總結(jié)渦輪增壓器使用過程中的注意事項

1、總結(jié)渦輪增壓器使用過程中的注意事項總結(jié)渦輪增壓器使用過程中的注意事項渦輪增壓器是利用 發(fā)動機(jī)排氣管排出的高速氣流帶動渦輪旋轉(zhuǎn)，并通過同軸旋轉(zhuǎn)的進(jìn)氣葉輪增大進(jìn)氣管的空氣壓力，增加氣缸的充氣量，提高發(fā)動 機(jī)功率，并降低排放，該技術(shù)在建筑機(jī)械上應(yīng)用日趨廣泛。Turbochargeristheuseofengineexhaustpipesofhighspeedairturbinerota tion,andthroughthecoaxialrotationoftheimpellerattheinletincreasedint akepipeoftheairpressure,increaseyourcyl

2、inder,increaseenginepower,a ndreduceemissions,thetechnologyisincreasinglywidelyusedinconstru ctionmachinery.由于廢氣渦輪增壓器安裝在排氣管上，工作環(huán)境 惡劣，通常處在500c高溫和每分鐘1020萬轉(zhuǎn)的高速下工作， 且與發(fā)動機(jī)共用一套潤滑系統(tǒng)，潤滑條件差，如使用維護(hù)不當(dāng)， 很容易導(dǎo)致增壓器損壞，使發(fā)動機(jī)無法正常工作。我們只有了解其結(jié)構(gòu)、原理，掌握正確的使用與維護(hù)方法， 才能有效提高機(jī)械的壽命，充分發(fā)揮其性能。Duetoexhaustgasturbochargersinstalledonth

3、eexhaustpipe,badworken vironment,usuallyat500Chightemperatureandunde門0200000RPMhighspeedwork,anduseaset oflubricationsystemandengine,poorlubricationcondition,suchastheus eofimpropermaintenance,veryeasytocausetheturbochargerisdamaged,theenginecantworknormally.Weonlyknowitsstructure,principle,tomas te

4、rthecorrectuseandmaintenance,caneffectivelyimprovethemechanica llife,givefullplaytoitsperance. 一、廢氣渦輪增壓器的工作原理 A,theworkingprincipleofexhaustgasturbocharger 渦輪增壓器主要由 渦輪機(jī)、中間體和壓氣機(jī)三大部分組成（如圖所示）。渦輪機(jī)的主要作用是利用發(fā)動機(jī)排出的廢氣沖擊渦輪作功， 以驅(qū)動壓氣機(jī)葉輪高速旋轉(zhuǎn)。壓氣機(jī)的作用是將渦輪旋轉(zhuǎn)的動能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榭諝獾膲毫δ埽?進(jìn)入發(fā)動機(jī)的空氣壓力有效提高，增大空氣進(jìn)入量。中間體既是增壓器的支承機(jī)構(gòu)，又是增壓器的潤

5、滑冷卻裝置。工作時，增壓器轉(zhuǎn)子軸一端的渦輪葉輪在氣缸排出的廢氣驅(qū)動下，帶動另一端的壓氣機(jī)葉輪高速旋轉(zhuǎn)（30000160000轉(zhuǎn)/分鐘），同時，渦輪帶動離心式壓氣機(jī)提高進(jìn)氣壓力，并通過中冷 器冷卻，增大空氣的密度后進(jìn)入氣缸，使每個工作循環(huán)進(jìn)入氣缸 的新鮮空氣量增加，從而噴入更多的燃油。高壓空氣流經(jīng)進(jìn)氣管進(jìn)入氣缸與噴入氣缸的更多柴油混合燃 燒，顯著改善了發(fā)動機(jī)的燃燒過程，可提高發(fā)動機(jī)功率30%50%,降低油耗8%左右。Turbochargerismainlycomposedofturbines,intermediatesandcompres sorthreeparts(asshown).Turbi

