無投影片標(biāo)題-觀點(diǎn)種子網(wǎng)前臺(tái)大農(nóng)藝學(xué)系種子研究室網(wǎng)ppt課件

1、?Warren H.J. KUOProfessor & Chair, Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University 2006 International Conference on Biology-related Patents2006/09/2829, Taipei, TAIWAN900800700600500400300200100 0 稻雜糧總計(jì)特用總計(jì)青果總計(jì)蔬菜總計(jì)觀賞總計(jì) 33 40 56 61 70 75 88 97 riceUpland cropSpecial CropFruitsVegetablesOrnamen

2、talsChanges in Crop ProductionCropping acreage, tHa2004237594321916513tHaInternational trade of seedsNT DollarsInternational trades of ornamentalsUS Dollarsphalaenopsis.idv.tw/hybrids/C/Chih%20Shangs%20Stripes%20X%20Plantation%20Polkadot/0003.JPGHistory of IP protection on plant varieties Plant Seed

3、 Act 2004 Plant Variety and Seed ActVegetablesFruitsOrnamentalsCerealsTo be extended to all plant all plant genera and species Application numbers of PBRApplication numbersValid177177Withdrawed9 9Pending125125Rejected7 7Expired 229229Nullified2 215th ,SeptOrnamentalsOrchid550Rice, 25th JulyVegetable

4、sValid PBR177Pending95 cv. of 9 ornamentals22 cv. of 9 vegatables 8 cv. of 5 fruits/teaPear4Poinsettia41Melon f.15Tea2Orchid31Tomato f.10Papaya1Gerbera13Tubers5Jujube1Chrysanthemum8Legumes4Peach1Polyanthus7Cabbage f.3Litchi1others27other310 127 40050100150200250Application numbers of PBR550Applicati

5、on numbersPublicSector 8916%PrivateSector 461 84%National 395 72%Foreigner 155 28%OrnamentalsVegetablesFruits/Tea277254 1905101520253035404550PBRApplication numbers Mean 12Median 31787674%Application numbersPrivate Sectorcucumber f. public, 5%cucumber f. private, 48%cabbage f. public, 3%cabbage f. p

6、rivate, 13%tomato f. public, 6%tomato f. private, 21%other public, 4%other private, 0%12121734551510254Application numbers of Vegetables Cucumber familyTomatoEggplantSweet PepperCabbagefamilyPublic 44Private 210OthersOthersForeigners 3%Nationals 97%62PVP in Taiwan: who is claiming their rights?Veget

7、ablesApplication numbers01020304050TomatoMelonWatermelonCabbageFamilyPepperHot/swCucumberPumpkinAll fruit/tea tree cultivars are of nationals applicationApplication numbers of Ornamentals PoinsettiaMoth orchid/Doritaenopsis Other ornamental plants565959524275Public 29Private 246OthersForeigners 52%N

8、ationals 48%106PVP in Taiwan: who is claiming their rights?OrnamentalsApplication numbersAn infringe case sakataseed.co.jp/method/flower/gypsophila.jpgfleuralia/eng/prod/esqueixoscos.htmGypsophila Yukinko Of Israeli origin Farmers were licensed to grow Right holder sued defendants for propagated wit

9、hout permission Farmers privilege not accepted Settlement reached Plant Breeders in TaiwanRice MaizeMaize (fresh)Forage cropsCover cropsSweet potatoTea treesTimber treesFruit treesVegetablesOrnamentalsPublic sectorPrivate sectorMaize (fresh)VegetablesOrnamentalsGenetically Modified Plants19802006Com

10、mercial Production: noneRisk assessment: EventEnviron. riskFood riskRice (phytase)testingno applicationRice (lactoferrin)testingno applicationPotato (phytase)testingno applicationBroccoli (anti-ageing)testingno applicationTomato (Virus resistance)testingno applicationPapaya (Virus resistance)passedn

11、o applicationProspects of GM plantsDomestic seed markets too small to justify investment of GM technologyNo supports from private sector Infrastructure of public sector not suitProduction cost of rice not to be effectively lowered by GM technology Small farms predominate (1.22 ha), and contamination

12、 is inevitableAre Taiwanese plant breeders in need of patent protection ?The Plant Variety and Plant Seed Act (2004)UPOV 1991 Convention Similarities between PVP and Patent protectionDifferences between PVP and Patent protectionC1. Hybrid maize seed designated 33P66, representative seed of said hybr

