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1、Chemicals: water, inorganic ions, small molecules, macromoleculesCritical difference:Compartmentalization(區(qū)室化)(區(qū)室化)原核細(xì)胞原核細(xì)胞 prokaryotic cell真核細(xì)胞真核細(xì)胞 eukaryotic cellThe nucleus:a compartment of DNA1. What is the structure of the nucleus 1. What is the structure of the nucleus ? ?interphase- mitosis p

2、hase 分裂間期分裂間期- -有絲分裂期有絲分裂期2.2. What are the chemical components of What are the chemical components of the nucleus ? the nucleus ? 3. What are the functions of the nucleus 3. What are the functions of the nucleus ? ?The functions of the nucleus:1. Storage of genetic materials2. Replication of DNA3.

3、Synthesis and processing of RNA visible at the interphase分裂間期可見Disappeared at the mitosis phase分裂期消失DNA dye- stained cellsCells in the root of plantMammalian cells in culture(DNA fluorescent dye)Muscle tissue (H&E stain)Nucleus & Chromosomes1. Nuclear envelope2. Chromatin and chromosome3. Th

4、e functions of the nucleus:3.1 DNA replication3.2 DNA damage repair3.3 gene transcription 4. Nucleole5. Nucleus & diseases(Essential Cell Biology Chapt.5 醫(yī)學(xué)細(xì)胞生物學(xué) 第四章)Nuclear envelope (Nuclear membrane)LM:boundary EM:double membranesLight MicroscopeElectron Microscope(1) nuclear envelope and nucl

5、ear poreSeparate and also connect the nucleus and the cytoplasm, Nuclear envelope (nuclear membranes) Inner & out nuclear membrane:A membrane that separates the nucleus and cytoplasm.ONM: links to the membrane of the Endoplasmic ReticulumINM: contacts to the nuclear laminaPerinuclear space:a spa

6、ce that ONM and INM surrounds. a space open to the lumen of the ERPerinuclear spaceAn expansion of ER lumenNuclear poreNuclear pore:the pores on the nuclear membrane, where the INM and ONM fuse to each otherNuclear pore complex:A protein complex that lines at and constructs the nuclear poreThe nucle

7、ar pores ( electron micrograph)The nuclear pore complex (electron micrographs; left upper: illustrating cartoon)The functions of the nuclear pore complex:A aqueous, selective, bidirectional channel with diameter 925nm,To separate and connect the nucleus and the cytoplasm1、Small molecules 5,000Da (9n

8、m) : defuse freely2、Larger molecules (9-25nm): depend on the active transport by the nuclear pore complexQ1Q1:whowho enter and exit the nuclear pores enter and exit the nuclear pores ? (answer after todays lessons and review of Chpt 4) (or &17 )u could be an examination questionu open to discuss

9、ion onlinecytoplasmnucleusThe protein destined for nucleus Nuclear import receptorFibers of nuclear poreQ2Q2:HowHow can the nuclear pores be enlarged can the nuclear pores be enlarged? (answer after todays lessons and preview of Chpt 17 )u could be an examination questionu open to discussion onlineN

10、uclear lamina A net shell underneath the INM of the high eucaryocytes, which consists of fibrous proteinsnuclear lamina ( electron micrographs)Progeria(早老癥)(早老癥): genetic deficiency in genes encoding LAMINs (nuclear lamina proteins)Normal nuclear laminaNuclear lamina of the patientsTo form the nucle

11、ar membrane and to construct the chromosomes1、Supports the nuclear membrane in interphase, and regulates the de-assembly and reassembly of the nuclear membrane in mitotic phase 2、Provides the anchorage sites for the chromosomes in interphase, and regulates the construction of chromosomes in mitotic

12、phase The functions of the nuclear lamina:Q3Q3:WhatWhat 3 pictures with a sentence for each you 3 pictures with a sentence for each you want to use to decipher the nuclear lamina in want to use to decipher the nuclear lamina in interphaseinterphase?u open to discussion online轉(zhuǎn)錄翻譯(2) nuclear envelope

13、 separates two events of gene expression:transcription in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm, transcriptiontranslation(3) de-assembly and re-assembly of the nuclear envelope during mitosisNote: Memorize Note: Memorize the conceptthe concept without knowing too much without knowing too much

