l/c payable by draft at sight to be opened 30 days before the time of shipment. 二、商務(wù)英語翻譯的原則（2）sec 6sec 4sec 2sec

25、 1sec8sec 7返回返回29 譯文：厄瓜多爾銀行將通知其在美國的代理銀行出具信用證。價格為：成本、保險加運(yùn)費(fèi)到拉格斯，每碼30元人民幣，包括5%的傭金。付款方式為：使用保兌的、不可撤銷的即期信用證支付。信用證應(yīng)于裝運(yùn)期前30天開出。 不了解相應(yīng)的商務(wù)常識根本無法準(zhǔn)確地翻譯上文。上文中的一些常見商務(wù)詞語，如establish a letter of credit， c.i.f, c. 5%， lagos， payment: by confirmed, irrevocable l/c payable by draft at sight to be opened 30 days before

26、the time of shipment，其中文表達(dá)方式是相對固定的。 二、商務(wù)英語翻譯的原則（3）sec 6sec 4sec 2sec 1sec8sec 7返回返回30n例如 balance 和 insurance policy 的正確的譯文是 銀行余額 保險單 nmore or less clause 在國際貿(mào)易中譯為 溢短裝條款。n shipping advice 是 裝運(yùn)通知 是出口商發(fā)給進(jìn)口商的而 shipping instructions 則是 裝運(yùn)指令 是進(jìn)口商發(fā)給出口商的 又如 介詞 ex 與 per 有各自不同的含義 英譯由某輪船運(yùn)來的貨物時用 ex 由某輪船 運(yùn)走 用 pe

27、r 而由某輪船承運(yùn) 用 by31 2遵循商務(wù)英語翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 商務(wù)英語翻譯遵循忠實(shí)（faithfulness）、地道（idiomaticness）、統(tǒng)一（consistency）的原則。忠實(shí)是指譯文所傳遞的信息同原文所傳遞的信息要保持一致，或者說要保持信息等值。地道是指譯文的語言和行文方式都要符合商務(wù)文獻(xiàn)的語言規(guī)范和行文規(guī)范，即所給出的譯文讀起來應(yīng)該像內(nèi)行人用譯語寫就的文章，給讀者以專業(yè)化的感受。其中的專業(yè)術(shù)語要對應(yīng)國際通用的漢語譯語，即遵循商務(wù)英語翻譯中一個十分重要的原則術(shù)語對等（terminology equivalence）翻譯原則。統(tǒng)一是指在商務(wù)英語翻譯過程中所采用的一些概念、術(shù)語等在任

28、何時候都應(yīng)該保持統(tǒng)一，不能隨意更改。例如： 二、商務(wù)英語翻譯的原則（4）sec 6sec 4sec 2sec 1sec8sec 7返回返回32 (1) western europe has been hit harder than the united states and japan. some relatively self-reliant developing countries, such as india, have been partly insulated. 譯文：西歐受到的經(jīng)濟(jì)影響要比美國、日本大。經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退至今只在一定程度上影響到了諸如印度等一些相對自力更生的發(fā)展中國家。 此處

29、，hit harder than. 的含義為：受到的影響比要大；have been partly insulated 的含義為：至今只受到部分影響；insulated 為物理學(xué)中常用的動詞，意思是使其絕緣，而partly insulated部分絕緣則只能根據(jù)上文中的“經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退”轉(zhuǎn)譯為“只受到部分影響”，從而達(dá)到了忠實(shí)的原則。同時，由于漢語中多使用主動語態(tài)，因此英語句中的被動語態(tài)應(yīng)該按照準(zhǔn)確、地道的原則變?yōu)橹鲃诱Z態(tài)。 二、商務(wù)英語翻譯的原則（5）sec 6sec 4sec 2sec 1sec8sec 7返回返回33 (2) exchange is the core concept of mark

30、eting. for an exchange to take place, several conditions must be satisfied. of course, at least two parties must participate, and each must have something of value to the other. each party also must want to deal with the other party and each must be free to accept or reject the others offer. finally

31、, each party must be able to communicate and deliver. 譯文：交換是營銷的核心概念。為使交換發(fā)生，必須滿足幾個條件：第一，必須存在交換的雙方；第二，每方都擁有對方所需要的物品或價值；第三，每方都想要與對方交換；第四，雙方都能自主地接受或拒絕對方的報(bào)價；第五，雙方都有能力進(jìn)行溝通和交貨。 二、商務(wù)英語翻譯的原則（6）sec 6sec 4sec 2sec 1sec8sec 7返回返回34 此處的譯文，在風(fēng)格上與原文一樣平實(shí)，幾乎都是采用直譯的方式再現(xiàn)了原文的信息，雖然增加了“第一”、“第二”、“第三”等，但絲毫沒有增加任何額外信息，這種增詞、減詞

