高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解第三講 主旨大意題

1、閱讀理解第三講 主旨大意題命題方式主旨大意題主要考查對(duì)全文的內(nèi)容或某一段的內(nèi)容的歸納總結(jié)能力，是在對(duì)原文深刻理解基礎(chǔ)上的高度概括能力，是高考中的難點(diǎn)之一。常見(jiàn)的命題方式有：what is the best title for this passage?which of the following can be the best title for the passage?what's the main idea of the text?the main idea of the second paragraph is probably that_命題特點(diǎn)一、主旨大意題正確選項(xiàng)的特征1通常

2、不含細(xì)節(jié)信息的詞。2通常不含絕對(duì)意義的詞。3能概括全文或某段的全部?jī)?nèi)容；涵蓋性強(qiáng)，精確度強(qiáng)，恰當(dāng)?shù)谋硪夥秶颓楦猩?。二、主旨大意題干擾項(xiàng)的特征1過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)，不知所云。所概括的內(nèi)容超出原文的范圍。2以偏概全，主次不分。只概括了文章一部分的內(nèi)容，或以文章中的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容或個(gè)別詞語(yǔ)做出選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容。3移花接木，偷換概念。選項(xiàng)中定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)影響語(yǔ)意范圍，或者把屬于a的內(nèi)容放在b上。4主觀臆測(cè)，無(wú)中生有，雖符合一般常理，選項(xiàng)中關(guān)鍵詞也在文中提及，但選項(xiàng)的實(shí)際含義與文章主題無(wú)關(guān)。技法點(diǎn)撥一、標(biāo)題歸納題標(biāo)題歸納類題目應(yīng)該注意其醒目性、概括性和針對(duì)性。解題時(shí)抓住文章的首段和每一段的首尾句以及一些貫穿整篇文章始終的關(guān)鍵詞

3、。題干中關(guān)鍵詞常常有title for the passage，title for the text等；干擾項(xiàng)表現(xiàn)為概括不夠，部分代替整體，過(guò)度概括，人為擴(kuò)大范圍；以事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)代替抽象概念的大意?！菊骖}例析】(2016·全國(guó)卷，閱讀理解d)the meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. silences may be thoughtful，or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. a silence in a conversation may also sho

4、w stubbornness，uneasiness，or worry. silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable；therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap(間隙) with conversation.persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person's needs.many nati

5、ve americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people，just as some traditional chinese and thai persons do. therefore，when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops，what may be implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what

6、has been said before continuing. in these cultures，silence is a call for reflection.other cultures may use silence in other ways，particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. for example，russian，french，and spanish persons may use

7、 silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion. however，mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her.in still another use，persons in asian cultures may view silence as a sign o

8、f respect，particularly to an elder or a person in authority.nurses and other caregivers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence

9、so that a patient's silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily.a nurse who understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.35what may be the best title for the text?asound

10、 and silencebwhat it means to be silentcsilence to native americansdspeech is silver；silence is gold二、文章大意題每一篇文章都有其大意，獲取大意的方法是找主題句。主題句通常在文章的首段或尾段，但是有時(shí)候也出現(xiàn)在文章中間段落。閱讀的過(guò)程中應(yīng)該對(duì)每段的主題句給予特別的關(guān)注。歸納出文章的中心主題，然后對(duì)照選項(xiàng)，正確的選項(xiàng)一定切合中心主題，切勿本末倒置、主次不分，避免以點(diǎn)帶面，以偏概全是所謂“一葉障目，不見(jiàn)森林”。【真題例析】(2017·全國(guó)卷，閱讀理解c)after years of hea

11、ted debate，gray wolves were reintroduced to yellowstone national park. fourteen wolves were caught in canada and transported to the park. by last year，the yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.gray wolves once were seen here and there in the yellowstone area and much of the c

12、ontinental united states，but they were gradually displaced by human development.by the 1920s，wolves had practically disappeared from the yellowstone area. they went farther north into the deep forests of canada，where there were fewer humans around.the disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected

13、results. deer and elk populationsmajor food sources(來(lái)源)for the wolfgrew rapidly. these animals consumed large amounts of vegetation(植被)，which reduced plant diversity in the park. in the absence of wolves，coyote populations also grew quickly. the coyotes killed a large percentage of the park's re

14、d foxes，and completely drove away the park's beavers.as early as 1966，biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to yellowstone park. they hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves w

15、ould kill their farm animals or pets.the government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves. the us. fish and wildlife service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in yellowstone. today，the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at yellowsto

16、ne. elk，deer，and coyote populations are down，while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback.the yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.28what is the text mainly about?awildlife research i

17、n the united states.bplant diversity in the yellowstone area.cthe conflict between farmers and gray wolves.dthe reintroduction of wolves to yellowstone park.三、段落大意題解答段落大意題的關(guān)鍵是抓住段落的主題句。一般而言，每個(gè)段落總有一個(gè)中心，通常中心思想會(huì)在首句或尾句體現(xiàn)出來(lái)，這就是常說(shuō)的段落主題句。總體來(lái)說(shuō)，采用歸納法的段落，細(xì)節(jié)表述在前，歸納概括在后，主題句在段尾；采用演繹法的段落，先提出觀點(diǎn)，后舉例子，由一般到特殊，主題句出現(xiàn)在段首

18、，這種現(xiàn)象較多出現(xiàn)在說(shuō)明文和議論文中；若作者采用“特殊一般特殊”的方式，主題句可能出現(xiàn)在段落的中間。有時(shí)，作者沒(méi)有寫(xiě)出明顯的主題句，考生要學(xué)會(huì)根據(jù)段落的內(nèi)容概括出主題句?！菊骖}例析】(2017·全國(guó)卷，閱讀理解c片段)terrafugia inc. said monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. the vehiclenamed the transitionhas two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. the transition, which flew at 1，400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air.it fli