14、 detailsdetailsSummary: the functions of nuclear membrane2. Communication1. Isolation (compartmentalization)3. Anchorage sites for chromosomesChromatin & Chromosome (1) Chromatines and chromosomes have similar chemical compositionbut distinct morphology and structureMorphology :間期間期-分裂期分裂期Interp

15、hase Interphase mitotic phase mitotic phase光鏡下骨骼肌細(xì)胞核(蘇木素染色)光鏡下骨骼肌細(xì)胞核(蘇木素染色)透射電鏡下超薄切片核內(nèi)染色質(zhì)透射電鏡下超薄切片核內(nèi)染色質(zhì)電鏡整裝樣品呈纖維狀的染色質(zhì)電鏡整裝樣品呈纖維狀的染色質(zhì)chromatin:interphase:an extended fine and long linear structure,tangles to each other Are dot- or patch-like on ultrathin sections (lateral cut)heterochromatin:beneath I

16、NM、peri-nucleolus and distributed, high electron densityeuchromatin:the light areas between heterochromatin Whole-mount sample: fibrousCan be stained under light microscope; invisible structurekaryotypeBanding patternNucleolar organizer(rRNA genes)著絲粒著絲粒掃描電鏡下分裂中期染色體掃描電鏡下分裂中期染色體chromosome:Mitotic pha

17、se:coil, condensed, bar-like(visible under both LM and EM)LM:bar-likekaryotype:after being “painted”, the homologous chromosomes are numbered and arranged in pair to allow identification of the shapes and number of chromosomesbanding pattern:fluorescent dyes staining to allow identification of the c

18、hromosomesScanning EM: H shaped(sister chromotids link at the centromere)interphaseM (anaphase)M (metaphase)M(prophase)間期染色質(zhì)間期染色質(zhì)分裂中期染色體分裂中期染色體染色質(zhì)染色質(zhì)chromatin染色體染色體chromosome proteinspackage(folding, condensing)Chemical composition & structure(1) DNA(double helix)(2)Chromosome proteinsChromatin

19、/chromosome1. histon2. non-histonDNA 49histon 49Non-histona littleRNA very littleThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1910in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances Albrecht Kossel Germany University

20、 of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany b. 1853d. 1927 (2) Specific sequences required for expression of the genetic information and replication of the genetic material are aligned on DNA molecules l The sequences for the expression of the genetic information (genes)l Genome and geneslThe sequences essen

21、tial for DNA replication (replication origins, centromere, telomeres) 間期間期-分裂期分裂期Interphase Interphase mitotic phase mitotic phaseThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962Francis H a r r y Compton Crick J a m e s D e w e y Watson M a u r i c e Hugh Frederick Wilkins for their discoveries concer

22、ning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material Genes: the specific sequences on DNAGene: DNA sequences capable of generating the functional RNA. Gene is the unit of expression of genetic information. Functional RNA molecules mRNA:coding

23、 RNA (that encodes proteins) ) rRNA & tRNA:structual RNA(non-coding RNAs) many other non-coding RNAs proteintranslation表12 1 人第22條號染色體和整個基因組的一些統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù) 22號染色體 整個人類基因組 DNA長度 48 106 核苷酸對(bp) 3.2 109 bp 基因數(shù)目 700個左右 30,000個左右 編碼蛋白的最小基因 1000 bp 未分析 編碼蛋白的最大基因 583,000 bp 2.4 106 bp 平均基因大小平均基因大小 19,000 bp 2

24、7,000 bp 每個基因中外顯子最少個數(shù) 1 1 每個基因中外顯子最多個數(shù) 54 178 每個基因中外顯子平均個數(shù) 5.4 8.8 最小外顯子大小 8 bp 未分析 最大外顯子大小 7600 bp 17,106 bp 平均外顯子大小 266 bp 145 bp DNA序列位于外顯子中的百分比序列位于外顯子中的百分比 3% 1.5%人類基因組研究揭示令人驚訝的數(shù)據(jù):人類基因組研究揭示令人驚訝的數(shù)據(jù): 1、基因組很大,基因不大 2、基因中外顯子序列很少Essentiel elements of a chromasomeThree elements are essential for the re

