gmat精要版語法筆記

1、1. one of the+ 名詞復(fù)數(shù)，謂語用單數(shù)；Not one of =none of 。2. 虛擬語氣：與將來事實(shí)相反，條件從句的謂語be動(dòng)詞一律用were to+動(dòng)詞原形。在正常語序中: 短語本身不可以加入其它成份，比如變成：not only.but it also. 是錯(cuò)誤的(因?yàn)槠茐牧似胶?。3. 倍數(shù)表達(dá)：twice (as much as) sth.; X times adj. than; X times as adj. as; double sth.i. x times(twice) + the + n. (twice 還能做 determiner)ii. x times a

2、dj. ( 比較形式) thaniii. x times as adj. as 注意里面的adj. 要和前面的名詞匹配A do x times as adj. x as B doiv. x times + what 分句(名詞性從句相當(dāng)于名詞)v. x-foldvi. double, triple, quadruple, quintuple, sextuple ? not only , but also? 做題的時(shí)候要弄清楚句子的意思是遞進(jìn)還是轉(zhuǎn)折,如果是遞進(jìn)not only.but also 沒問題，如果是轉(zhuǎn)折的話，就要考慮一下是否是GMAC的陷阱了，but/but also才是表示轉(zhuǎn)折的意

3、思 .重新摘錄一下前面提到過的用法：首先Not only.but (also)表示的關(guān)系是遞進(jìn)，其中also可以省略，” .But/but also表示的是 轉(zhuǎn)折 .not only .but also 表示并列，不能表示轉(zhuǎn)折，不要有先入為主的感覺認(rèn)為not only.but also必須一起出現(xiàn)。單獨(dú)出現(xiàn)but also 是可能的。1)在正常語序中：not only but also隹接兩個(gè)相對稱的并列成分。2) not only but alsoll兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要和與其最近的主語保持人稱和數(shù)的一 致。3) not only , but also 不能用在否定句中。4) not on

4、ly but alsoll兩個(gè)分句，并且 not only 位于句首時(shí)，第一個(gè)分句中的主語和謂語要部分倒裝。搭配：(1) Aim, goal, intention, objective, function, way, method, purpose + be + to do當(dāng)然最常用的還是method of doing/for doing(2) Use, cite, function, regard, think/conceive of, view, act + as(3) Consider, deem, make, call, find, elect+ 賓語 + 賓補(bǔ)prohibit 固定搭

5、配：prohibit sth ； prohibit from doing ； prohibit sb from doingWhile在表示轉(zhuǎn)折對比時(shí)，有兩件 events同時(shí)發(fā)生的含義，即便表示轉(zhuǎn)折對比，while也有|at the same time 的含義在里面，與 then矛盾。Pp223(4) Nor 的相關(guān)用法：1) nor 用在否定句中表示“也不 ”的意思2) neither A nor B后面跟的謂語動(dòng)詞由B決定：Neither we nor they want it.( 來自AHD的例子)，說明由B決定的。Enshrine (放置，珍藏)習(xí)慣用法：enshrine in 或 b

6、e enshrined in關(guān)于同位語用法中的the和逗號(hào)(如B選項(xiàng)中的TM, the jazz pianist and composer )-摘自 Manhattan ：1. if you preface someone's name with a noun describing their occupation (orother word describing what that person does ), WITHOUT AN ARTICLE, OR WITH THE DEFINITE ARTICLE "THE", you DO NOT use a comm

7、a. 如果把職位、稱號(hào)放在人名前面，如果沒有冠詞，或者有定冠詞，就不用逗號(hào)(本題的情況)。example: Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk .-> correct注意：(1) if you are using "THE (description) (name)" to introduce someone for thefirst time, then you DON'T use a comma.但有要注意：當(dāng)職位、稱號(hào)前是定冠詞時(shí)，如果是第一次提到某人，是不必用逗號(hào)的example: The author E

8、rnest Hemingway was known for his drunken and violent escapades. -> here we are introducing hemingway, so we don't use a comma.(2) if you have already introduced two or more people, but you are using "THE(description) to single out one of them, then you DO use a comma.example ：Among her

9、friends were an author and a painter; the author, ErnestHemingway, went on to become an icon of American literature.-> we'vealready introduced "the author" this time we use a comma to single him out.2. if there's an indefinite article (a/an), you DO use a comma.如果前面有不定冠詞，就要用逗號(hào)。e