13、id 33P66 having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-1522. C2. A maize plant, or its parts, produced by the seed of claim 1. C8. A hybrid maize plant according to claim 2, wherein the genetic material of said plant contains one or more transgenes. Maize hybrids US patent 6,180,857C9. A hyb

14、rid maize plant according to claim 2, wherein the genetic material of said plant contains one or more genes transferred by backcrossing. Varieties which are essentially derived from the protected variety (EDV)Similarities between PVP and Patent protectionC1. Hybrid maize seed designated 33P66, repre

15、sentative seed of said hybrid 33P66 having been deposited under ATCC accession number PTA-1522. C2. A maize plant, or its parts, produced by the seed of claim 1. C7. A maize plant. capable of expressing all the morphological and physiological characteristics of hybrid maize plant 33P66, representati

16、ve seed having been deposited under ATCC accession number.C11. A maize plant, or its parts, having all the morphological and physiological characteristics of the plant of claim 2. Varieties which are not clearly distinguishable C11. A maize plant, or its parts, having all the morphological and physi

17、ological characteristics of the plant of claim 2. C21. A hybrid maize plant according to claim 11, wherein the genetic material of said plant contains one or more transgenes. C25. A hybrid maize plant according to claim 11, wherein the genetic material of said plant contains one or more genes transf

18、erred by backcrossing. (Essentially) Derived Variety22. A maize plant, one ancestoris the maize plantof claim 21, said maize plant capable of expressing a combination of at least two 33P66 traits and well suited to the Central Corn Belt, Western Corn Belt and Eastern Corn Belt. 26. A maize plant, on

19、e ancestoris the maize plantof claim 25, . varieties whose production requires the repeated use of the protected variety Differences between PVP and Patent protectionFarmers privilegeeach Contracting Party may restrict the breeders right to permit farmers to use for propagating purposes, on their ow

20、n holdings, the product of the harvest which they have obtained by planting, on their own holdings, the protected variety .Upov 1991Article 15：Exceptions to the Breeders Right Optional exception DIRECTIVE 98/44/ECArticle 11By way of derogation from Articles 8 and 9, the sale or other form of commerc

21、ialisation of plant propagating material to a farmer by the holder of the patent or with his consent for agricultural use implies authorisation for the farmer to use the product of his harvest for propagation or multiplication by him on his own farm, the extent and conditions of this derogation corr

22、esponding to those under Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 2100/94.Differences between PVP and Patent protectionFarmers privilegeDifferences between PVP and Patent protectionFarmers privilegeThe Seed Availability and Competition Act 2004, US HR4693 /pubs/CFSMOnsantovsFarmerRepo

23、rt1.13.05.pdfNumber of Farmers and Businesses Sued Per StateDifferences between PVP and Patent protectionBreeders exemptionThe breeders right shall not extend to .(iii) acts done for the purpose of breeding other varieties, and, except where the provisions of Article 14(5) apply, acts referred to in

24、 Article 14(1) to Article 14(4) in respect of such other varieties. Upov 1991Article 15：Exceptions to the Breeders Right Compulsory exception Differences between PVP and Patent protectionBreeders exemptionFreedom to Operate forPublic breedersAVRDC: The World Vegetable Center, Taiwan CIMMYT: Internat

25、ional Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Mexico CIP: International Potato Center, Peru IRRI: International Rice Research Institute, Philippines .Differences between PVP and Patent protectionBreeders exemptionPIPRA membersCornell University Iowa State University Kansas State University Michigan Stat

26、e University N. Carolina State University Ohio State University Oregon State University Purdue University Rutgers University University of Arizona University of ArkansasUniversity of California, Berkeley University of California, Davis University of California, Riverside University of Florida Univer

27、sity of Georgia University of Kentucky University of Idaho University of Missouri-Columbia University of Tennessee University of Wisconsin WARF Washington State University PIPRA membersDifferences between PVP and Patent protectionBreeders exemptionanything under the sun that is made by man could be

28、patentedDue parts ofDifferences between PVP and Patent protectionBreeders exemption820301121341082091121341087911213410Differences between PVP and Patent protectionBreeders exemption123456789999910115794060139010EDVFree to usePVP549360120430PVPPVPPVPPVPPVP82091121341057911213410BT5791121341012345678

29、999991011Differences between PVP and Patent protectionBreeders exemptionPatent PatentedDifferences between PVP and Patent protectionGM cv. AmCompany XCompany Ycv. BBack crossGene mcv. BmBm PVP BmA drawback in PVPPatentPlant AmThe protection of plant variety rights shall extend to the following dependent varieties: (i) varieties which are essentially derived from the protected variety, where the protected variety is not itself an essentially