6、neisthemainpurposeofusingengineexha ustfromimpactturbinework,todrivethecompressorimpellerrotatingata highspeed.Istheroleofcompressorturbinerotationalkineticenergyistran sedintotheairpressurecan,ismakingtheairpressureintotheengineeffecti vely,increasetheamountofairintothe.Intermediatesisasupercharger

7、bea ringstructure,andthesuperchargerlubricationcoolingdevice.Work,supe rchargerrotorshaftsideoftheturbineimpellerdriveninwastegasinthecyli nder,drivenattheotherendofthehigh-speedrotatingcompressorimpeller (30000160000RPM),atthesametime,thegasturbinedrivingcentrifuga lcompressorandairpressure,andthro

8、ughthecoldcool,afterincreasingthe densityofairintothecylinder,makeeachworkcycleinthefreshairinthecyl indervolumeincrease,thusmorefuelinjection.Highpressureairthrought heintakepipeandinjectionintothecylindercylindermoredieselhybridco mbustion,significantlyimprovedthecombustionprocessofengineanden gin

9、epowercanbeimproved30%50%,reducefuelconsumptionbyaroun d8%.二、廢氣渦輪增壓器的使用注意事項 2,theuseoftheexhaustturbinesuperchargermattersneedingattention 期 刊文章分類查詢，盡在期刊圖書館 Journalarticlesclassifiedquery,injournalsinthelibrary1、選用潤滑油 要確保質(zhì)量 1,theselectionoflubricatingoiltoensurequality 渦輪增壓 器普遍采用全浮式軸承，對機(jī)油的要求很高，應(yīng)按規(guī)定加

10、注，并 定期清洗機(jī)油濾清器，保持機(jī)油清潔，嚴(yán)防泥砂和雜質(zhì)摻入，如 有臟物摻入潤滑油將加速軸承磨損。當(dāng)軸承過度磨損時，葉片甚至?xí)c殼體發(fā)生摩擦使轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)速下降，增壓器及柴油發(fā)動機(jī)的性能將迅速惡化，出現(xiàn)功率下降、 黑煙過多、噪聲增大以及轉(zhuǎn)子軸兩端漏油等現(xiàn)象。Turbochargercommonlyemployedfullfloatingbearing,hasahighrequir ementontheengineoil,shouldbeinaccordancewiththeprovisions,filling, andregularcleaningofoilfilter,keeptheoilclea

11、n,bewareofmud,sandandi mpuritiesadded,ifthereisdirtmixedwithoilwillacceleratethebearingwe ar.Whenbearingexcessivewear,bladesandevenwiththefrictionoftherot orspeedwillbereduced,thesuperchargerandthedieselengineperancewil ldeterioraterapidly,apowerdrop,increasetoomuchsmoke,noiseandthep henomenonsuchas

12、oilleakageonbothendsoftherotorshaft.2 起動后要 充分潤滑 2,afterstartingtosufficientlubrication 發(fā)動機(jī)起動后，機(jī)油 到達(dá)渦輪軸承需要一定的時間，這時軸承的潤滑條件差，所以， 起動后發(fā)動機(jī)應(yīng)怠速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)5分鐘左右，使?jié)櫥瓦_(dá)到一定的溫度和壓力，以避免突加負(fù)荷時軸承潤滑不良而加速磨損，甚至出現(xiàn)卡死現(xiàn)象。凡是更換機(jī)油、醬油清洗機(jī)油濾清器或車輛停放一周以上后，起動前必須從進(jìn)油口加入少量干凈機(jī)油，并轉(zhuǎn)動轉(zhuǎn)子，使增壓器得到充分的潤滑，或在起動前轉(zhuǎn)動曲軸幾次，預(yù)潤滑增壓器。Afterstartingengine,oilittakest

13、imetoreachtheturbinebearing,thebearin gslubricationconditionispoor,so,afterstartingtheengineidlespeedshoul dberunforabout5minutes,thelubricatingoilreachesacertaintemperature andpressure,inordertoavoidsuddenload-uppoorlubricationbearingand acceleratewear,appearevenstuckphenomenon.Everyoilchange,clean

