考研語法體系PPT課件

1、第1頁/共40頁PARTS OF SPEECH第2頁/共40頁NOUNSPerson Place Thing Idea第3頁/共40頁PRONOUNSA word used in place of a nounPersonal (人稱代詞）Possessive （物主代詞）Indicative （指示代詞）Relative （關(guān)系代詞）reflexive （反身代詞）reciprocal pronoun （相互代詞each other）interrogative pronoun (疑問代詞）Indefinite pronoun （不定代詞）第4頁/共40頁第5頁/共40頁Action Verb

2、sLinking Verbs第6頁/共40頁AdjectivesDescribe a noun or pron. 第7頁/共40頁AdverbsSHINING BRIGHTLY第8頁/共40頁Prepositions IN FRONT OF the cow第9頁/共40頁YIKES!呀！第10頁/共40頁CONJUNCTIONSCONJUNCTIONSWATER AND AND ROCKS第11頁/共40頁The beautiful queen was walking slowly on the cool lawn, and she was reading along book about k

3、nights and kings which she enjoyed. adj. n. prep. n. conj. n. relative n. v.第12頁/共40頁English Sentences第13頁/共40頁 主語 不及物動詞 （ S + Vi ） 主語 及物動詞 賓語 ( S + Vt + O) 主語 系動詞 表 (S + LV + predicative) 主語雙賓動詞+間賓+直賓(S +Vt +O.indir+O. dir) 主語 賓補動詞 賓語 賓語補語 (S + Vt. + O + O. compl)There + be / stand/ lie / l

4、ive.簡單句的五種基本句型簡單句的五種基本句型主語、動詞（不及物動詞、及物動詞、雙賓動詞、系動詞、賓補動詞)、賓語及補語可以稱為基本句子成份基本句子成份。完整的句子一般至少包含2個基本成份，至多4個。第14頁/共40頁nounadj. / adv.infinitiveV-ing V-edetc.主語謂語賓語賓語賓補表語賓語(間)賓語(直)VtV-lViNoun / PronounThe + adjV-ing / ClauseInfinitiveNoun / Pronoun / The + adjV-ing / Clause / Infinitivebe / feel / seem / loo

5、kappear / stand / lie become /get / grow / turn go / come / remain/ keeptaste / smell etc. nounpronounadj. / adv.infinitiveV-ing / V-edclauseetc.第15頁/共40頁主語 不及物動詞She came/ My head aches.主語 及物動詞 賓語She likes English.主語 系動詞 主語補語She is happy主語 雙賓動詞 間接賓語 直接賓語She gave John a bookShe bought a book for me.主

6、語 賓補動詞 賓語 賓語補語She makes her mother angryThe teacher asked me to read the passage.There +beThere lies a book on the desk.簡單句基本句型實例簡單句基本句型實例第16頁/共40頁附屬成份附屬成份基本成份的修飾語。可以是： 定語：即用來修飾名詞的單詞、短語或從句 狀語：即用來修飾名詞或代詞以外的詞的單詞、短語或從句。定定 語語Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearbyShe likes oranges imported from the

7、USA.John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrationsHave you seen the book on the desk?The boy playing over there is my brother.People there like sports.第17頁/共40頁John often came to chat with meJohn likes oranges very muchWhenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angryHearing the news, he

8、jumped with joy.As he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday.She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework.My father worked in this school ten years ago.Youd better stay here.狀狀 語語第18頁/共40頁Examples:Oh！What is that?。@嘆詞）He has，alas，failed againCome here，John（呼語）Roll on，Ocean，roll on句中可以去掉的成份，去掉后不

9、影響句子的完整性。這種成份和句子的其他詞沒有語法的關(guān)系。獨立成份第19頁/共40頁（You） Come here（I wish you）Good luck！Some gave him praises，but others（gave him）rotten eggsHe runs as fast as, if ( he does ) not ( run ) faster, than you. ( I ) Hope you like it. John should clean the room today and Peter ( should clean it ) tomorrow.句中被省略的成份

10、，雖然未說出來，卻在句中表示一定的意思：省略成份第20頁/共40頁連接成份實際上是一個連詞，用來連接兩個或幾個平行的詞、短語和分句。這種連詞叫做并列連詞。另一類連接成份是用來連接兩個句子、且一個句子從屬于另一個句子（即從句）的連詞。這類連詞叫從屬連詞。從屬連詞主要用于引導(dǎo)各種從句。一個完整的句子（主句或從句）必須包含2個到4個基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，還可包含一個或更多其他的句子成份。連接成份連接成份第21頁/共40頁簡單句只有一個限定動詞（即只有一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)），它是最小的句子單位。主要起下列四種作用中的一種。 作一種陳述 提出一個問題 發(fā)出一種命令或請求 表示一種感嘆Examples

11、:The boy hit the dog. / The dog bit the boy.The girl read the books. / The books pleased the girl.Stephen apologized at once.Does the shop close at 7 tonight?Shut the door.What a slow train this is!第22頁/共40頁簡單句的基本詞序主語動詞部分賓語 狀語（謂語） 方式 地點 時間Iboughta hat yesterday.The children ran home.The taxi driver

12、shouted at me angrily.We ate our meal in silence.The car stopped suddenly.A young girl walked confidently in the room.They drove him away in a police car.第23頁/共40頁簡單句的擴展成份簡單句的擴展成份簡單句的主語、賓語可以加上一個短語（如定語）來擴展，及物動詞或不及物動詞也可以與其它短語（如狀語）連用進行擴展。（what how why when where）I bought a rain coat with a warm lining.

