-絕望的主婦隱喻研究-英語(yǔ)(DOC)

1、鄭州大學(xué)畢業(yè)論文 題目:Analysis of Metaphor in Desperate Housewives 絕望的主婦隱喻研究 學(xué)生姓名： 田磊 學(xué)號(hào): 20115410527 指導(dǎo)教師： 李文競(jìng) 職稱： 講師 院（系）： 護(hù)理學(xué)院 年級(jí)： 2011 專業(yè)： 雙學(xué)位 班級(jí)： 6 完成時(shí)間：2015 年 5 月 29 日 Analysis of Metaphor in Desperate Housewives Tian Lei A Thesis Submitted as Partial Requirements For the Bachelors Degree of Arts in Eng

2、lish Supervised by Li Wenjing School of Foreign Languages Zhengzhou University May 29, 2015i 美國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家萊可夫和約翰遜在我們賴以生存的隱喻中首先提出概念隱 喻的理論。他們認(rèn)為：“隱喻滲透于日常生活，不但滲透在語(yǔ)言里，也滲透在思維 和活動(dòng)中。我們借以思維和行動(dòng)的普通概念系統(tǒng)在本質(zhì)上基本上是隱喻的。 ”隱 喻不僅僅是一種語(yǔ)言上的想象力，而且在本質(zhì)上是人類理解周?chē)澜绲囊环N感知 和形成概念的工具。隱喻無(wú)處不在，影響著人類的思維和行為，它通過(guò)感知理解 投射到現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中，深化并內(nèi)化相關(guān)的文化內(nèi)核，進(jìn)而更好地理解

3、藝術(shù)作品的主 題。絕望的主婦是美國(guó) ABC 公司拍攝的一部風(fēng)靡全球的暢銷電視劇，其獲 得巨大成功的因素是多方面的，其中最具特色的是電視劇中的隱喻， 在電視劇中 應(yīng)用了大量的隱喻，它們對(duì)這部電視劇起到了提煉與深化主題的作用。 關(guān)鍵詞：絕望的主婦；隱喻ii Abstract American linguisticians Lakoff & Johnson are the first men who put forward the con cept of metaphor theory in their artical Metaphors We Live Byn their words :

4、metaphor can be found in our everyday life, not only in the Ian guage, but also in our thinking and kinds of activities. The con cept system in which our thinking and action is metaphorical in n ature. Metaphor is not only a kind of imagi ne in Ian guage, but also a ki nd of tool in which people awa

5、re and form the image con cept whe n we see the world around us. Metaphor is in our daily life, which do somethi ng about our thi nking and behavioral patter ns. It shows what we thi nk about to the real life. Whafs more, it makes the related culture deepe n and intern alize to help us to realize th

6、e theme of the movie. Desperate Housewives is a popular American TV play in the global world which is filmed by ABC Compa ny. Of course, there are many factors to its success, but it is unique that the application of metaphor in the movie. A lot of metaphors found in the movie, help ing refi ne and

7、deepe ning the theme. Key words:Desperate housewivesMetaphors3 Acknowledgements Upon writing this thesis, my deepestgratitude goes first and foremost to my supervisor Wenjing Li, for her guidanee, patienee and the advice her gives me. This thesis has been completed under her guidanee. She has helped

8、 me to revise several times and provided construetive suggestions. Besides, I would like thanks to the teachers who give me classes in the past several years, without them I can g o through my thesis so quickly. At Last, my thanks would go to my roommates who gave me a hand facinghe difficulties in

9、the hard periods of this thesis.4 Outline I. Introduction A. The purpose of the Study B. Inno vati on Point and Sign ifica nee of the Study II. Review on Metaphor A. Defi nitio n B. The Characteristics of Metaphor C. Studies of Grammatical Metaphor at Home and Abroad III. Metaphor Characters in Desp

10、erate Housewives A. A Brief Introduction to Desperate Housewives B. MetaphorsUsed in Desperate Housewives IV. Conclusion Analysis of Metaphor inDesperate Housewives I. Introduction A. The purpose of the Study For a long time metaphor has become one of the major topics. It has attracted the attention

11、 from more and more scholars and theorists. Metaphors are mostly culturally specific becausetheir values depe nds on the readers un dersta nding. This paper aims to study on metaphor from the perspective of oral com muni cati on. Si nee Desperate Housewives is a popular America n TV series which has