14、th eoilfilterorvehicleparkingformorethanaweeklater,beforestartingmustf rominlettojoinasmallamountofcleanengineoil,andturntherotor,thesup erchargergetsufficientlubrication,orrotatethecrankshaftseveraltimes,b eforestartingprelubricatedsupercharger.3. 熄火 前要怠 速降溫 3.Toidletocoolbeforeshutdown發(fā)動機(jī)在高速滿負(fù)荷運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，

15、或持續(xù) 大負(fù)荷運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)中不可立即停車。如突然停車，增壓器轉(zhuǎn)子因慣性還會繼續(xù)高速旋轉(zhuǎn)，而柴油 發(fā)動機(jī)停車后潤滑系停止工作，增壓器軸承部位熱量無法通過潤 滑油帶走，乳化液泵站且得不到充分潤滑，很容易使軸承、轉(zhuǎn)子 組件因缺油或過熱而損壞。正常使用時應(yīng)慢慢降低轉(zhuǎn)速和負(fù)荷，停車前應(yīng)怠速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)35分鐘。Enginerunningatfullcapacityathighspeed,orcontinuetoimmediatelysto pbigloadoperation.Suchassuddenstop,thesuperchargerrotorduetothehi ghspeedrotationinertiawil

16、lcontinue,anddieselenginelubricationsyste mtostopworkingwhenparking,superchargerbearingpartsbyoilawayhea t,andinadequatelubrication,itiseasytomakebearing,forlackofoilorover heatinganddamageofrotorcomponents.Duringnormaluseshallbeslowl yreducetheenginespeedandload,parkingshouldbeidlerunbefore35mi nut

17、es4 使用中要定期保養(yǎng) 4,theuseofmaintenanceonaregularbasis 定期清潔空氣濾清器并檢查進(jìn)氣系統(tǒng)是否漏氣。若濾清器堵塞，會使進(jìn)氣阻力增大，使壓氣機(jī)入口的空氣壓 力和流量減少，造成增壓器工作效率降低。若進(jìn)氣系統(tǒng)漏氣，灰塵將被吸入壓氣機(jī)殼內(nèi)并進(jìn)入氣缸，造 成葉片和柴油發(fā)動機(jī)零件早期磨損，致使增壓機(jī)和柴油發(fā)動機(jī)性 能變壞。Cleanairfilterregularlyandcheckwhethertheairintakesystemleak.Ifthef ilterblocked,canmaketheairintakeresistanceincrease,redu

18、cethecompre ssorinletairpressureandflowrate,whichreducestheturbochargerefficien cy.Iftheairintakesystemleak,dustwillbesuckedintoinsidethecompresso rcasingandintothecylinder,causingleavesearlywearanddieselenginepa rts,thesuperchargerandthedieselengineperancedeteriorat淀 期檢查 增壓器轉(zhuǎn)子的軸向移動量和清除進(jìn)油口的積碳。每工作200

19、02500小時，應(yīng)檢查轉(zhuǎn)子軸的靈活性，測量轉(zhuǎn)子的軸向移動量。測量時先拆下進(jìn)、排氣管，用千分表觸頭頂在轉(zhuǎn)子軸上，然 后軸向推動葉輪進(jìn)行測量，若移動量超過規(guī)定值，應(yīng)拆下檢修。清除中間殼上進(jìn)油口的積碳，以確保機(jī)油順暢進(jìn)入增壓器。Regularlycheckthesuperchargerrotoraxialtravelmotionofcarbondepos itionandremovalofoilinlet.Everyworkof20002500hours,shouldchec ktheflexibilityoftherotorshaft,rotoraxialtravelmotionofmeasure

20、ment. Whenmeasuringthefirstremovetheinletandexhaustpipe,touchthehead withadialindicatorontherotorshaft,theaxialmovestheimpellerwasmeas ured,ifthemobilemorethanspecifiedvalue,shouldremovetheaccess.Cle arancebetweenshellinletonthecarbondeposition,toensurethattheoilflo wintothesupercharger.三、廢氣渦輪增壓器的常見