13、The dog jumped through the window.He is saving up to buy a mobile phone.A bright little boy with rosy cheeks put three bottles of milk quietly on my doorstep before seven oclock.He worked like a madman in the garden on Saturday. 第24頁/共40頁兩個簡單句的主語可以用and、but、both.and、eitheror、neithernor、not onlybut al

14、so等連詞連接組成一個簡單句，但應(yīng)注意主語和謂語動詞的一致性。The boss is flying to Paris. His secretary is flying to Paris. The boss and his secretary are flying to Paris. Both the boss and his secretary are flying to Paris.The boss is flying to Rome. His secretary is not flying to Rome. The boss but not his secretary is flying

15、to Rome.The boss may be flying to Berlin. His secretary may be flying to Berlin. Either the boss or his secretary is flying to Berlin.The boss is not flying to York. His secretary isnt flying to York. Neither the boss nor his secretary is flying to York.主語、謂語、賓語的合并第25頁/共40頁兩個簡單句的賓語可由and、bothand等連詞連接

16、組成一個簡單句。I met Jane. I met her husband.I met Jane and her husband.I met both Jane and her husband.It was cold. It was wet.It was cold and wet.I didnt meet Jane. I didnt meet her husband.I didnt meet either Jane or her husband. I met neither Jane nor her husband.兩個或兩個以上限定動詞也可合并為一個簡單句。We sang all night

17、. We danced all night.We sang and danced all night.主語、謂語、賓語的合并第26頁/共40頁并列句并列句需把幾個意思連接在一起時，可用分號或把兩個或幾個簡單句用并列連詞連接起來，這種結(jié)構(gòu)即構(gòu)成一個并列句。用分號：We fished all day; we didnt catch a thing.用分號，后跟一個連接副詞：We fished all day; however, we didnt catch a thing.用并列連詞（如and、but、so、yet等）We fished all day, but (we) didnt catch

18、a thing.第27頁/共40頁并列句并列句常用并列連詞coordinating conjunctions 平行并列連詞: 轉(zhuǎn)折并列連詞： 因果并列連詞: 選擇并列連詞:but, however, while, yetfor, soor, eitheror, neither norand, bothand, not onlybut also, neithernor, and then第28頁/共40頁并列句并列句并列句的詞序：并列句基本上保留了簡單句的詞序。主語 謂語 賓語 連詞 主語 動詞 表語Jimmy fell off his bike but (he) wasnt hurt.五種簡單

19、句型可用并列連詞連接起來組成并列句。 主 謂 狀（方式） 連 主 謂 表Frank worked hard and (he ) became an architect.主 謂 賓 連 主 謂 地點I ve got a cold, so I m going to bed. 主 謂 賓 賓補 連 主 謂 賓They made him chairman, but (they) didnt increase his salary.第29頁/共40頁Exercise:請用合適的并列連詞把每組句子合并為一個并列句。He was tired, so he went to bed.1. He was tire

20、d. He went to bed. 2. The child hid behind his mothers skirt. He was afraid of the dog.3. He made a promise. He didnt keep it.He made a promise, but He didnt keep it. The child hid behind his mothers skirt, for he was afraid of the dog.第30頁/共40頁由一個主句和一個或者一個以上從句所構(gòu)成的句子。在英語書面語中應(yīng)用廣泛。主句是一個完整的句子,它可以獨立存在。從

21、句是一個不完整的句子,它必須和一個主句連用，不能獨立存在。復(fù)合句可以通過把兩個以上簡單句連接在一起構(gòu)成,但復(fù)合句的各組成部份并非同等重要，其中一個句子由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)（從句），用以修飾另一句子（主句）。 復(fù)合句 = 主句 + 從句復(fù)合句復(fù)合句第31頁/共40頁復(fù)合句是在簡單句的基礎(chǔ)上，通過從屬連詞將兩個或兩個以上簡單句連接在一起而構(gòu)成。從屬連詞所引導(dǎo)的從句起形容詞、名詞、副詞的作用。復(fù)合句主要包含以下類型從句： 1. 主語從句 2. 賓語從句3. 表語從句 4. 定語從句5. 狀語從句 6. 同位語從句 英文寫作中最常使用的從句英文寫作中最常使用的從句1. 賓語從句賓語從句2. 狀語從句狀語從句

22、 3. 定語從句定語從句第32頁/共40頁復(fù)合句與簡單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡單句 + 從屬連詞 +簡單句He told me the news.that the match had been cancelled.賓語how much he was prepared to pay for my car.that I could have the money without delay.how much he was prepared topay for my car and that I couldhave the money without delay. when he was leaving f

23、or Paris.that his fatherwas working in that school.賓語從句第33頁/共40頁復(fù)合句與簡單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡單句 + 從屬連詞 +簡單句I dont knowhim.He has finished his work that he has finished his work.whether he has finished his work.賓語從句He is leaving for Washington.that he is leaving for Washington.when he is leaving for Washington.why he is leaving for Washington.how he is leaving for Washington.whether he is leaving for Washington.第34頁/共40頁復(fù)合句與簡單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡單句 + 從屬連詞 +