寂靜的春天--國際課程作業(yè)

1、叮叮小文庫寂靜的春天各章內(nèi)容概述：第一章書篇的開張，作者描寫了一座寧靜的鄉(xiāng)村在農(nóng)民移居這里之后發(fā)生可怕地變化，到處曼延著死亡的氣息。第二章講述了人類對自然地改造的步伐勝過了自然自我修復的步伐，致使地球的生命和環(huán)境平衡遭到破壞，指出人們使用殺蟲劑已經(jīng)造成了一些問題，為下文開了個頭。第三章講隨著人們頻繁大量使用殺蟲劑，昆蟲會產(chǎn)生抗藥性，而使得人們不得不加強殺蟲劑藥效，如此反復，昆蟲并沒有因此被消滅，反而使殺蟲劑中的有害物質(zhì)積蓄在植物和動物的組織里危害未來形態(tài)的遺傳物質(zhì)。第四章開頭談到淡水資源的缺乏，接著講殺蟲劑通過各種途徑滲透到水中，造成水體污染，而水循環(huán)惡化擴散了污染，再通過食物鏈積累循環(huán)，使其

2、危害無所不在。第五章從土壤的產(chǎn)生過程、微小生物的腐爛降解作用實現(xiàn)生物圈循環(huán)、以及一些生活在土壤里的昆蟲（蚯蚓）的作用等方面，說明土壤與生命之間是相互依賴的關系，生命創(chuàng)造了土壤而異常豐富多彩的生命物質(zhì)也生存與土壤之中”從而形成一個交織的生命網(wǎng)。但=是有毒的殺蟲劑則會殺害這些有益共生體，破壞土壤的生物平衡，而且這些化學藥劑并不會稀疏消失而會長期殘留在土壤中，并慢慢積累，越來越多，這些殺蟲劑會被土壤上的植被吸收，致使我的食物來源長期受到污染。第六章開頭舉例鼠尾草與又鳥鼠尾草與尖角羚羊之間相互平衡的自然系統(tǒng)由于人們?yōu)?達到眼前的利益鏟除鼠尾草地，使這個生態(tài)系統(tǒng)遭到了破壞，這里的其他生物也跟著消失， 土

3、地變得貧瘠。這指出了因消滅鼠尾草而出現(xiàn)的首要的影響。接著又指出了因其采取的消滅手法一一噴藥槍而帶來的更深層次的影響：噴藥槍殺死了鼠尾草的同時還一并殺死了其他的植物，進而影響更多的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，人們因此遭受風景及與風景有關的各種利益的無限損失。 接著作者通過金盞草消滅線蟲這個例子說明，雜草并不是都無益的， 我們不該在尚不了解一些植物是否會對土壤起有益作用之前殘忍的將其根除。最后作者提議利用食物鏈的關系引入相應昆蟲以抑制雜草的生長。第七-十章，講了幾個關于殺蟲劑使用破壞環(huán)境的具體案例。比較通俗易懂。它包括美 國中西部為了消滅日本甲蟲的大噴灑，為了治理榆樹病噴藥導致的鳥類滅絕，藥劑進入水體導致魚類的滅絕

4、，為消滅火蟻導致的野生動物滅絕和奶牛體內(nèi)化學物質(zhì)富集。第十一章繼續(xù)在言語上強調(diào)農(nóng)藥的危害，以及舉了日常生活的幾個例子來說明其廣泛的危害性，還提到美國的藥物管制的不健全，使得殺蟲劑被濫用， 試圖讓所有人重視農(nóng)藥被掩蓋忽視的具有很大危害的事實。第十二章講毒素會存儲在人類身體的肝臟中，影響肝臟正常功能的發(fā)揮，并降低肝臟對疾病的抵抗力引發(fā)肝炎肝硬化等肝臟疾病。還指出殺蟲劑能直接影響神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)，患者會出現(xiàn)刺痛、發(fā)熱、疲勞、四肢疼痛、神經(jīng)性緊張痙攣等急性中毒癥狀，及健忘、失眠、做惡夢、 癲狂、肌肉萎縮等長期的后遺癥的影響。第十三、十四章用大量的生物學知識來論述氯化烴和有機磷酸鹽干擾細胞的原理，對線粒體和DN

