CITES華盛頓公約介紹

1、1會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)CITES華盛頓公約介紹華盛頓公約介紹1234INTRODUCTIONCONTENTSSTRUCTURE&OPERATIONINFLUENCECITES5 LIMITATIONS &CHANLLENGEINTRODUCTION1Simple things to know about CITESWhat is CITES? CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement betw

2、een governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.Live animals & plantsWildlife products183 parties (97% population)Since 197335,000 species of animals and plantsIn three CITES AppendicesCONTENTSAPPENDIX 1&

3、2 2-1Roughly 5,000 species of animals and 29,000 species of plants are protected by CITESEach protected species or population is included in one of three lists, called appendices.Reflect the extent of the threat to it and the controls that apply to the trade.Appendixcirca 120001Circa1200Include spec

4、ies threatened with extinction. Trade in specimens of these species is permitted only in exceptional circumstances.Export permit or r e - e x p o r t certificateImport permit020304SpecimensInclude any living or dead animals and plantsAppendix I specimenschimpanzeeAisanchimpanzeechimpanzeeAppendix I

5、specimensAsian elephantAisanchimpanzeechimpanzeeAppendix I specimensSnow LeopardAisanchimpanzeechimpanzeeAppendix I specimensChinese alligatorCirca 21,000Include species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but in which trade must be controlled in order to avoid utilization incompatible with

6、their survival.Export permit or r e - e x p o r t certificateNo import permit is needed unless required by national lawAppendix-II specimensAisanchimpanzeechimpanzeeAppendix II specimens great white sharkAisanchimpanzeechimpanzeeAppendix II specimensAmerican black bearAisanchimpanzeechimpanzeeAppend

7、ix II specimens green iguanaAisanchimpanzeechimpanzeeAppendix II specimensHartmanns mountain zebra A species will not be accepted in the appendix if it is endangered in the wild without any trade threat.Black-faced spoonbillAppendix III2-2Appendix IIIAppendix III, about 170 species, are species that

8、 are listed after one member country has asked other CITES Parties for assistance in controlling trade in a species. The species are not necessarily threatened with extinction globally. In all member countries, trade in these species is only permitted with an appropriate export permit and a certific

9、ate of origin from the state of the member country who has listed the species.Examples of species listed on Appendix III and the countries that listed them are the two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni) by Costa Rica, African civet (Civettictis civetta) by Botswana, and the alligator snapping turtle (

10、Macrochelys temminckii) by the USA. Appendix III兩趾樹懶非洲靈貓大鱷龜Corallium Elatius 瘦長紅珊瑚1234Corallium Japonicum 日本紅珊瑚 Corallium Konojio 皮滑紅珊瑚 Corallium Secundum 巧紅珊瑚 Hynobius amjiensis 安吉小鯢Appendix III (China)Mauremys iversoni 艾氏擬水龜Mauremys megalocephala 大頭烏龜 Mauremys nigricans 黑頸烏龜 Mauremys pritchardi 臘戍

11、擬水龜Mauremys reevesii 烏龜 Mauremys sinensis 花龜 Ocadia glyphistoma 缺頜花龜 Ocadia philippeni 費(fèi)氏花龜 Sacalia pesudocellata 擬眼斑水龜 STRUCTURE & OPERATION3Few resources & peopleWork on the continued interests of participating countrieshelp countries negotiate concerns on tradefoster enforcementConference

12、s of the Parties meet every three years to tackle major issues1234Committees routinely meet to make recommendationsModifications by committees become recommendations to be taken up at the next COPAppendix operates on export & import permit requirementsINFLUENCE4 By design, CITES regulates and mo

13、nitors trade in the manner of a negative list such that trade in all species is permitted and unregulated unless the species in question appears on the Appendices or looks very much like one of those taxa. Then and only then, trade is regulated or constrained. Because the remit of the Convention cov

14、ers millions of species of plants and animals, and tens of thousands of these taxa are potentially of economic value, in practice this negative list approach effectively forcesNegative listINFLUENCE CITES signatories to expend limited resources on just a select few, leaving many species to be traded

15、 with neither constraint nor review. For example, recently several bird classified as threatened with extinction appeared in the legal wild bird trade because the CITES process never considered their status. If a positive list approach were taken, only species evaluated and approved for the positive

16、 list would be permitted in trade, thus lightening the review burden for member states and the Secretariat, and also preventing inadvertent legal trade threats to poorly known species.Negative listINFLUENCEINFLUENCEINFLUENCEINFLUENCEAlthough wild plants and animals under CITES Appendixshould not be

17、traded, CITES Appendixis listed species that are not threaten with extinction, but whose trade must be controlled to avoid practices in compatible with their survival. The legal traceable and sustainable trade of CITES species can help and ensure their survival meanwhile create economic opportunitie

18、s for communities.achieve the goal of sustainable developmentcreate economic opportunities for communitiesMEASUREMENTSestablishing appendix for regulated speciespromoting the national performance legislation and law enforcementhelp and ensure survivalachieve the goal of sustainable developmentcreate

19、 economic opportunities for communitiesprotect wildlife resourcesINFLUENCE LIMITATIONS &CHANLLENGE5 Negative List & Black Market The Convention said “Trade in all species is permitted and unregulated unless the species in question appears on the Appendices or looks very much like one of thos

20、e taxa.”. Obviously, this is an ambiguous rule which allows the market to expend limited resources on just a select few, leaving many species to be traded with neither constraint nor review, even in the black market. For example, recently several bird classified as threatened with extinction appeare

21、d in the legal wild bird trade because the CITES process never considered their status. If a positive list approach were taken, only species evaluated and approved for the positive list would be permitted in trade, thus lightening the review burden for member states and the Secretariat, and also pre

22、venting inadvertent legal trade threats to poorly known species. Black market due to regulation Rhino Horn Elephant Ivory Tiger BoneThe ban on international ivory trading was supposed to protect elephants. The result has been counterproductive because restricting supply in a time of increasing wealt

23、h in Asia has driven up prices, dramatically increasing incentives and rewards for poachers. Since 2008, large-scale elephant poaching has restarted, driven by high prices in Asia.Elephants in Africa are being slaughtered on an unprecedented scale. In 2012, more than 35,000 of themor close to 100 pe

24、r daywere killed for their tusks. Things turned particularly ugly in 2013, when more than 300 fell victim to cyanide poisoning by poachers in Zimbabwe. If things continue at this rate, African elephants may be extinct in as few as 15 years.The ivory ban has made prices high and The ivory ban has made prices high and poaching lucrativepoaching lucrativeLimitations/Challengesof CITESApproach to biodiversity conservationWhat CITES concerns?one threat to wildlife that produced or potentially produced by trade.Black-faced SpoonbillWhat CITES may NOT concerns?Loss of habitatConservations ecosystem