(完整)(精品)初中英語長難句——語篇從句講義(初中學(xué)生版)

1、初中英語閱讀理解之長難句分析講義語篇學(xué)語法從句I arrived in London on a foggy day, to go to a very important meeting. The place where the meeting was going to be hedl was on the other side of the town. All traffic came to a stopbecause the drivers were not able to see more than a yard in front of them. The meeting would be

2、gin at 9:00, so I decided to go there on foot.Minutes later, I was completely lost. I stood there and thought that I would have to phone to the meeting to explain that I was not able to arrive there on time. Then I heard a young man 's voice coming out of the fog, “ Isuppose you are lost. Can I

3、help you?” I was very glad to have a man who could take me to the meeting. Afterward I told him where I wanted to go, took his arm, and we started. We walked quite fast, turning corners and crossing roads.As I followed him through the dark streets, I wondered why he found his way so easily. “I know

4、this part of London quite well, ” he said.“But in such a fog it's impossible to see anything”, I said.“ Iam blind, sir.” he answered,“ In the fog, it is exactly the same for me as usua”l.在英語語法中，按照句子結(jié)構(gòu)，英語句子主要可以分為三種類型：簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合 句。1. 簡單句 ：最基本的句子類型，一個句子中只含有一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。Eg： My uncle gives me a camera.2. 并

5、列句 ：由兩個或兩個以上獨立的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)或簡單句并列在一起的，通常用并列連詞 來連接兩個或兩個以上的句子，Eg： Jim went to the party last night, but his wife didn 't.Study hard and you will make progress.3. 復(fù)合句 ：由一個主句與一個或一個以上的從句（從句有相應(yīng)的連詞引導(dǎo)）組成的句子。因此，復(fù)合句含有兩個或兩個以上的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)（完整的句子） ，句子與句子之間用連接詞 連 接。其中，主句部分可以獨立存在，但從句擔(dān)當(dāng)了主句某一句子成分，故通常不能獨立 存在。 根據(jù)從句在句子中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?，可以將其?/p>

6、為 6 類，即主語從句、表語從句、賓語從 句、同位語從句、定語從句和狀語從句。從句的本質(zhì) ：名詞性從句1. 主語從句 ： ，而不是用單詞或短語來充當(dāng)主語。eg: (1) What you need is more practice.(2) When the meeting will be held has not been announced.(3) That he will not attend the meeting is clear.(4) Whether it will do us harm or good is unknown.注： 有時，為了避免將太長的主語放在句首而使句子顯得頭重

7、腳輕，通常用代詞it 做形式主語，而將真正的主語從句放到句子的后面。例如：(1) It is clear that he will not attend the meeting.(2) It is unknown whether it will do us harm or good.主語從句引導(dǎo)詞 ：連詞 that (在從句中不擔(dān)任成分，本身沒有詞義) ， 連詞 whether(意思是“是否” ) 連接代詞 what， whatever， who，whoever，which 等引導(dǎo)， 連接副詞 when， where， how，why 等引導(dǎo)。2. 表語從句： 。跟在系動詞后面的句子成分就是表

8、語。eg: (1) That is what I want to say. (what 在從句中充當(dāng) ，不能省略)(2) My opinion is that we should make a decision right now.(that 只引導(dǎo)，本身無詞義，在從句中也不充當(dāng)任何句子成分，可以省略)(3) The problem is who should be responsible for this car accident.(who 在從句中當(dāng) ，不能省略)(4) What I want to know (從句 )is who is in charge of the work(從句)

9、 .(用于引導(dǎo)從句的 what和引導(dǎo)從句的 who都不能省略 )(5) It looks as if it 's going to rain. (looks 是系動詞 )3. 賓語從句： ，在動詞或介詞的后面通常都跟有賓語。引導(dǎo)賓語從句的連接詞與主語從句和表語從句一樣， 是 that, whether ( if ), who，whoever， which，when，where, how, why， what，whatever 等。例如本文中出現(xiàn)的幾個賓語從句：(1) I stood there and thought that I would have to phone to the