32、的方法正是忠實(shí)于原文信息的具體表現(xiàn)。同時，譯文采用地道的漢語商務(wù)語言，使譯文做到了準(zhǔn)確。譯文中的一些術(shù)語，比如exchange 無一例外地被翻譯成“交換”，做到了前后統(tǒng)一，使讀者非常清楚。 從上面的例子可以看出，要準(zhǔn)確地進(jìn)行商務(wù)翻譯，譯者不僅要有扎實(shí)的雙語基本功、熟練的翻譯技巧、豐富的商務(wù)專業(yè)知識，還要熟知不同商務(wù)文本的文體格式和術(shù)語，行文用字力求符合行業(yè)規(guī)范。遇到不懂得專業(yè)術(shù)語時，切不可望文生義，要多查閱相關(guān)商務(wù)領(lǐng)域的詞典如漢英對外貿(mào)易詞典、實(shí)用外貿(mào)英漢詞典等，或請教相關(guān)商務(wù)專業(yè)人士。唯有如此，譯文才能保持與原文的風(fēng)格、文本功能、句法結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞特點(diǎn)的一致，做到原文與譯文的“信息等值”。 二、

33、商務(wù)英語翻譯的原則（7）sec 6sec 4sec 2sec 1sec8sec 7返回返回35第三節(jié) 商務(wù)流程簡要介紹next36business negotiationsnthe conclusion of a favorable sale contract results largely from careful and meticulous(極仔細(xì)的; 一絲不茍的) business negotiation between the exporter and the importer. ntrade negotiations in international business backgr

34、ound consist of five steps: enquiry, offer, counter-offer, acceptance, and the formation of contract.37enquiries詢價nan enquiry is usually made by an importer to an exporter, asking for prices lists, catalogues, samples, and details about the goods or trade terms.n however, the exporter, on receiving

35、the enquiry, will make a reply to, thus getting the negotiation started. business negotiations in foreign trade usually commence with an enquiry by an overseas buyer to a seller to inquire about the terms of the sale. 38offers 報(bào)盤 ndefinitionnan offer is a good proposal that is made to a specific ind

36、ividual or entity to enter into a contract. the proposal must contain definite terms and must indicate the offerors intent to be bound by an acceptance.nthe party that sends the offer is called the offeror and the another party that receives the offer is called the offeree. 39definition of an offern

37、a proposal for concluding a contract addressed to one or more specific persons constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance. (cisg art 14-1)ncisg: united nations convention on contracts for the international sale of

38、goods 聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約40withdrawal of offer撤回發(fā)盤nthe withdrawal of offer means that the offeror, for some reason, withdraw his offer before it reaches the offeree or before it becomes effective.nthis may happen when the offeror finds that the offer he makes contains some mistake, or that the situation h

39、as changed which makes his offer unfavorable to him.41revocation of offer撤盤nto revoke an offer means that when the offer has reached the offeree, it has become effective, the offeror acts to revoke the offer thus to kill its effectiveness.nthe convention agrees in principle that an offer is revocabl

40、e before the note of acceptance is dispatched but provides that on the following two occasions, an offer is irrevocable.a. it indicates, whether by stating a fixed time or otherwise, that it is irrevocable.b. if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offe

41、ree has acted in reliance on the offer.42termination of offer 終止發(fā)盤n“an offer, even if it is irrevocable, is terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror” (cisg art.17).43offersnaccording to different criteria, offers can be classified into various kind:nselling offersoffers made by the sellernbuy

42、ing offersoffers made by a buyernfirm offers or offers with engagementnindefinite offers or offers without engagement 44firm offers實(shí)盤na firm offer or an irrevocable offer or an offer firm, is intended to make a contract with the offeree. nthe terms or conditions put forward in the offer can not be r

43、evoked or amended without consents from the other party. once it is unconditionally accepted by the offeree within its validity, the transaction is completed and a contract is concluded immediately. until this time, the offer has legally binding force on the both parties.nsuch offer usually has phra

44、ses like: “we offer firm, or we make a firm offer for the following goods”.45indefinite offers虛盤nan indefinite offer is not binding on the offeror, and is stated unclear, incomplete and with reservation. some expressions can help the reader to identify this nature of the offer, such as, reference pr