25、plication and distribution of each chromosomel multiple replication origines where DNA replication initiates during S phase (interphase)l one centromere on which the spindle fibers attach during mitosisl two telomeres the ends of the chromosomesQ4Q4:Which Which part in this cartoon may be misleading

26、, part in this cartoon may be misleading, and and WhyWhy ?u open to discussion online(3) Chromosome proteins are responsible for the package of DNA molecules and the regulation of gene expression l histonl non-histon 間期間期-分裂期分裂期Interphase Interphase mitotic phase mitotic phase組蛋白組蛋白histon Equal to D

27、NA in quantity Small molecular weight Rich in the positive charged a.a(arginin/lysine, R/K)that neutralize the negative charge of DNA 5 types: H1 - H1 histonH2AH2BH3H4Nucleosome histonThe functions of histon:1. To construct the chromosomes2. To regulate the gene expression Q 5Q 5:how do they do so h

28、ow do they do so ?非組蛋白非組蛋白non-histonnon-histon Much less abundant than histon Many types Recognize and bind with the specific sequences of DNA Functions vary: - to construct the chromosome - to initiate DNA replication - to regulate the gene expression(4) DNA molecules undergo an ordered packagel ch

29、romatinl chromosome Interphase Interphase mitotic phase mitotic phase多個層次的包裝:多個層次的包裝: 串珠樣結(jié)構(gòu)-核小體nucleosomes 30nm纖維 30nm fibers 球狀結(jié)構(gòu) global structure意義:1.使纖長的DNA雙螺旋分子經(jīng)反復(fù)折疊而大大縮短(5cm5m)2. 有利于轉(zhuǎn)錄和復(fù)制的高效準(zhǔn)確進(jìn)行包裝包裝(折疊、緊縮折疊、緊縮)雙螺旋雙螺旋包裝包裝(折疊、緊縮折疊、緊縮)?3030nmnm染色質(zhì)纖維染色質(zhì)纖維串珠狀纖維串珠狀纖維“beads-on-a-string” (核小體核小體nucleos

30、omes)(常見形式)(double helix 5cm2cm nucleosomes)The package of the nucleosomes into 30nm fiber depends on1. H12. The tails of nucleosome histon 返回組蛋白組蛋白H1H1幫助把相鄰幫助把相鄰核小體拉在一起核小體拉在一起, ,折疊成折疊成直徑直徑3030nmnm 的規(guī)則結(jié)構(gòu)。的規(guī)則結(jié)構(gòu)。H2AH2A、H2BH2B、H3H3、H4H4四個亞基的肽鏈尾部伸出,與四個亞基的肽鏈尾部伸出,與相鄰核小體發(fā)生作用相鄰核小體發(fā)生作用Higher (global) structu

31、re:Loop & supercoil( 0.1cm 5m )30nm fiber folds into the loops based on non-histon scaffold. The loops extend when genes they contain are transcribed.襻環(huán)loop一段一段DNA雙螺旋雙螺旋染色質(zhì)串珠結(jié)構(gòu)染色質(zhì)串珠結(jié)構(gòu)染色體上呈伸展染色體上呈伸展?fàn)顟B(tài)的某個區(qū)段狀態(tài)的某個區(qū)段染色體的緊縮狀態(tài)染色體的緊縮狀態(tài)整個中期染色體整個中期染色體卡通30nm染色質(zhì)纖維染色質(zhì)纖維間期和分裂期染色體的包裝間期和分裂期染色體的包裝(5) DNA package

32、 is correlated withthe regulation of gene expressionl euchromatinl heterochromatinInterphase Interphase mitotic phase mitotic phase30nm纖維在DNA轉(zhuǎn)錄和復(fù)制時,以襻環(huán)為單位 發(fā)生松解,伸展成串珠狀纖維或DNA雙螺旋The nucleosomes are remodeled to expose the double helix.Histon tails are modified:condensed or de-condensed.heterochromatine

33、uchromatineuchromatinThe nucleus ( electron micrograph)heterochromatine Most condensed form in a chromosome in interphase 10% sequences are wrapped in Telomeres and centromere Combined by a lot of proteins EM examination of nuclei reveals three predominant structures: heterochomatin, euchromatin and