10、xampleA jazz pianist and composer, Thelonious Monk .-> correct3. if it's an adjective, you DO use a comma.如果前面不是職位、稱號(hào)，而是一個(gè)形容詞，那就要用逗號(hào)。example: Creative and original, Thelonious Monk .-> correct習(xí)慣用語(idiom )1. just as A do, so B do 平行比較結(jié)構(gòu)的習(xí)慣搭配：意思是：就如同 A -B -*:這里的as是不能用like,whereas的。而且likeso不符

11、合搭配習(xí)慣，應(yīng)該去掉 so*: just as with 和 just like 都是很 wordy 的2.下面三種形式無區(qū)別(后兩種強(qiáng)烈語氣，不可以隨意刪掉so)前后都要用句子，不能只用短語。Just as,so Just as you sow, so you will reOp句要盡量形式對稱Just as,as Just as you sow, as you will reOp句要盡量形式對稱Just as ,so too 主句要部分倒裝 (so too 后是主句)Just as you sow, so too will you reapso with 是錯(cuò)誤結(jié)構(gòu)。(prep 1-15)

12、as with 的結(jié)構(gòu)是對的：As with other forward contracts, the cash settlement amountis the amount necessary to compensate the party who would be disadvantaged by the actual change in market rates as of the settlement date.黃曉平： As with most diseases and disasters, the young suffer the most.就像大部分的疾病和災(zāi)難一樣，最遭罪的是年

13、輕人。as with 正如,的情況一樣“(看作是as it ' s the same as勺省略式，with 后面常跟名 詞、動(dòng)名詞或what從句。As with drawing a picture, you should be patient and careful in doing this job.正如畫畫一樣，你應(yīng)該耐心并且認(rèn)真做這項(xiàng)工作。As with what I said, he failed again.正如我所說的，他又一次失敗了。in the same way that&, as/so&也是錯(cuò)誤結(jié)構(gòu)like&, so/as&也是錯(cuò)誤結(jié)

14、構(gòu)：like的比較必須是嚴(yán)格對稱的補(bǔ)充說明：一個(gè)類似just as的結(jié)構(gòu)what = just as ，意為 恰像，猶如，好比”用作連詞，引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句 慣用句式是：A is to B what C is to D. 意為 A而言正如C對D一樣”例如：Air is to us What water is to fish.空氣對于我們猶如水對于魚。(介詞to表示兩者的關(guān)系)(2)也有 A is for B what C is for D. | 句式。例如：Poultry is for the cook what canvas is for the paint.廚師離不了家禽正如畫家離不開畫布一

15、樣。(介詞for表示供，使用”) what引導(dǎo)的從句也可以放在句首 ，其句式是：What C is to D, that A is to B.(= A is to B what C is to D.)在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，喻體在前，主體在后，相當(dāng)于 just as.,so. II結(jié)構(gòu)，意思也是A對B而言正 如C對D一樣”例如：What blood vessel is to a man's body, that railway is to transportation.(=Just as bloodvessel is to a man's body, so Railway is to t

16、ransportation. )鐵路對于運(yùn)輸 ，好比血管對于人 體一樣the first , to do something :數(shù)詞 + 不定式”，慣用法。turn away from - to 棄前取后其他條件都滿足的情況下，一般表示原因用because ,當(dāng)后面的原因是推測的時(shí)候用for最合適，當(dāng)后面的原因是大家都知道的時(shí)候用as/since最合適。2. reach for sth.:伸手抓某物；reach of sb.:在某人能觸及到的范圍內(nèi)句子結(jié)構(gòu)(grammatical construction )1 .虛擬語氣：虛擬條件句的四種形式：But for N, S + should/wo

17、uld/cold/might + V / (have Vpp.) 若不是 N, S 應(yīng)I%.=If it were not / (had not been) for N= Were it not for N / (Had it not been for N)=Without N(介詞只有 without可表虛擬語氣)2 .虛擬語氣的時(shí)態(tài)：時(shí)間從句謂語形式主句謂語形式將來現(xiàn)在動(dòng)詞過去式（be用were） should +動(dòng)詞原形were to +動(dòng)詞原形 動(dòng)詞過去式（be用 were）would / should / might / could + 動(dòng)詞原形過去had +動(dòng)詞過去分詞would