10、meeting to explain that I was not able to arrive there on time第. 句是 thought的賓語從句，第句是 explain 的賓語從句。(2) I suppose you are lost.(這是 suppose的賓語從句，省略了 that).(3) Afterward I told him where I wanted to go, took his arm, and we started.(這是 told 的賓語從句，充當(dāng)間接賓語，引導(dǎo)詞 where 在從句中充當(dāng)狀語)(4) I wondered why he found hi

11、s way so easily.(wondered的賓從，why在從句中充當(dāng)狀語) 另外 ：賓語從句除了可以跟在及物動詞之后外， 還可以跟在介詞的后面， 充當(dāng)介詞的賓語 Eg： Your composition is quite good except that there are some spelling mistakes.(充當(dāng)介詞 except 的賓語)What we should take with us (主語從句) depends on where we'll stay.(充當(dāng)介詞 on 的賓語)在使用賓語從句時，要注意：1) 賓語從句的時態(tài) 當(dāng)主句是過去時的某種時態(tài)時，

12、從句的時態(tài)也要用相應(yīng)的過去時的時態(tài)。Eg：The teacher asked him whether he had studied English for 6 years.但如果主句是現(xiàn)在的時態(tài)，則從句的時態(tài)根據(jù)從句本身的實際情況而定。Eg：I am glad that you passed the exam.2) that 在引導(dǎo)賓語從句通常都省略，如上文中的第句。3) 如果主句中 it 做形式賓語，而 that 引導(dǎo)賓語從句是真正的賓語時， that 不能省略。Eg： Many students take it for granted that their parents should d

13、o everything for them.(it 是形式賓語， that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句是真正的賓語，不能省略 that)形容詞性從句5. 定語從句： 。在全句中 相當(dāng)于形容詞 ，用來修飾先行詞(即被定 語從句修飾的詞)名詞或代詞，或修飾整個主句。定語從句屬于非獨立性從句，本身不 能獨立存在，應(yīng)該緊跟在它的先行詞之后。根據(jù)與先行詞之間關(guān)系的密切程度，定語從句分 為兩類：限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。 由關(guān)系代詞 (who, whom, whose, which, that, as) 或關(guān)系副詞 (when, where, why)引導(dǎo)的從句，限制性定語從句： 與先行詞的關(guān)系密切， 如果將

14、定語從句刪掉， 那么剩下的主句部分就會 含混不清，另外，限制性定語從句之前不用標(biāo)點符號。如上文中： The place where the meeting was going to be hedl was on the other side of the town.I was very glad to have a man who could take me to the meeting. 非限制性定語從句： 對先行詞做進一步的解釋或說明， 如果刪除掉，不影響整個句子的基 本意思，通常用逗號與主句部分分開。例如：(1) A student, whose name I do'nt kno

15、w, comes to see you.(2) They will fly to London, where they plan to stay for a week.(3) Tom didn't pass the maths exam, which made his parents angry.(4) One of the most senic areas is the Loire Valley, where you can visit the old castles in which the kings and queens of France used to live.分析： 在

16、上文第句 The place where the meeting was going to be hedl was on the other side of the town.中，主句部分是 The place was on the other side of the town. 由關(guān)系副詞 where 引導(dǎo)的從句 where the meeting was going to be held是表示地點的先行詞 the place的定語，引導(dǎo) 詞 where 在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c狀語 , 相當(dāng)于 in the place。注 1：需要注意的是，當(dāng)先行詞是表示地點的名詞時， 引導(dǎo)詞可以是關(guān)系代詞 th

17、at 或 which ， 但有時也用關(guān)系副詞 where。例如：(1) This is the place which / that we visited last year.(2) This is the place where I once worked.具體區(qū)別在于：引導(dǎo)詞 that 或 which 是關(guān)系代詞，在從句中要充當(dāng)主語或賓語。在第(1)句中， which / that在定語從句中相當(dāng)于做 的 語；而引導(dǎo)詞where 是關(guān)系副詞，在定語從句中只能擔(dān)當(dāng)狀語，如第 (2)句中， where 做的 語，相當(dāng)于 ，從句可以理解為： .注 2：另外，當(dāng)先行詞是表示時間的名詞時，定語從句的