34、 the nucleolus . Densely packed heterochromatin is not commonly transcribed, in contrast to active, more loosely packed, euchromatin. Implications? 1. telomeres and centromere(contain no genes) 2. gene silencingChromatin structure vs gene expression雌性動物所有細(xì)胞中都僅有1條X染色體??赡芤?yàn)殡p倍X X染色體是致死的,在胚胎發(fā)育過程中1條X X染色

35、體通染色體通過隨機(jī)變成過隨機(jī)變成異染色質(zhì)異染色質(zhì)而永久失活而永久失活。此后,這條失活X X染色體遺傳給后代細(xì)胞,但在細(xì)胞受精后會重新活化為常染色質(zhì)最令人驚異的例子:整條染色體異染色質(zhì)化,最令人驚異的例子:整條染色體異染色質(zhì)化,X 染色體成為巴氏小體染色體成為巴氏小體Barr 小體小體決定黑毛和黃毛的基因分別位于兩條決定黑毛和黃毛的基因分別位于兩條X染色體。胚胎發(fā)育早期,不染色體。胚胎發(fā)育早期,不同細(xì)胞中整條同細(xì)胞中整條X染色體異染色質(zhì)化,造成不同細(xì)胞只含黑毛或黃毛染色體異染色質(zhì)化,造成不同細(xì)胞只含黑毛或黃毛基因。黑斑或黃斑分別來源于這兩種細(xì)胞。基因。黑斑或黃斑分別來源于這兩種細(xì)胞。(這種貓是雌

36、還是雄?)Calico 貓的奇麗皮毛:貓的奇麗皮毛:雌性的細(xì)胞核中巴氏小體核仁核仁巴氏小體巴氏小體發(fā)發(fā)生生異異染染色色質(zhì)質(zhì)化化的的X染色體染色體:巴巴氏氏小小體體Figure Q5-15 Essential Cell Biology ( Garland Science 2010)Q6Q6:which cell has more active gene transcription which cell has more active gene transcription ?(6) The functions of thechromatine and the chromosomeThe carri

37、ers of genetic materials(1) DNA replication and division(2) DNA transcription 比較比較DNADNA復(fù)制和轉(zhuǎn)錄的特點(diǎn)復(fù)制和轉(zhuǎn)錄的特點(diǎn) 復(fù)制 轉(zhuǎn)錄目的 復(fù)制遺傳物質(zhì) 轉(zhuǎn)錄遺傳信息模板 完整的染色體分子 染色體分子上一段DNA(基因)催化合成的酶 DNA聚合酶 RNA聚合酶原料 4種脫氧核糖核苷酸 4種核糖核苷酸 dATP,dTTP,dCTP,dGTP ATP,UTP, CTP,GTP產(chǎn)物 完整的染色體分子 一個特異的RNA分子 (子代DNA) (mRNA,rRNA,tRNA或sRNA)首發(fā)事件 起始蛋白識別 聚合酶識別并

38、結(jié)合至 復(fù)制起始點(diǎn) 基因啟動子review:Nucleus under EMNucleole1. morphology2. chemical composition3. functions返回(1) Nucleolus has distinct chemical composition and morphology在電鏡超薄切片中可以看到,核仁包括互相不完全分隔的3個部分: 1) 纖維中心纖維中心(fibrillar center) 呈淺染區(qū),可呈淺染區(qū),可有多個。有多個。 2) 纖維成分纖維成分(fibrillar component) 位于淺染位于淺染區(qū)周圍,呈直徑為區(qū)周圍,呈直徑為510

39、nm 致密纖維。致密纖維。 3)顆粒成分顆粒成分(granular component) 呈致密顆呈致密顆粒,顆粒直徑粒,顆粒直徑1520nm,散布于核仁各處。散布于核仁各處。Three components in the nucleolusDense fibrillar componentFibrillar centerGranular component Chemical compositionproteins 80 RNA 11DNA 8Human rRNA genes locate at 5 pairs of chromosomes, chromosome 13, 14, 15, 21