18、/ should / might / could + 動(dòng)詞原形would / should / might / couldhave +動(dòng)詞過去分詞對主謂賓全的句型主語比較：A do sth than B do.（AB為對等名詞，力口 do是為了顯示這是一個(gè)可以發(fā)出動(dòng)作的名詞，因而確定是主語，進(jìn)而確定是主語對比）介賓比較 A do sth of C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2.（C1C2, D1D2對等名詞）賓語 比較 A do C1 than C2.（C1C2為對等名詞）狀語比較 A do sth than usual/everbefore/people expected（

19、直接力口狀語）onethe other只有兩個(gè)somethe others有三個(gè)以上one another; another someothers, others others = other people/things the others = the rest 剩余的全部1） 泛指另一個(gè)用another o2） 一定范圍內(nèi)兩人（物），一個(gè)用 one,另一個(gè)用the other。3） 一定范圍內(nèi)三者， 一個(gè)用one,另一個(gè)用one （another）,第三個(gè)可用the other, a third。4） 一定范圍內(nèi)，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用the others。5）泛指別的人或物時(shí)，用

20、others當(dāng)在一定范圍內(nèi)，除去一部分后，剩余部分但不是全部時(shí)， 也用 others。習(xí)慣用語（idiom ） 句子結(jié)構(gòu)（grammatical construction ）1. capability of doing/capability to do ; GMAT認(rèn)為 capability of X-ing 是wordy/awkward 的。2. ability : sb's ability to do sth 或ability of sb/sth to do sth3. capability to do/of doing/in doing不如 ability to do 簡潔，但不

21、可就此判錯(cuò)。especially強(qiáng)調(diào)嚴(yán)重性，specially強(qiáng)調(diào)特殊性！especially是表示程度specially表示特殊precede的慣用搭配是：A preceded by B （意思為B先進(jìn)，然后A進(jìn)一般的介詞只能接疑問詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，不能接that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。但是butthat=except that ； in that=because（還是有不同）這三個(gè)介詞+that從句屬于例外，約定俗 成的用法do sth. to onesatisfaction固定搭配，做某事以使人達(dá)到滿意的程度。conclude 的固定搭配：conclude by doing sth./ conc

22、lude with sth. :以,結(jié)束，借此后面接 的是結(jié)束的方式，而不是結(jié)束時(shí)的效果。高級(jí)【倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)】大總結(jié)，迎合GMAT考點(diǎn)要求-by charlesxiepeng一完全倒裝1. 表語在句首要倒裝介詞短語/分詞短語/形容詞短語+系動(dòng)詞+主語(主語與前面的動(dòng)詞主謂一致)1) 介詞短語在句首Among the people was a man named Brown. 在這些人中有一個(gè)叫布朗的人。On the top of the hill stands an old temple. 這山頂上有一座廟。From the valley came a frightening sound with

23、 some cries.North of the city lies/is a new airport.2) 分詞作表語 過去分詞(有時(shí)構(gòu)成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的過去分詞)提前到句首，引起倒裝 構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的現(xiàn)在分詞也可以提到前面來-張道真(正常語序看是進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài))Helping them raise their artistic level are various professorial organizations.Visiting the Great Wall were 200 American college students.Coinciding with the development of j

24、azz in New Orleans in the 1920's was one of the greatestperiods in blues music. (toefl 原句)【coinciding with顯然不是動(dòng)名詞而是現(xiàn)在分詞倒裝】 現(xiàn)在分詞提前到句首引起倒裝要和動(dòng)名詞作主語區(qū)別開來 下面例句是動(dòng)名詞作主語：Teaching English is my job. / Visiting the Great wall is worthwhile.3) 形容詞短語放句首Present at the meeting is our English teacher. (Present

25、出席的，在場的)Gone are the days when we had a good time at the mountain village. (Gone離去的 )2. 為了保持句子平行或上下文的連接更緊密，也可以采用倒裝.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy.主語有過多修飾語亦可采用完全倒裝Noteworthy is the fact that he has talent for music.二部分倒裝1 . 一些表示頻率的副詞(如 many a time, often 等 )位于句首時(shí),句子部分倒

26、裝.Often did we go for walks together.Many a time have I told him about it.2 . 用于 no sooner than ，hardly when 和 not until 等結(jié)構(gòu)中 IINo sooner had he arrived than someone called him. 他一到就有人給他打電話3 .用于省略if的虛擬條件狀語從句(把were, had, should 放在主語前構(gòu)成倒裝)Were I you ( = If I were you ), I would not accept his present.