18、引導(dǎo)詞同樣可以是 that 或 which ， 有時也用 when，其區(qū)別也是如此： that / which 在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語或賓語，而關(guān)系副詞 when 則在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中充當(dāng)時間狀語。例如：(1)We often think of the days which / that we spent together on the island.(2)We often think of the days when we worked together in the town.雖然這兩個句子的先行詞都是 the days，但是在第一句中， which / that 相當(dāng)于 ， 在定語從句中

19、做謂語動詞 的語；在第二句中， when 相當(dāng)于,，在定語從句中做 語：還有一個關(guān)系副詞 why 可以用于引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，其先行詞只能是 reason，why 指 原因，在定語從句中只能做原因狀語。例如：The reason why I was late for the class was that I missed the bus.在上文的第句中： I was very glad to have a man who could take me to the meeting主. 句 部分是 I was very glad to have a man，定語從句是由關(guān)系代詞 who 引導(dǎo)的，其

20、先行詞是 a man。 當(dāng)先行詞是人時，其定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞可以是 who， whom,也可以是 that。例如：Where is the man (who / whom / that) I saw yesterday.用于引導(dǎo)定語從句中引導(dǎo)詞還有關(guān)系代詞 whom, whose, which 和 as，其具體用法如下：1. whom: 先行詞必須是人， whom 在定語從句中只能做賓語。例如：He is the man whom I met yesterday.該句中的 whom 可以換成 who 或 that，也可以省略。 who 和 that 在定語從句中可以充當(dāng) 主語和賓語，因此，當(dāng)定語

21、從句的引導(dǎo)詞在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)賓語時， who， that和 whom 可以互 換，也可以省略。但是，如果在 引導(dǎo)詞前面出現(xiàn)了介詞，則只能使用 whom 。例如：I like my English teacher, from whom I learn a lot. 如果先行詞是并列情況，既有人又有物時，只能用that。例如：They talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited.（先行詞既有人 teachers，又有物 schools）2. whose:相當(dāng)于形容詞性的物主代詞， 是唯一一個可以在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中充當(dāng)定語的

22、引導(dǎo)詞，其先行詞可以是物，也可以是人。例如：（1） You are the only person whose advice he might listen to.（ 先行詞是人）（2） I 'd like a room whose window faces south. （先行詞是物）3. which: 其先行詞只能是物，在定語從句中做主語或賓語，在做賓語時，可以省略。多 數(shù)情況下可以與 that 互換。例如：（1） This is the photo which shows my little pet cat.（ which 在定語從句中做主語，不能省略，可以換成 that）（2）

23、 I 've lost the watch which I bought last week.（ which 在定語從句中做 bought 的賓語，可以省略，可以換成 that）但是，which 可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句， 或指代前面整個主句的意思， 而 that 卻不可以。 eg：They have three houses, which are built of stone.（ which 在引導(dǎo)一個非限制性定語從句）She married Tom, which surprised everyone. （which指 She married Tom這件事，不能用 that） 如果在

24、表示物的先行詞后面有介詞，引導(dǎo)詞不能用 that，只能用 which。例如：The train on which she was traveling was late.4. as:關(guān)系代詞，常用于兩個句型中：suchas（像一樣的），the same as （和 同樣的），其中， such 和 same作定語，修飾主句中的名詞或代詞先行詞， as在所引導(dǎo)的 定語從句中擔(dān)任主語、賓語和表語。例如：Such countries as lie in the Middle America are small in area.（such 修飾先行詞 countries，as在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中充當(dāng)主語）