12、 attracted audie nces from differe nt cultural backgro unds all over the world. Many scholars have shown great interest in it and made their study focus on its humorous Ianguage, feminine Ianguage features, and its subtitle translation. However, studies on its rhetorical devices,especially on metaph

13、or are rare. This thesis is to en rich the study on this TV series by an alyz ing metaphors inDesperate Housewives B. Innovation Point and Significance of the Study The inno vati on point and the contents of the Study are as follows: With the rapid growth in develop ing coun tries, there are 70% of

14、the people are middle class in February 2009 accord ing to the survey. It suggests that the nu mber of middle class has already reached a new top.A nd they do not live from hand to mouth as they usually do, and they go after not only the basic food and shelters but also the con sumer goods eve n the

15、 luxury. They spe nd money to improve their health level and s better eddcatpiage can reflect the attitudes and values of the speakers, we can an alyze the mecha nism of the metaphor used by the speakers and with it we can better find and realize the hidde n attitudes and values of the speakers. Wee

16、e and know more about the daily social status and the values of the America n after our an alysis of grammatical metaphor used in the TV series. As we all know, most of works of literatures or films or TV series reflect the real lives. If we provide for their childre n 2 study the Ianguage features

17、of these works deeper, we can further understand the cultural of gen der differe nee in Ian guage usagea nd realize the culture of a country better. Whatmore, the studies of metaphorical theory are mostly applied on writte n Ian guage. As far as I know the study on spoke n Ian guage focus ing on met

18、aphor are rare. In my study I try my best to analysis the study of grammatical metaphor to spoke n Ian guage. In my study I mai nly study the grammatical metaphor. Thanks to this, stude nts can better un dersta nd the TV shows, such as the relati on ship betwee n characters, their social status and

19、so on, in stead of just knowing the literal mea ning or grammar structures of sentences.At the same time, from the TV shows I learn to use right words in proper place. It is a n ecessary less on for us to cultivati on a good sense to use the right words in right place. For En glish, it has amassed i

20、n tuitive kno wledge about lin guistic appropriate ness and correct ness. Compared with the aborig ines of En glish, foreig n stude nts are not doing well in the situati ons and customs of En glish speak ing coun tries; as a result, they are at a sea in this matter sometimes. Depe nd on it, if they

21、n ever lear n stylistics, they are always not aware of the differe nee betwee n com mon and rare types of Ianguage behavior. Whats more, they are not aware of the alter natives available in particular situati ons; they cannot react appropriately to Ian guage right. What they know is only what they a

22、re taught in Ian guage classes. For what we talk above, for the point to make stude nts better in foreig n Ian guages study, we should cultivate their sense of styles. II. Review on Metaphor Metaphor, a popular phenomenon, is widely used at all times. This part is mainly an in troducti on to metapho

23、r and previous studies on it. A. Definition Metaphor comes from the Greek word “ Metaphora ” The root meta-means “ over ” and “ piorplies “ carry The compounding word relates to linguistic process, through which the characteristics of a certain object could be tran sferred to ano ther on e, in the e

24、ffect that the sec ond object could be take n as the first one. In Webster 釈ew World Dicti on ary, metaphor is defi ned as : “ Oigure of speech in which one thing is like ned to ano ther, differe nt thing by being spoke n of as if were the other; implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinar

25、ily and primarily use of one thi ng is applied to ano ther . George Lakoff and Mark Johnson said that “ Theessenee of metaphor is un dersta nding and 3 experie ncing one ki nd of thi ng in terms of ano ther . They also put forward the well-k nown term “ con ceptual metaphor ” in their work Metaphors

26、 We live by. From all over the above, we can find metaphor is considered as a matter of Ian guage, or a rhetorical device, which makes comparis on betwee n two eleme nts that, bears some similarities. However, this comparis on is implied rather tha n stated. It is take n as a figure of speech that u

27、sed for some special effects, as well as an art that only masters of Ian guage know how to emplo y. In this defi niti on, similarities betwee n the two eleme nts are men ti on ed, but they are just withi n the scope of Ian guage in stead of someth ing related to peoples cog niti on. Accordi ng to th

28、em, metaphor is not just a matter of Ian guage. It is the systematic mapp ing from source domai n to target doma in. It is related to peoples thi nking and cog niti on. This is the view of con temporary metaphor study, which is from the view of cog niti on. The defi niti ons of metaphor is differe n