45、ice, subject to our final confirmation, subject to being unsold.nactually, quotation sheets and price lists can serve as offers without engagement because they only include part of the terms, such as descriptions, specifications and unit prices. they do not include those terms about shipment, paymen

46、t etc.46counter-offers 還盤ndefinitionna counter-offer is a reply to an offer that materially alters the terms of the offer. nthe party who has received the offer is not in a position to fully accept the business terms offered. he may make a counter-offer, in which some alternations have been made abo

47、ut the business trade terms, such as, the price or other terms with the purpose of bargaining.nthere are also two kinds of counter-offer: one with engagement and the other is without engagement. 47acceptance (accept) 接受ndefinition nan acceptance is an unconditional assent to an offer, or an assent c

48、onditioned on minor changes that do not affect material terms of the offer.nthe acceptance, in practice, serves to conclude the business transaction. it must be absolute and unconditional, otherwise, it is not an acceptance but a counter-offer.nan acceptance may be tendered only by the person to who

49、m the offer is directed.48nit is a regular practice in international trade that a written contract is usually signed to bind both the seller and the buyer.na formal contract should be prepared in duplicate. both parties should sign each copy, and each party should keep a sign of it.nsome of the cont

50、racts commonly used in foreign trade are available in printed forms, so that only the date, price, name of commodities, names of parties, and similar particulars are needed to be filled in.formation of contracts 合約形成49definition of contractsna contract is simply an agreement that defines relationshi

51、p between one or more parties. a commercial contract, in the simplest term, is merely an agreement made by two or more parties for the purpose of transacting business.nif the seller works out a contract, it is called a sales contract; or if the buyer works it out, it is called a purchase contract. 5

52、0business proceduresnenquiry offer counter-offer acceptance formation of contract.napply for opening a letter of credit through a bank receive a complete set of shipping documents check or examine the documents in strict conformity with each other apply for the commodity inspection and quarantine ap

53、ply for customs entry & customs formalities clearance collect the consignments from the forwarder at the port of entering fetch the goods to the plant for production get the quality certificate from the ccib (china commodity inspection bureau 中國商品檢驗(yàn)局) complain and claim.51第四節(jié) 商務(wù)英語翻譯技巧介紹next52met

54、hods and techniquesn翻譯的形式n直譯 (literal translation) 不等于對譯n 意譯 (free translation)n活譯 (dynamic equivalence translation)53nthey dont know their right hand from their left.ni gave my youth to the sea and i came home and gave my wife my old age.nall roads lead to rome.ni want to hit the sack and get some

55、zs.nsmashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.54nmaybe he has cut off his own head and destroyed himself.ncast pearls before swine.nshe was born with a silver spoon in her mouth.ni threw myself in a chair.nhe has to make a terribl

56、e decision.55詞類轉(zhuǎn)換 (p.8, 106, 236)n英語名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語動詞 （與英語中名詞轉(zhuǎn)為動詞詞義不同）all i wanted was to go somewhere, all i wanted was a change. 我只不過是想到別的地方去，我只想換換空氣。n英語名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語形容詞，副詞he noticed a very close agreement between the two countries on the problem. 他注意到兩國在這問題上的意見是非常一致的。56nthe application of electronic computers

57、makes for a tremendous rise in labour productivity.nthere is considerable debate about how best and how much to reduce income inequality.nthe board of directors will hold a consultation about the matter.nthe firm has a large business connection.57nthere is a large attendance at the fair.nwithdraw of

58、 offernrevocation of offerntermination of offernwithout his consent or confirmationnshe is a real beauty.nindependent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.58nwe find difficulty in solving this problem.nit is our great pleasure to note that shipbuilding industry is developing vigorously.nthe bl

59、ockade was a success.59n人稱代詞的省略n英語冠詞的省略the blood-red sun sank below the horizon. 火紅的太陽沉入地平線。n增減法增詞法an american officer slipped on a banana skin. 一個美國軍官踩在香蕉皮上滑到了。減詞法could you help me in any way?你能幫幫我嗎？翻譯中的省略, 增減60ndont put your hands in your pocket.ni am afraid she will come.nwe had much rain last su

60、mmer.nwe live and learn.nthey say he is a genius.ngive him an inch and hell take an ell.nliquids are like solids in that they have definite volume.nthe average american changes his or her job nine or ten times during his or her working life.61nin most cases, bona fide party to an international sales con