21、故障排除 Third,commontroubleshootingoftheexhaustturbinesupercharger1> 渦 輪轉(zhuǎn)速下 降或發(fā) 動機(jī) 冒黑 煙 1,theturbinespeeddownortheengineemitblacksmoke 主要原因： 空氣 濾清器堵塞；壓氣機(jī)吸氣通道和內(nèi)腔因油垢過多而阻塞；氣缸內(nèi)積碳與廢氣中的煙塵積聚在渦輪軸套內(nèi)，使轉(zhuǎn)子軸阻力增大；排氣管阻塞或變形，導(dǎo)致排氣不暢；渦輪密封環(huán)磨損失效，引起廢 氣泄漏，對渦輪葉輪的驅(qū)動力減??；進(jìn)氣管或接頭卡箍未擰緊造成進(jìn)氣泄漏；渦輪葉輪經(jīng)廢氣長期沖刷而變形。Mainreason:airfilterpl

22、ugging;Compressorsuctionpassageandlumenob structionduetogreasetoomuch;Carbonintheaircylinderandtheexhausts ootaccumulationwithintheturbineshaftsleeve,makerotorshaftresistanc eincreases;Exhaustpipeblockingordeation,causingtheexhaustpoorly;T urbinesealingringwearfailure,causegasleakage,thedrivingforce

23、ofthetu rbineimpellerdecrease;Inletpipeclampnottightenorjointcauseintakelea k;Bytheexhaustgasturbineimpellererosionanddeationforalongtime.排 除方法：清除空氣通道內(nèi)阻塞物，消除進(jìn)、排氣管的泄漏。Elimination:removeobstructionintheairchannel,eliminatetheleakageo 萬nletandexhaustpipe.2、 壓力機(jī)端或渦輪端漏油 2,presstheendortheturbineendleakag

24、駐要原因：是壓氣機(jī)端油封 磨損失效。當(dāng)增壓器潤滑系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的機(jī)油竄入壓氣機(jī)室，被吸入氣缸內(nèi)燃 燒，會造成機(jī)油過度消耗和氣缸內(nèi)積碳。二是渦輪端密封環(huán)損壞。當(dāng)柴油機(jī)高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時，廢氣會竄入增壓器的潤滑系統(tǒng)，污染 機(jī)油；且當(dāng)柴油機(jī)低速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時，增壓器內(nèi)的機(jī)油則漏過密封環(huán)從排氣管排出，造成機(jī)油的過度消耗。Mainreasons:oneisthecompressoroilsealwearfailure.Whentheoilinsid etheturbochargerlubricationsystemintothecompressorroom,drawninto thecombustionincylinder,o

25、ilwillcauseexcessiveconsumptionandcarbo ndepositioninthecylinder.Thesecondistheturbineendsealingringdama ge.Whenhighspeeddieselengines,gaswillintotheturbochargerlubricati onsystem,oilpollution;Insideandwhenlowspeeddieselengine,turbocha rgeroilleakageissealingringfromtheexhaustpipes,causedbyexcessive

26、c onsumptionofengineoil.排除方法：檢查回油管、柴油機(jī)通風(fēng)管和各連接管路的密封，需要時更換密封圈。Elimination:checkbacktotheoilpipe,ventilationpipeandthedieselengin econnectingpipesealing,whenneedtoreplacethesealingring.3 增壓器 溫度過高 3,thesuperchargertemperaturetoohigh主要原因：由于增 壓器和發(fā)動機(jī)共用潤滑系，若柴油機(jī)自身溫度過高，增壓器溫度也隨之上升；渦輪端油封磨損失效，機(jī)油竄入渦輪室內(nèi)燃燒，渦 輪一端的溫度將大幅度升高。渦輪端溫度應(yīng)在500 c左右，壓氣機(jī)端溫度不應(yīng)燙手，若超出該溫度范圍則易燒壞增壓器。Sharedmainre