5、A的破壞和致癌作用，增加了其理論的權威性。第十五章論述昆蟲超強的繁殖能力，指出殺蟲劑是消滅不了昆蟲的，蟲災再消滅幾年后又會再次出現(xiàn)，并且更具破壞性。更糟糕的是，殺蟲劑的藥效并不是選擇性的，它除了殺死 害蟲之外，還會把害蟲的天敵一起消滅。并指出有效的昆蟲控制需要由自然界來完成，可是只有2%的科學人員在研究生物控制，而剩下的98%都被受聘去研究化學殺蟲劑。第十六章講大量使用殺蟲劑的后果是昆蟲出現(xiàn)了抗藥性，并帶來了等大的麻煩。 隨著昆蟲抗藥性的不斷提高，人們不得不用一種殺蟲劑替代另一種殺蟲劑，這樣無限的繼續(xù)下去人類會面臨死亡的困境。在回答人是否也會產(chǎn)生抗藥性的問題上，作者人為人一個世紀只能演化三代，

6、昆蟲十幾天就是一代，拼殺蟲劑，人不可能是昆蟲對手。第十七章最后呼吁， 我們要做出正確的選擇， 尋求有效的生物控制的方法，例如用放射性來使昆蟲不育；利用昆蟲本身的生活特征來制造消滅昆蟲的武器：作者舉的例子是用吸引劑來迷惑雄蛾，從而改變它的正常行為， 干擾其與雌蛾配偶來達到控制繁殖的目的；利用微生物控制昆蟲、利用病毒消滅昆蟲，昆蟲病菌具有專一性，所引發(fā)的疾病只局限在昆蟲之中， 因此不用擔心其負面影響； 通過引入昆蟲的天敵來控制蟲災，作者舉出了幾個例子說明其可行性?？偨Y：整本書就是在講殺蟲劑的危害，并輔以大量的例子，以今天的角度看，她的文字里充滿了感情，同時掩蓋了科學性， 有一點激進，在當時煽動起了

7、大眾不必要的狂熱， 禁用 DDT導致的瘧疾肆虐殺死了 2000萬人。至今仍有許多人質(zhì)疑它。同時正是這本不尋常的書，在世界范圍內(nèi)引起人們對野生動物的關注，喚起了人們的環(huán)境意識，這本書同時引發(fā)了公眾對環(huán)境問題的注意，促使環(huán)境保護問題提到了各國政府面前，各種環(huán)境保護組織紛紛成立，從而促使聯(lián)合國于1972年6月12日在斯德哥爾摩召開了人類環(huán)境大會”，并由各國簽署了 人類環(huán)境宣言”，開始了環(huán)境保護事業(yè)。在歷史的角度講，這本書是具有革命性的。也有科學家指出，她的書有些危言聳聽，比如科學未證實DDT對人體的致癌作用。但是不可否認，這本書確實There was a strange stillness. The

8、 birds, for example where had the y gone? ”“The feeding stations in the backyards were deserted. The few birds see n any where were morib und; they trembled viole ntly and c ould not fly. It was spring without voices. ”“On the farms the hens brooded, but no chicks hatched. ”“The roadsides, once so a

9、ttractive, were now lined with browned and withered vegetationas though sweptby fire. These, too, were silent, deserted by all living things. Even the streams were now lifeless. ”This is a strange scene described by Rachel Carson, who is regarde d as “ the mother of modernenvironmentalprotectionmove

10、ment ”。Silent Spring is her representative work which lighted the fire of enviro nmental protection in America and the whole world. Before 1960s, nobooks or magazines talked about things like environment and ecosyste m. Such a phe nomenonmeans that en vir onmen tal protect ion had notcome to people

