05、執(zhí)師考點(diǎn)-微生物（05,thetestsite-Microbiology）

1、05、執(zhí)師考點(diǎn)-微生物(05, the test site - microbiology)microbiology.1. microorganisms are widely found in nature they are tiny, numerous, invisible to the naked eye they are microscopic creatures that are magnified thousands of times.2. microorganisms: 1) non microbial cells containing only one nucleic acid (

2、rna/dna), such as virus; 2) prokaryotic microorganism: single cell microorganism, no nucleus and nuclear membrane integrity, including bacteria, mycoplasma, chlamydia, rickettsia, bacteria, actinomycetes; 3) eukaryotic cell type: single cells and multicellular microorganisms for microorganisms, have

3、 nuclei and organelles, such as bacteria3. unit of measurement of bacteria: micron.4. the morphology of bacteria: coccus, bacillus, spiral type5. the basic structure of bacteria: cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus cytoplasm6. the main component of cell wa11 is peptidoglycan.7. the cytoplas

4、m contains ribosomes, plasmids and cytoplasmic granules; ribosomes are composed of rna and protein, which are the synthesis sites of bacterial proteins: plasmids are genetic materials for staining in vitro, and are not necessary for bacterial reproduction.8, the nucleus cytoplasm is the bacterial it

5、self genetic material rna and dna aggregation, without nuclear membrane, does not have a complete nuclear structure9. the special structure of bacteria includes membrane, flagella, pili and spores10. the membrane has the ability to adhere to host cells and anti phagocytosis, as we11 as antigenicity,

6、 increase the virulence of bacteria, and it is also one of the indications to identify bacteria11. flagella are bacterial motility apparatus12. capillary, short, many erect filamentous filaments, seen in many g- and a few g+ bacteria.13. bacillus bacterial dormancy, its resistance is much higher tha

7、n that of propagules, is sterilization indication.14. gram staining: purple - g+, red - g-. only g bacteria produce bacterial endotoxin, the main component of which is lipopolysaccharide.15. conditions of bacterial growth: adequate nutrition, suitable temperature, suitable ph, necessary gas environm

8、ent16. disinfection: kill pathogenic microorganisms in theenvironment of the object, but not necessarily kill bacterial spores and non pathogenic microorganisms17. sterilization: kill all pathogenic microorganisms on the object, including spores and non pathogenic microorganisms.18, asepsis: the sta

9、te of living microorganisms19, anti-corrosion: to prevent or inhibit microbial growth and reproduction, to prevent decay of objects20, the methods of thermal sterilization include dry heat sterilization and damp heat sterilization. moist heat sterilization ineludes pasteurization, boiling and autocl

10、aving21, pasteurization, heated to 62 degrees 30 minutes or 71. 7 degrees 15-30 minutes, not to make the protein denaturation, but can kill pathogenic bacteria such as milk disinfection.22, high pressure steam sterilization: pressure to 1. 05kg/cm2, temperature reached 121. 3 degrees, 15一20 minutes

11、it kills bacteria spores and so microbes23, effective wavelength of ultraviolet sterilization is 240280nm, 265266nm strongest bactericidal effect24, with potassium permanganate liquid formaldehyde fumigation, per cubic meter using potassium permanganate 0. lg is dissolved in water, adding 36% formal

12、dehyde solution 20m1.25, bacteriophages are viruses that invade microorganisms, and only one kind of accounting for dna or pna can infect bacteria, fungi, leptospira, mycoplasma26. phage is composed of capsid and protein. proteins have antigenicity27. the genetic materials of bacteria include the ch

13、romosomes, plasmids, transposable elements, integrons and phages in the cytoplasm of bacteria28. double stranded circular dna plasmid is outside the autonomously replicating the bacterial chromosome29. variation: the variation between offspring and parents, offspring and offspring is called variatio

14、n30. mutation, metastasis and recombination of the mutated chromosomes31. normal flora: a group of microorganisms parasitic on the surface of normal human body and in the cavity connected with the outside world32. flora imbalance: the proportion of normal flora changed great 1 y.33. flora disorder:

15、disease caused by flora imbalance34. whether the pathogen invades the organism depends on the virulence, the quantity of invasion and the site of invasion.3 degrees of high pressure steam or 140 degrees dry heat can kill spores in 3 hours, drying soil or fur can survive for decades zoonosis pathogen

16、ic substances have membrane and dnthrax loxin, causing skin, lung, intestinal anthrax persistent immunity can be obtained after infection. control is to kill animals, burn or bury deeply.58, haemophilus influenzae: g- bacillus, meningitis caused bydisease 59, helicobacter pylori: g- bacillus, rich i

17、n urokinase, quickly decompose urea, release ammonia. proton pump inhibitors recommended for treatment add two kinds of antibiotics60, pseudomonas aeruginosa: g- small bacilli, is one of the main opportunistic pathogens in hospital infection, easy to produce resistance to antibiotics61, legionella:

18、g- aerobic bacteria, mainly through inhalation of pathogenic bacteria, can cause hotel, hospital infection. as the disease caused by legionnaires' disease (influenza like pneumonia type, type)62, mycoplasma: no cell wall, two division propagation. there are two kinds of mycoplasma pneumoniae and

19、 ureaplasma urealyticum mycoplasma pneumoniae causes interstitial pneumonia and is spread by droplets ureaplasma urealyticum is a non gonococcal urethritis, mainly transmitted through sex63, rickettsia: g- bacteria, strict intracellular parasitism, reproduction in two division way. the main ricketts

20、ia is rickettsia typhi, which causes endemic typhus carrier and disease animal are both host and source of infection. rats are the main source of infection.64, chlamydia: g bacteria, strict intracellular parasitism, reproduction in two division way. chlamydia trachomatis and chlamydia pneumoniae are

21、 the main pathogens human beings are the main natural hosts of chlamydia trachomatis there are two modes of transmission: eye to eye, sexual transmission. the cause of the disease is trachoma infectious smal1.65, leptospira: g- bacteria, but difficult to dye, often dyed brown by silver staining as a

22、 zoonosis, mouse and pig as the main source of infection and the host body through broken skin or mucous membrane into the body. penicillin is the first choice for treatment66, fungi: eukaryotic cell structure integrity it is divided into unicellular and multicellular fungi 1) single cells including

23、 yeast (bud propagation, no hyphae) and yeast like type (propagate in the bud way, produce pseudo hyphae) 2) multicellular fungi (molds): composed of hyphae and spores67, common fungi and pathogenic dermatophytes: - foot ringworm, tinea unguium; trichophyton onychomycosis, tinea - hair - hair; micro

24、sporum tinea; candida albicans - i aphtha, vulvitis, pneumonia, enteritis; cryptococcal meningitis68, vitus characteristics: simple structure, containing only one type of nucleic acid, reproduced in a way of replication, small size, in nano computing69. viruses are composed of nucleic acids and prot

25、eins, and proteins protect nucleic acids.70. the replication cycle of viruses includes adsorption penetration and shelling biosynthesis biosynthesis assembly release of viruses71. the virus is cold resistant and resistant to chemical factors (probably because of the lack of enzymes)72. virus transmi

26、ssion includes horizontal transmission and vertical transmission. infection types can be divided into overt infection and latent infection.73. overt infection: acute infection (typical incubation period, onset stage, recovery stage) and persistent infection (virus persisted for more than 6 months)74

27、. recessive infection is the virus does not cause symptoms after entering the body, but can spread the virus to the outside world.75. chronic infection: refers to the dominant infection and recessive infection after the virus is not clear, the course of the disease for several months - decades, pati

28、ents with mild or asymptomatic symptoms76. latent infection: refers to the dominant infection and latent infection, in some conditions can be activated, the emergence of clinical acute attack77, s1ow virus infection: after a long incubation period of chronic progressive disease, and eventually becom

29、e fatal infection.78. the pathogenic mechanism of virus has direct and immunological effects on host cells 1) direct effect on host cells, including: a, cytolytic infection (the cell lysis of death, such as polio); b, non cytolytic infection (not caused by cell structure was destroyed, but the cause

30、 of cellular nucleic acid and protein synthesis is limited, such as cold);c and genome integration infection 2) immune pathology: a, humoral immune pathology (type 2 hypersensitivity reaction, cause tissue injury); b cells, immune pathology (antiviral immune to cellular immunity) ; c, inhibition of

31、the function of the immune system (killing immune cells)immune 79, virus infection: 1) : innate immunity constitutes a natural non-specific immune barrier, including the integrity of the skin and mucosa, macrophages, inflammatory reaction; 2) adaptive immunity: cause specific immune response, includ

32、ing humoral (antibody), immune cells (t cells)80. coronavirus: pna virus, there is a membrane acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by sara coronavirus81. adenovirus: double stranded dna virus, causing adenovirus pneumonia and epidemic conjunctivitis82. poliovirus: spread through fecal oral rou

33、te, invade the anterior horn motor neuron of the spinal cord and cause poliomyelitis83, coxsackie virus: through fecal mouth transmission, causing myocarditis, hand, foot and mouth disease84, rotavirus: acute gastroenteritis caused by fecal oral route, group a rotavirus is the most common, is the mo

34、st important pathogen of diarrhea in infants from june to 2 years old (autumn diarrhea)85, hepatitis a virus: the source of infection is acute and latent infection, through fecal mouth transmission, there is no direct cytopathic effect of liver cells86, hepatitis b virus antigen composition and sign

35、ificance: surface antigen - detection is the main sign of hbv infection; core antigen antigenicity induce core antibody, is the killer t cells to recognize and eliminate the target antigens of hbv infected cells (core antibody in serum of igg duration is longer, suggesting that hbv replication in igm) e; antigen and serum hbv replication is a sign of strong infectious87, the main source of hbv infection is acute, chronic hepatitis b patients and chronic hbv carriers88, the main routes of transmission of hbv are blood transmission, mother infant transmission, sexual contac