40、 and 22.10 chromosome loops in the nucleolusBanding patternNucleolar organizer(rRNA genes)在襻環(huán)上,rRNA基因以前后串聯(lián)的方式成串排列。 每條袢環(huán)上的一串rRNA基因叫做一個“ 核仁組織者” ( nucleolar organizer ),簡稱為NOR。 間期分裂期的動態(tài)變化間期分裂期的動態(tài)變化在分裂期,含rRNA基因的DNA襻環(huán)逐漸縮回至 相應(yīng)染色體,纖維成分和顆粒成分均分散于核質(zhì) 中,整個核仁先是縮小繼而消失。細(xì)胞分裂完畢后,在剛誕生的子代細(xì)胞中,染色 體上含rRNA基因的區(qū)段重新松解和伸展,在這些

41、 DNA襻環(huán)周圍,以每一個“核仁組織者”為中心, 又組建新的核仁。先是有數(shù)個小核仁形成,隨即 小核仁互相融合成一個或數(shù)個大核仁。1. rRNA synthesis (transcription)2. rRNA processing3. rRNA and proteins assembly to the subunits of ribosomes(2) The function of the nucleolus is ribosome biogenesis200個rRNA基因拷貝, 重復(fù)存在,高速轉(zhuǎn)錄在電鏡下觀察核仁,看到圣誕樹狀的轉(zhuǎn)錄單位。 間隔間隔DNADNArRNA轉(zhuǎn)錄單位轉(zhuǎn)錄單位 rRN

42、A合成方向合成方向 rDNA絲絲前體前體rRNA由RNA聚合酶I 催化合成蛋白質(zhì)顆粒蛋白質(zhì)顆粒rDNA高效轉(zhuǎn)錄所形成的箭頭樣結(jié)構(gòu)圣誕樹狀轉(zhuǎn)錄單位高效轉(zhuǎn)錄所形成的箭頭樣結(jié)構(gòu)圣誕樹狀轉(zhuǎn)錄單位返回to1. rRNA synthesis2. rRNA processing3. rRNA and proteins assembly to the subunits of ribosomes裝配成核糖體小亞基裝配成核糖體小亞基 裝配成核糖體大亞基裝配成核糖體大亞基45S rRNA前體前體45SrRNA前體加工前體加工1 1。兩種化學(xué)修飾。兩種化學(xué)修飾甲基化和假尿苷甲基化和假尿苷2 2。某些序列被切除。某些序

43、列被切除形成三個獨(dú)立的形成三個獨(dú)立的 rRNA rRNA分子分子(18S、5.8S、28S)S的含義to1. rRNA synthesis2. rRNA processing3. rRNA and proteins assembly to the subunits of ribosomes返回70多種蛋白質(zhì)40多種蛋白質(zhì)30多種蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)合對功能的了解結(jié)合對功能的了解, , 重新認(rèn)識核仁的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)重新認(rèn)識核仁的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu): : 1) 纖維中心纖維中心(centre fibrillaire) 呈淺染區(qū),呈淺染區(qū),位于核仁中央部分。位于核仁中央部分。該部分含有從數(shù)條染色體該部分含有從數(shù)條染色體上伸出的

44、上伸出的DNADNA襻環(huán),上有核糖體襻環(huán),上有核糖體RNARNA(rRNArRNA)基基因因。 2) 纖維成分纖維成分(composant fibrillaire dense) 位于淺染區(qū)周圍,呈直徑為位于淺染區(qū)周圍,呈直徑為510nm 致密纖維。致密纖維。該處含正在轉(zhuǎn)錄的該處含正在轉(zhuǎn)錄的rRNArRNA分子。分子。 3)顆粒成分顆粒成分(composant granulaire) 多位多位于核仁外周,呈致密的顆粒,顆粒直徑于核仁外周,呈致密的顆粒,顆粒直徑1520nm。為已合成的核糖體前體顆粒,因此這為已合成的核糖體前體顆粒,因此這些顆粒比細(xì)胞質(zhì)中的核糖體顆粒略小些。些顆粒比細(xì)胞質(zhì)中的核糖體

45、顆粒略小些。Dense fibrillar componentFibrillar centerGranular component結(jié)合對功能的了解結(jié)合對功能的了解, , 重新認(rèn)識核仁的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)重新認(rèn)識核仁的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu): :Where are the Christmas trees in thenucleolar forest?Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2006 Jun;18(3):325-34Structure and function of the nucleolus in the spotlight.核膜的功能核膜的功能1. (1. (核被膜核被膜) )分隔細(xì)胞核與細(xì)胞質(zhì)分隔