11、' s mind and the social con scious ness. In deed, the mai n opinion in human society from the very past about nature is to “set war against ” or “conquer ” it. In fact, many of human ' s progresses are made on the base of such opinion. Rachel Carson was the first per son who doubted the corr

12、ectnessof the belief and brought the topicunder focus.In Silent Spring, Carson described a miserable village which was dy ing under the using of DDT. The village used to be prosperousand beautiful.“In spring, white clouds of bloom drifted above the green fields. In autumn, oak and maple and birch se

13、t up a blaze of color that fl amed and flickered across a backdrop of pines. Then foxed barked in t he hills and deer silently crossed the fields, half hidden in the mists of the fall mornings. ” She thought that with the using of variety kinds of pesticide, especially DDTs, the village suffered eno

14、rmous and irrever sible damage and gradually withered and died. Soon it became just lik e the one described in the beg inning. From her fine and smooth descr ibing, I can even feel the groan of the town. Moreover Carson also sh arply pointedout that the deep-seated cause for the environmentalproblem

15、 is the human ' s arroganee and ignorance. So she asked people to correct the attitude toward the nature and reconsidered the develo ping path of human being.Carson thought that because of the antibodyand differentiation,pesticides would never be completely useful. On the contrary, those mo re a

16、nd more pois onous medic in es, because of the en richme nt effect, w ould accumulate in humans ' body. It' s quite sarcastic that we hurt o urselves much badly while hurting the others. Then she analyzed many poisonous components in pesticides. Those are all unfamiliar names e xcept DDT, su

17、ch as chlorda ne,chlor on aphthale ne,compo und 497, etc.Those things reallymakeme feelscared. Weare onthe top of the food chain, and it issucha perfectandfragilesystem.We human beings are just part of it and we depend on all of the creatures who st ay on the lower positions. It is so hard and ridic

18、ulous to try to match the nature.” Only inthestate does man have a rationalexistenee. ” Every species have theirvalueto be onthisworld.Then no one knowswhat would happenedif weforce them todisappear. Forexample, let's imaginethe food chainas a meticulouslymade castlebuilt by billions of littlebl

19、ocks andwehuman beings arethe top one.There mightbe severaltiny blocksonthe bottom whichyou think isuseless and dispensable. But what would happen if we take them away? Perhaps not hing happened, and perhaps the whole castle ruined.Destructionis always much easier than recovery, not countingthose in

20、 curableon es.Huma nsalways th ink thatwe aremuch cleverertha nthe otheranimals, so webecomemore and moreconceited andfirmly believe that weare theking. Wedidn ' tsee thatthe nature isso magical andknowshow torevenge.The payback ismuch more violentand cruel. We need balanee and order. The nature

21、 has its own rule. Our aim is to use it and live in harmony with it. The ecosystem is so delicate that even a tiny disturbaneecouldlead an unexpectedconsequence, just like the butterfly effect.At the last chapter, some scientists came up with other ways to so lve the pestproblembioticcontrol. Therei

22、snowa stronglyrunningtide of in terest in chemical sterility.Thosesterile in sects arereleasedand mate the normal ones sothat they won't haveanylarvaand getexti net gradually. This “ soluti on ” seems to be reas on able and helpful, but thinkingabout it carefully,you ' ll find thatit isjusta

23、nother way to ruin the food chain castle. Not only spring, but also summer and au tumn wouldbe still and silentin the future.It is lucky that Rachel still kept her mind clear. She didn ' t agree with the way of conquering the nature. At the very end of the book, s he wrote, “The controlof nature ' is a phrase conceived in arrogance, born of the Neanderthal age of biology and philosophy,when it wa s supposed that nature exists for the convenience of man. ” This sente nee can be regarded as the book ' s theme topic which is widely quot ed in all kinds of articl