29、t for the very perspectives and differe nt scholars. However, there is someth ing in com mon in the above defi niti ons. Metaphor is mai nly the resembla nee or similarity betwee n two similar eleme nts: the image and the object. We cannot call it a metaphor if the two eleme nts are not similar in a

30、ll of their respects. B. The Characteristics of Metaphor Gen erally speak ing, metaphor has the followi ng characteristics: Tenor refers to the literal mea ning. Vehicle refers to the figurative mea ning. The eleme nt that is not overly stated is ground , which serves as the like ness perceived betw

31、ee nthe tenor and the vehicle. Every metaphor is implicitly of the form “ X is Y in respect of Z ”(X is the tenor, Y is the vehicle and Z is the ground). As we all know, metaphor is not what it literally mea ns. The con text determ ines the implied meaning. Besides, the conflicting understanding cou

32、rse makes the meaning of metaphor different from the literal meaning. However, when there is con flict betwee n the literal meaning and the invo Ived con text, we choose metaphorical meaning which is ano ther ki nd of un dersta nding and con siste nt with the con text. Metaphor is in esse nee a self

33、-co ntradictory and self-destructive phe nomenon. Metaphor must be produced in a particular con text, which means the con text is a key factor that 4 in flue nces metaphor greatly. C. Studies of Grammatical Metaphor at Home and Abroad Aristotle came up with the explorati on of metaphor Two thousa nd

34、 years ago. I n his rhetoric and poetics, he talked about metaphor many times. In his point, metaphor can add charm and distinguishing features to familiar styles, which provides a theoretical basis for later researchers to study metaphor from the perspective of rhetoric. While the history is Ion g,

35、 it was Aristotle who bega n the research on metaphor. th But the study of metaphor is bloo ming in 20 cen tury. Later, scholars bega n to study metaphor from differe nt dime nsio ns.Scholars such as Ricoeur(1977), Ortony(1993)and Lakoff(1980)explained metaphor from a cognitive perspective, con side

36、ri ng metaphor as not only a rhetoric phe nomenon but also a cog nitive model closely releva nt to Ian guage, n atio n and culture. Cogn itive metaphor theory innovatively researches metaphor through the relationship between Ianguage and thought,but metaphor research from rhetoric perspective to cog

37、 nitive one is no more tha n a shift of researchi ng an gles, still faili ng to see the relati on ship betwee n metaphor and society and values. In our coun try, the first man who paid his atte nti on in the study is lin guistics Hu Zhua ngli n. He in itiates and leads the study of grammatical metap

38、hor in Chi na. It is Hu Zhua ngli n who first claims the long existe nee of grammatical metaphor and the n he challe nges to make a defi niti on for con grue ncy and summarizes five criteria from the joint works by Halliday and Martin to dist in guish incon grue nt realizati ons from their con grue

39、nt coun terparts. In a word, grammatical metaphor is gett ing more and more atte nti ons. Scholars at home and abroad joi n in the study of grammatical metaphor. However most of the studies are focused on writte n Ian guage, there searches on spoke n Ian guage is still rare. Halliday believes that s

40、poke n Ian guage is a style as well: its applicati on to metaphor is not only arbitrary but also restricted and affected by certa in mecha ni sm, which is the social status and values of the speakers.This is undoubtedly a vast field, but the present researches are few. This thesis aims to use metaph

41、orical discourse in Desperate Housewives as researching materials and analyzes the mechanism of metaphor based on register theory and appraisal system to reveal the real social status and awkward faced by America n 5 middle-class wome n. It is a succession of metaphor study that the development from

42、 rhetorical metaphor through cognitive metaphor to grammatical metaphor. What snore, the deepening of metaphor research reflects a general rule of human s:ognition: from surface (literal research in rhetorical metaphor) to deep (research of cognitive metaphor), from phe nomen ato esse ncea nd the n

43、from inner structure (study in side Ian guage system on the layer of lexical-rhetorical metaphor and cog nitive metaphor) to outer (relati on ship betwee n Ian guage and society-grammatical metaphor). That reflects the trend of humans recognition. Thus it can be found that rhetorical metaphor and co

44、gnitive metaphor laid a solid foundation for metaphor study, and grammatical metaphor greatly expa nds the scope of metaphor study. III. Metaphor Characters in Desperate Housewives In this chapter, the strategies of tran slat ing metaphors irDesperate Housewives will be discussed. A. A Brief Introdu