46、細(xì)胞核與細(xì)胞質(zhì) 核膜包圍核物質(zhì)形成特定的代謝環(huán)境核膜包圍核物質(zhì)形成特定的代謝環(huán)境 將將RNARNA合成和蛋白質(zhì)合成分開合成和蛋白質(zhì)合成分開2.(2.(核孔核孔) )溝通細(xì)胞核與細(xì)胞質(zhì)之間的溝通細(xì)胞核與細(xì)胞質(zhì)之間的 物質(zhì)雙向交流物質(zhì)雙向交流 遺傳物質(zhì)復(fù)制、轉(zhuǎn)錄、加工所需酶、蛋白質(zhì)入核遺傳物質(zhì)復(fù)制、轉(zhuǎn)錄、加工所需酶、蛋白質(zhì)入核 RNARNA和核糖核蛋白復(fù)合體出核和核糖核蛋白復(fù)合體出核3.(3.(核纖層核纖層) )提供染色質(zhì)和染色體的附著位點(diǎn)提供染色質(zhì)和染色體的附著位點(diǎn) 本章重點(diǎn)本章重點(diǎn) 1 1染色體的染色體的化學(xué)組成化學(xué)組成(一一) DNA(雙螺旋)雙螺旋)(二二)染色體蛋白質(zhì)染色體蛋白質(zhì)染色質(zhì)或

47、染色體染色質(zhì)或染色體1. 組蛋白組蛋白2. 非組蛋白非組蛋白本章重點(diǎn)本章重點(diǎn) 2 2每個染色體分子上有每個染色體分子上有3 種特殊序列是遺傳物質(zhì)種特殊序列是遺傳物質(zhì)復(fù)制所必需的復(fù)制所必需的 多個復(fù)制起始點(diǎn) replication origines 一個著絲粒 centromere 兩個端粒 telomeres本章重點(diǎn)本章重點(diǎn) 3 3真核細(xì)胞基因的組成真核細(xì)胞基因的組成外顯子exon 是基因中用于編碼的序列內(nèi)含子intron是間隔在外顯子之間的非編碼序列 調(diào)控序列sequence rgulatrice是可被基因調(diào)節(jié)蛋 白結(jié)合的序列本章重點(diǎn)本章重點(diǎn) 4 4串珠狀纖維串珠狀纖維(核小體核小體)雙螺旋

48、雙螺旋染色單體染色單體線形染色質(zhì)到棒狀染色體的包裝構(gòu)建線形染色質(zhì)到棒狀染色體的包裝構(gòu)建30納米纖維納米纖維襻環(huán)襻環(huán)間期染色體分裂期染色體本章重點(diǎn)本章重點(diǎn) 5 5核仁的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)核仁的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu) 1) 纖維中心纖維中心(fibrillar center) 呈淺染區(qū)。呈淺染區(qū)。該部分含有從數(shù)條染色體上伸出的DNA襻環(huán),上有核糖體RNA(rRNA)基因。 2) 纖維成分纖維成分(fibrillar component) 呈直徑為呈直徑為510nm 致密纖維。致密纖維。該處含正在轉(zhuǎn)錄的rRNA分子。 3)顆粒成分顆粒成分(granular component) 呈致密的呈致密的顆粒,顆粒直徑顆粒,顆粒直徑

49、1520nm。為已合成的核糖體前體顆粒,因此這些顆粒比細(xì)胞質(zhì)中的核糖體顆粒略小些。本章重點(diǎn)本章重點(diǎn) 6 6核仁的化學(xué)成分和功能核仁的化學(xué)成分和功能本章重點(diǎn)本章重點(diǎn) 7 7 一. 化學(xué)組成化學(xué)組成蛋白質(zhì) 80 RNA 11DNA 8 二二. 功能功能1. rRNA的合成2. rRNA前體的加工3. 核糖體亞單位的裝配核仁組織者的概念核仁組織者的概念本章重點(diǎn)本章重點(diǎn) 8 8 一. 定義定義 每條襻環(huán)上的一串rRNA基因叫做一個 “ 核 仁 組 織 者 ” ( n u c l e o l a r organizer),簡稱為NOR。 二二. 功能功能 細(xì)胞分裂完成后,以“核仁組織者”為中心組建新的核