27、Had you ( = If you had ) studied hard, you might have passed the exam this time.4 .用于一形容詞/名詞/動(dòng)詞+as (though) II引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句，例如： 形容詞： Pretty as she is (=As pretty as she is=though she is pretty ) , she is not clever at all. 動(dòng)詞： Try as he could, he might fail again. 名詞： Child as he was, he had to sell new

28、spapers in the streets.5. 否定副詞 (never, not ，seldom, hardly, neither, nor, scarcely, rarely, no longer, barely, little)Barely did he have time to catch the bus.Never have I been to Beijing.6. So / Such 引導(dǎo)的倒裝句So kind is she that she deserves all my respect.( 全倒裝 )So loudly did he speak that everyone c

29、ould hear him.7. Only 在句首強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語Only when the meeting is over can we know the decision.design 的固定搭配:design something to do somethingbe designed for somebody/somethingbe designed as somethingbe designed with sthinhabit vt 居住于 . 固定搭配：be inhabited by主謂一致：1. what 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句中從句謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)情況：what后面一什么時(shí)候用單數(shù)，什么時(shí)候用復(fù)

30、數(shù)II根據(jù)動(dòng)詞后面的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)來定.2. what 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句做主語時(shí)，主句謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)情況：(1)What 在從句中做主語，主句謂語由what 從句謂語決定。1. What he d like most for a birthday present is a camera.(2)what 在從句中做賓語，主句謂語由主句表語/賓語決定what they want are XX,XX&XX補(bǔ)充說明：2. 以 who, why, how, whether 或 that 引導(dǎo)主語從句，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)例： Why she did this is not known.3. 前面應(yīng)被后

31、面替換小結(jié)：which that, that which, the thing that= whatnot any = nonot ever = neverwhich is that=thatthe only thing that=all ( the only thing that has to be done all one has to do) at the time after=afterwhile being=as (as 表過程，隨著)A is what is the B 中 what is 可以省略, A is the Bwanting to do=to dowhat the ef

32、fects=the effectsotherpeople/things=othersthat of his own=his own ( 前者雙重所有格)something of whom=whose sth.but instead=butwith the exception of = exceptso as to = toup until=until (until 已經(jīng)包括了 up的含義。until: conj.(=up to the time when) 到 . 時(shí)為止；prep. (介詞)Up to the time of ； Before (a specified time): 用在否定

33、句)with none of = withoutbut still=but wanting to do=to do different from that which=different than ( 不同于 different from( 用 different from 正確 ) His way of living is different than ours. 他的生活方式跟我們的不同。German cars are different than ours. 德國造的汽車和我們的不一樣。You look different than before. 你看上去跟從前不同了.date at

34、which = when in the event that = ifconceive 的固定搭配(cannot) conceive of (doing) somethingconceive that (不用虛擬語氣)conceive of something/somebody as somethingconceive what/why/how etc conceive sth. (such as idea)? other than = With the exception of; except (for); besides:以下動(dòng)詞賓語從句需要用虛擬語氣：都要省略should 。1) 表示建

35、議：advocate/advise/move/recommend that . do .sb. suggest/propose that . do .(如果是物作主語就不需要虛擬，動(dòng)詞是一暗示II的意思 )2) 表示命令：order/decree/mandate/command/demand/direct that . do .3) 表示要求：request/require/insist that . do .2. 介詞詞組：on account of ， because of ， despite (in despite of) ， as a result of ， dueto之后只跟簡單的名

36、詞詞組。media 是復(fù)數(shù)形式，原型是mediumThe media = all the organizations, such as television, radio, and newspapers, that provide news and information for the public, or the people who do this work關(guān)于 Except 的各種用法1. except for: 用于非同類事物，它的賓語與前述對象完全是兩回事。例如： The room was very cold and, except for Jack, entirely empty

37、.這個(gè)房間很陰冷，而且除了杰克，完全是空蕩蕩的。本句中，前述對象是“房間"，而除去的對象是"Jack”,兩者毫無關(guān)系。2. except: 指同一類事物的總體中除去一部分，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是除去。例如： He gets up early every day except Sunday.除星期天外，他每天早起。有時(shí) except 與 except for 可以換用，例如：Except for(=except) John, the whole classpassed the test. 全班同學(xué)除約翰外，全都通過了考試。* ： 1.2. 在 GMAT 中不適用，GMAT 中并不講究exc

