生理學第章 緒論

1、physiology（生理學生理學）chapter 1 :introduction to physiology section 1 brief account human physiology 生理學生理學醫(yī)學nphysiology: a branch of biology dealing with the mechanisms by which the body functions.the normal functions of organs and organ systems of the body.the conditions under which these functions ar

2、e carried out. the mechanisms by which they are achieved. 植物生理學植物生理學動物生理學動物生理學 人體生理學人體生理學細胞生理學細胞生理學系統(tǒng)生理學系統(tǒng)生理學 心臟生理學 神經生理學 內分泌生理學 呼吸生理學 腎臟生理學生理學生理學(physiology) 醫(yī)醫(yī) 學學 (medine)nphysiology is the primary basic medical science.it is essential to pharmacology, the study of the effects of drugs on physiolo

3、gic processes. most of medicine itself is pathophysiology. we hope that each student will realize that the study of physiology should continue throughout his or her career. besides physiology, the basic medical sciences include biology, embryology, genetics, anatomy, histology, biochemistry, pathoph

4、ysiology, pathology, microbiology, immunology, etc. although taught separately as different courses, these branches of basic medical sciences are closely inter-related inseparable, forming a solid scientific basis for practice of medicine. n william harvey is famous for having accurately described h

5、ow blood circulates around the body.n in 1615 harvey began to work on the idea that blood circulated around the body. he experimented on live animals and dissected the bodies of executed criminals. he proved that the heart was a pump that forced blood around the body through arteries. veins then ret

6、urned the blood to the heart where it was recycled.n in 1628, harvey published details of his work in his book an anatomical disquisition on the movement of the heart and blood.william harvey(1578-1657)n physiology is the experimental science. physiology is the science which is about living.medicine

7、 is the science which is about disease. so from this point of view, the physiology is more common than the medicine. 生理學生理學 physiology 概念：概念：研究生物機體的生命活動（功能 ）及其規(guī)律的科學。主要內容：主要內容： 一切與生命有關的鄭成功能活動及其這些活動的調節(jié)問題。 功能功能 function 調節(jié)調節(jié) regulation 人體生理學 human physiology生命（living） 活流感病毒流感病毒influenza virus 生命的基本特征生命

8、的基本特征n1. metabolism: 同化 異化 能量轉換2. excitability：興奮 抑制n3. reproduction：生殖活動section 2 internal environment and homeostasisbody fluid (60%)intracellular fluid (40%)extracellular fluid (20%)plasma (5%)interstitial fluid (15%)internalenvironmentclaude bernard(1813-1878)nhomeostasis: relatively stable cond

9、ition of extracellular fluid that results from regulatory system actions. oxygenglucosesmall ionscarbon dioxidemetabolic wastessecretionsamino acidscellhomeostasisa stable internal environment is essential for normal cell functionnconditions in the internal environment must be maintained within narr

10、ow limits, including:noxygen and carbon dioxide tensionsnconcentrations of glucose and other metabolitesnosmotic pressurenconcentrations of h+,k+,ca2+,mg2+ntemperaturennervous regulationnhumoral regulationnautoregulationsection 3 regulation physiological functionnreflex: biological control system li

11、nking stimulus with response and mediated by a reflex arc. nervous regulationreflex arcspinal reflexbaroreceptor control of arterial pressure (baroreflex)nparacrine: chemical messenger that exerts its effects on tissues near its secretion site.nneurosecretion: chemical messenger released by a neuron

12、 and carried by the blood to its target cell.neurosecretionoxytocinvasopressin神經內分泌免疫調節(jié)網絡: neuroinmmunoendocrinologynautoregulation: ability of an individual organ to control its activity (vascular resistance) independent of neural and hormonal influence. autoregulationrenal autoregulation神經調節(jié)的特點神經調

13、節(jié)的特點 神經元分泌的神經元分泌的“遞質遞質”或或“調質調質”通通過神經纖維和突觸實現(xiàn)其調控作用。過神經纖維和突觸實現(xiàn)其調控作用。 神經系統(tǒng)的作用廣泛、迅速、靈敏、神經系統(tǒng)的作用廣泛、迅速、靈敏、定位準確。定位準確。 它控制了包括內分泌系統(tǒng)和免疫系統(tǒng)它控制了包括內分泌系統(tǒng)和免疫系統(tǒng)在內的機體各個系統(tǒng)的功能作用。具有節(jié)在內的機體各個系統(tǒng)的功能作用。具有節(jié)律性變化。律性變化。體液調節(jié)的特點：體液調節(jié)的特點： 內分泌細胞分泌的內分泌細胞分泌的“激素激素”通過體液運通過體液運輸來完成其調控作用。其作用范圍廣泛、緩輸來完成其調控作用。其作用范圍廣泛、緩慢，影響持久，定位不及神經系統(tǒng)明確。內慢，影響持久，

14、定位不及神經系統(tǒng)明確。內分泌系統(tǒng)從廣泛意義上講，可以視為神經系分泌系統(tǒng)從廣泛意義上講，可以視為神經系統(tǒng)傳出神經的統(tǒng)傳出神經的“延長部分延長部分”。具有典型節(jié)律。具有典型節(jié)律性變化。性變化。 內分泌系統(tǒng)對刺激的獲得、分析、貯存、內分泌系統(tǒng)對刺激的獲得、分析、貯存、記憶、整合，是通過和神經系統(tǒng)共同完成。記憶、整合，是通過和神經系統(tǒng)共同完成。自身調節(jié)的特點自身調節(jié)的特點 調節(jié)幅度小、不夠靈敏、作用有調節(jié)幅度小、不夠靈敏、作用有限，作用范圍也比較小。限，作用范圍也比較小。 在有些情況下有一定的意義。在有些情況下有一定的意義。ncontrol system: the mechanisms by whic

15、h the body maintains homeostasis. nfeedback control systemnfeed-forward control systemsection 4 control system in the bodynfeedback: characteristic of control systems in which output response influences input to system. sensors to detect conditions in the body effectors to change conditions in the b

16、odynnegative feedbacknpositive feedback feedback control systemcontrollereffectorssensorsvariable1 negative feedback nnegative feedback: aspect of control systems in which systems response opposes input to system.homeostatic control illustrating the concept of negative feedbackset point: 100mmhgnega

17、tive feedback control system for regulation of body temperatureset point: 37cnpositive feedback: aspect of control systems in which an initial disturbance sets off train of events that increases the disturbance even further.2 positive feedback na positive feedback cycle involved in the upstroke of a

18、n action potential positive feedback nblood coagulationpositive feedback nparturition positive feedback feed-forward control systemnfeed-forward: aspect of some control systems that allows system to anticipate changes in a regulated variable.sightsoundsmellend生理學研究與發(fā)展展望生理學研究與發(fā)展展望section 5 ncellular and molecular level norgan and system level norganismal level function occurs at three levels1 cellular and molecular level cellular and molecular level 2 organ and system level 3 organismal levelnin vivo: (在體)nacute experimentnchronic experimentnin vitro: (離體)