50、仁。(6) The functions of thechromatine and the chromosomeThe carriers of genetic materials(1) DNA replication and division(2) DNA transcription 細(xì)胞的遺傳特性細(xì)胞的遺傳特性要在代代相傳中得到要在代代相傳中得到維持,有賴于遺傳物維持,有賴于遺傳物質(zhì)完整、準(zhǔn)確的復(fù)制質(zhì)完整、準(zhǔn)確的復(fù)制并分配至子代細(xì)胞。并分配至子代細(xì)胞。(1) The genetic materials replicate before cell division1. DNA replicati

51、on: process and characteristics2. DNA replication: enzymes and proteins 一、一、DNA DNA 復(fù)制過程及其特征復(fù)制過程及其特征1.半保留復(fù)制2.復(fù)制從復(fù)制起始點(diǎn)開始3.復(fù)制叉、雙向復(fù)制和復(fù)制泡4.復(fù)制叉的不對稱性:前導(dǎo)鏈、后隨鏈和岡崎片段5.整個染色體的復(fù)制復(fù)制過程復(fù)制過程 DNADNA復(fù)制從復(fù)制從復(fù)制起始點(diǎn)復(fù)制起始點(diǎn)開始開始, ,在起始蛋白為首的一個在起始蛋白為首的一個多酶復(fù)合體多酶復(fù)合體的作用下,雙鏈解開,形成兩個方向相反的作用下,雙鏈解開,形成兩個方向相反的的復(fù)制叉復(fù)制叉。在復(fù)制叉上,。在復(fù)制叉上,DNADNA聚合

52、酶分別以聚合酶分別以DNADNA雙鏈中雙鏈中的一條為模板,的一條為模板,4 4種三磷酸脫氧核苷酸種三磷酸脫氧核苷酸為原料,合成兩為原料,合成兩條條新的新的DNADNA鏈鏈。 隨著復(fù)制叉向相反兩個方向推進(jìn),就形成隨著復(fù)制叉向相反兩個方向推進(jìn),就形成復(fù)制泡復(fù)制泡。復(fù)制泡在各個復(fù)制起始點(diǎn)發(fā)生并增大,使復(fù)制泡在各個復(fù)制起始點(diǎn)發(fā)生并增大,使DNADNA分子得到分子得到完整復(fù)制。完整復(fù)制。 DNA復(fù)制:由一個親代復(fù)制:由一個親代DNA雙螺旋產(chǎn)生兩個子代雙螺旋的過程。雙螺旋產(chǎn)生兩個子代雙螺旋的過程。1. 半保留復(fù)制( semi-conservatory replication ) 2. 復(fù)制從復(fù)制起始點(diǎn) r

53、eplication origine 開始復(fù)制起始點(diǎn):特殊的DNA序列1. 能被起始蛋白識別并結(jié)合2. 通常為富含A、T的重復(fù)序列在細(xì)菌只有一個,在真核細(xì)胞有多個3. 復(fù)制叉、雙向復(fù)制和復(fù)制泡 復(fù)制叉復(fù)制叉: : 已經(jīng)打開的2條單鏈與未解開的雙鏈間形成Y形。復(fù)制從復(fù)制起始點(diǎn), 開始向兩個方向推進(jìn)。復(fù)制叉在真核細(xì)胞的染色體上,復(fù)制叉由多處復(fù)制起始位點(diǎn)向兩個方向移動4. 復(fù)制叉的不對稱性 asymetry of the replication fork 前導(dǎo)鏈、后隨鏈和岡崎片段問題:問題:一條新鏈:一條新鏈:53方向合成方向合成另一條新鏈如何合成?另一條新鏈如何合成? 提示:提示:1. DNA聚合酶聚合酶只能催化單核苷酸只能催化單核苷酸53方向方向加入加入2. 53連續(xù)合成連續(xù)合成將使鏈延長與復(fù)制叉將使鏈延長與復(fù)制叉推進(jìn)相反推進(jìn)相反?DNA的合成答案:答案:一條新鏈:一條新鏈:53方向不間斷合成前導(dǎo)鏈方向不間斷合成前導(dǎo)鏈另一條新鏈:另一條新鏈: 53方向間斷合成后隨鏈方向間斷合

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