38、ept 與 except for 的區(qū)別，故刪去。3. except that表達(dá)的語意與except近似，只是后面要跟從句。例： He has always been in good health except that he has had a slight headache in the past few days. 除了在過去幾天里有些頭痛之外，他身體一直很好。4. but: ?？膳c except 互換，強(qiáng)調(diào)"不在其中"。例： Everyone attended the meeting but Mary. 大家都出席了這次會(huì)議，但瑪麗不在其列。5. besides:

39、 強(qiáng)調(diào) "除此之外，還包括"。例： She can speak French and Japanese besides English. 除英語外，她還會(huì)講法語和日語。6. apart from: 其含義主要依據(jù)上下文而定，有時(shí)可與except 換用，有時(shí)可代替besides.例： Apart from the coat, the hat doesn't suit me. 除價(jià)錢太貴，這帽子也不適合我戴。be known as 意為 “被稱作 ”、 “被認(rèn)為 ”：These chocolate bars are known as something else in

40、the US, but I cant remember what.這種巧克力棒在美國有別的叫法，但我記不起來叫什么了。be known for 意為 因 而著名“：He was known for his frankness. 他以坦率而著稱。be known to意為 為所知”：He is known to the police because of his previous criminal record. 他因以前的犯罪記錄而為警察所知。be known as 什么樣的名人She is known as a singer.be known for 因什么而出名She is known f

41、or her great voice.be known to 做什么出名He is known to eat a lot.be known by 在什么人中有名He is known by his classmates as a nounce 固定搭配: pronounce sb/sth sth2. amount 的用法：GMAT里面AMOUNT的用法解釋是：amount is for undifferentiated masses such as sand or water ，即 amount 用于修飾不可分割的物體，即修飾不可數(shù)名詞，因?yàn)?4000 drive-ins

42、是 4000 個(gè)不同的個(gè)體所以that amount 不可以修飾4000.3. 比較。詞組：less/fewer than X percent of Y , less或fewer的選用取決于 Y是否可數(shù)，本 題的比較對象是drive-ins。既然全句比較的是可數(shù)名詞，相應(yīng)地，需要用 are、fewer和 many/number 等與可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式相一致的表述。4. as many 的用法（摘自Longman）:as many=a number that is equal to another numberh:7, pWThey say the people of Los Angeles sp

43、eak 12 languages and teach just as many in the schools.in as many days/weeks/games etc.A great trip! We visited five countries in as many days (=in five days).*: "twice as many", "one-quarter as many", etc. 都是非常常見的用法，記住這樣的表達(dá)。固定搭配：simultaneous(ly) withindependent(ly) of關(guān)于 sothat與

44、suchthat(1) suchtlW達(dá)的是強(qiáng)調(diào)含義，與 sothat的含義不同(prep 1-131)。(2) so that面不加情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示結(jié)果，后面加情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表目的。(3) so that能修飾介詞短語與名詞，只能修飾動(dòng)作。(4) soth禺來說明做某事的目的，所以其前面應(yīng)該是做某事”，而不能是介詞短語。(GWD-30-170)(5) such + adj. + that 錯(cuò)誤， such 必須修飾名詞，可以是 such+adj.+noun.+that 。 這里 such表示 of a kind 。2. such that 連用時(shí)的用法：(1) A rule of correspond

45、ence between two sets such that there is a unique element in the second set assigned to each element in the first set. (such 向前指代 a rule of sets )函數(shù)兩組元素一一對應(yīng)的規(guī)則，第一組中的每個(gè)元素在第二組中只有唯一的對應(yīng)量(2) Her interest with him is such that she governs him absolutely. (such 指代 her interest)她對他的影響非常大，以至于完全控制了他。(3) The f

46、ormat of the meeting was such that everyone could ask a question. (such 指代 the format of the meeting) 會(huì)議安排好可讓每個(gè)人都能提一個(gè)問題。(4) choose x and y such that x + y = 10 (such 向前指代 x and y)so.as的搭配只用在否定句中，So- as to后一般不加被動(dòng)語態(tài)固定搭配：view sth. as sth. 而 view sth. to be sth. 錯(cuò)誤。后面不接被動(dòng)語態(tài)的動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語：lead; cause; enable; become; receive; visit; Lack; enter; cost; possess; resemble; last; like; enjoy; notice; watch; look at; listen to; pay attention to; s