45、ction to Desperate Housewives Desperate Housewives is a popular American television series produced by Marc Cherry. It has enjo yed great popularity among audie nee all over the world and has bee n tran slated into many Ian guages such as Fren ch, Japa nese and Germa n. It was reported to be the mos

46、t popular show in its demographic worldwide, with the nu mber of audienee is approximately 120 million , what s more it was reported that the series, was the third most watched TV show in a study of rati ngs in 20th coun tries. Desperate Housewiveswas first introduced to China in December, 2005 and

47、was played on CCTV. However, it wasnt well received at that time. Then it was released on li ne and attracted the atte nti on of many people, especially stude nts and white-collar ladies. It was tran slated by more tha n one tran slati on studio. It tells a story which happe ned in the street of Wis

48、teria Lane in the fictional America n tow n of fair view in the Eagle State. The TV begi ns with the suicide of a housewife named Mary Alice Young. She killed herself, at the same time, that s she who serves as a watcher, told the followi ng story of her n eighbors alive, ano ther four housewives: S

49、usa n Mayer, Lyn ette Scavo, Bree Van De Kamp and 6 Gabrielle Solis. Susa n is kin d-hearted but sometimes simple-min ded; Lyn ette is the mother of four unman ageable kids. While Bree is a woma n who pursues perfect ion and pays so much atte nti on to details. She excels in cook ing and doing her h

50、ousehold duties. Gaby, who is pretty and sexy, is an ex-model with everyth ing and shes ever wan ted a rich husba nd, a big house, but she still cannot be satisfied. The series mainly focuses on the daily life of the four housewives. The mono logues and con versati ons in the series are natural and

51、vivid, full of rhetorical devices,and metaphors can be found in so many situati ons. This part is an an alysis of metaphor iriDesperate Housewives B. Metaphors Used inDesperate Housewives Metaphor is not only a com mon lin guistic phe nomenon, but also a deepe ning cognition on human. It belongs to

52、the field of cognitive linguistics. Film and television works are the Ianguage, imagesand music integrated art form. It can not on ly carry the theme of ideas though the film lin es, but also can be comb ined on the televisi on scree n for stre ngthe ning the cog nitive and deepe ning the impressi o

53、n. The classic ending art of Desperate housewiveswas deeply described in the perspective of a woman who has been in heaven. By using metaphor, it deepened the film and television works. At the same time, the American middle class woman life and values were profoundly analyzed. In the Desperate house

54、wives Apple culture allusi ons and real life were skillfully comb ined though the lens of a movie. Though the metaphor meaning of apple, it let the audie nee to think about the percepti on of life, life reflection, abstract reasoning for the expression of specific. Meanwhile, it deeppen the theme of

55、 the movie. The film thoughts and feelings became more and more ple ntiful and substa ntial. So it achieved good artistic effects. In the begi nning of the Desperate housewivesfour housewife hands with an apple was a metaphor, which mean that they must must make a choice. Apple is a metaphor for the

56、 hard choices. The cultural conno tati on in the Desperate housewive 由 as also bee n well represe nted, distributed a great charm.Facing the difficulties in life, four housewives always wan ted to make a differe nt choice. The image of the apple reflecti ng the metaphor can be found everywhere in ou

57、r life. Lyn ette Scavo. After being full-time housewife for 7 years, Lyn ette decides to return to the work. On the first day,she is nervous, and her husband perceives her abnormal. He asksher: nervous ?” She repls“ veeen out of work for seven years, I m woma n of a certa in age in a bus in ess that

58、 values youth above all else. Why should I be nervous ?” In this expression,Why should I be nervous ?” is a 7 metaphor, and its consistent tone type is I am nervous ” Through the same type, we know that she was very n ervous, but she uses the expressi on of grammatical metaphor to cover her n ervous

59、. Because she is a very strong and con fide nt woma n. She would not reveal herself in front of other people con fide nce,eve n if it r hubea nd. Bree Van De Kamp. Bree is a perfect housewife in the eyes of her n eighbors outside, but her family does n t fall for it. Her son mocked that shes just a

60、housewife but behaved a pers on who is like going to run for mayor. She is angry for that, but she just look at her husband, and asks Seeing as you are the head of this household, I would really appreciate you saying something ” Her tone expression is a grammatical metaphor,and the same type should be S