25、He is not the same man as he was.（the same修飾先行詞 man， as在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中充當(dāng)表語）另外，as 還可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句， 所引導(dǎo)的定語從句可以位于主句的后面， 也可以 位于主句的前面，用來指代整個句子或主句的一部分，并對其加以補充或說明。例如： This elephant is like a snake, as / which everybody can see. （which 在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的 時候，只能放在主句的后面。 ）As everybody can see, this elephant is like a snake

26、.副詞性從句6. 狀語從句： ，可以修飾謂語或整個句子?？梢员硎镜攸c、 時間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、讓步、方式、比較、條件等。時間狀語從句：常用于引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的連詞有： when, while, as, as soon as, before, after, till, until, since, directly, immediately, the moment / second / minute / instant （that）（一就） , every time（每次） , each time（每次）等。例如上文中的第句：As I followed him through the dark

27、streets, I wondered why he found his way so easily.Eg: I 'll tell him the news the minute he gets here.I was watching TV when my mother came in.Do not stop every time you come to a word or phrasey ou don ' t know.I ' sllpeak to him as soon as he comes back.The young man phoned his mother

28、 immediately he reached the university.He had scarcely entered the room when it began to rain.地點狀語從句 ：常用于引導(dǎo)地點狀語從句的連詞有 where 和 wherever。例如：Where there is a will, there is a way.原因狀語從句： 常用于引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的連詞有： because, since（now that）, as, fo等r 。 例如上文中的第句話： All traffic came to a stop because the drivers were

29、 not able to see more than a yard in front of them.目的狀語從句： 常由連詞 so that, so that, in order that 引導(dǎo)。例如：Eg: He studies very hard so that he may pass the final exam.He studies so hard that he may pass the final exam.結(jié)果狀語從句： 常由連詞 so that, so that, such that等引導(dǎo)。例如：He spoke very clearly so that I understo

30、od him quite well.讓步狀語從句： 多由連詞 though（雖然） , although（雖然） , even if（即使） , even though（即 使） , while （然而） , whereas（盡管，但是）等引導(dǎo)。例如：Although it is winter, it is not very cold. （although 同于 though，注意不要與 but 連用）Even if it is raining, we 'll go. （同于 even though）They want a house, whereas we would rather

31、live in a flat.方式狀語從句： 多由 as, as if, though引導(dǎo)。例如：I have changed the plan as you suggest.Out teacher loves us as if / as though we were her childre（n.從句中使用了虛擬語氣） 比較狀語從句： 常用 than 和 as引導(dǎo)。例如：This question is more difficult than I thought.條件狀語從句： 由連詞 if, unless （= if not）（如果不）, given （that）（鑒于、如果）, suppo

32、sing （that） （假如） , assuming （that）（假如） , providing （that）（假如）等引導(dǎo)。例如：If it rains tomorrow, we will not go to the park.Unless he studies hard, he will never pass the examination.注意： if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句有兩種情況：一種是表示可能成為現(xiàn)實的情況，即真實條件 句；但是如果假設(shè)的情況完全不存在或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性極小，可以說幾乎沒有時，就是非真實 條件句，即虛擬條件句（虛擬語氣） 。結(jié)論：無論是哪一類從句， 本質(zhì)都是 ，必須是

33、一個完整的句子， 要具備完整的句子結(jié)構(gòu)； 其次，必須有連詞引起句子； 第三，從句都應(yīng)使用陳述語序 （這是為什么呢？）。大顯身手：Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence, there are 4 choices of wordsmarked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentences.1. Do you remember the day he fell off the tree?

34、A. which B. that C. when D. where2. It wasn' stuch a good dinner she had promised us.A. thatB. whichC. asD. what3. The baby didn't stop crying the mother came in.A. untilB. whenC. as soon asD. as4. You see the lightning it happens, but you hear the thunder later.A. in the minuteB. the minute

35、C. for the minuteD. on the minute5. I have not found my book yet; I am not sure I could have done with it.A. whetherB. whyC. whatD. when6. Although Anne is happy with her success , she wonders will happen to her family.A. thatB. whatC. itD. this7. There is no doubt he will soon come .A. thatB. whyC. ifD. whether8. Don't go into that old house there are many mice.A.