船藝訓(xùn)練PPTEEnglishppt2

1、船船 藝藝 訓(xùn)訓(xùn) 練練 Seamanship Training Chapter One: General knowledge of ships rope Section I. Types of ships rope Part I. Natural fiber rope (植物纖維繩) 1.Manila rope (白棕繩) Manila rope is made from the fibers of the abaca(馬尼拉麻) plant, which grows in the Philippine Islands of the Pacific. It is the strongest a

2、nd most expensive of the natural fibers. In the past, manila rope was used whenever great strength was required, but its use is now limited to general purpose work (such as messengers and sling ropes for work aloft). Nowadays, Manila rope has largely been replaced by synthetic fiber rope in most app

3、lications. Use: It is used as messengers and sling ropes for work aloft and so on. Feature: It is flexible, light, less strong and easy to be corrosive when damped. 用途：多用作引繩及高空作業(yè)上高繩等。 特點：柔軟，質(zhì)輕，強度較小，受潮后易腐爛。2Tarred rope（油蔴繩）Use: It is only used for wrapping, for example, lashing rope end of steel wire

4、 before splicing. Feature: Similar to Manila rope, but easy to be corrosive when the oil is dried.用途：現(xiàn)僅用作包纏(如鋼絲繩插接前用來綁扎繩頭)。特點：柔軟，質(zhì)輕，強度較小,油質(zhì)干沽后易腐爛。3. Cotton-hemp rope（棉蔴繩）Use: It is used for flag line and heaving line and so on .It is braided and corrosive-resistant. It is more corrosive-resistant th

5、an Manila rope but less than synthetic fiber rope. But nowadays, there is a trend that the cotton-hemp rope is replaced by the synthetic fiber rope gradually. Feature: It is flexible, light, less strong and it is more corrosive-resistant than Manila rope but less than synthetic fiber rope.用途：因其為編織繩,

6、 且經(jīng)防腐處理, 故多用作旗繩和撇纜繩等(但現(xiàn)船上已有用化纖繩作撇纜繩的趨向)。特點：柔軟，質(zhì)輕，強度較小。耐腐性能好于白棕繩但次于化纖繩。 Part II. Synthetic fiber rope (化學(xué)纖維繩) Synthetic fiber rope is made from synthetic fibers or man-made fibers nylon, dacron(滌綸), Polyethylene(乙綸) and polypropylene（丙綸）, etc. Nowadays, natural fire ropes have now largely been replac

7、ed by synthetic fiber ropes. Synthetic ropes have many advantages. They are strong and elastic and they are resistant to the action of water. 1.Nylon rope(尼龍繩) Nylon is the strongest and the most elastic of all the synthetic fibers. It is resistant to weather. Nylon is expensive, costing almost thre

8、e times as much as manila of the same size. It has several advantages over manila, however. It is almost three times as strong and lasts five times as long. For these reasons, nylon is more economical. On board ship, the use of nylon is authorized for towlines, mooring lines, and signal halyards. On

9、e feature of nylon that can be a disadvantage in some applications is its elasticity. Under load, it will stretch up to 40 percent of its original length. This stretch is evident only in the standard three-strand nylon line, not in the double-braided or plaited lines. A degree of elasticity of this

10、amount is not desirable in a line to be used as a boat fall or for a boom guy purchase. 2. Other synthetic fiber rope Dacron has about 80 percent of the strength of nylon but will stretch only about 10 percent of its original length. It has the highest melting point. It melts at a temperature of 260

11、C. Polyethylene(乙綸) and polypropylene（丙綸） are only half as strong as nylon, size for size, but they float in watera feature that makes them desirable for use on ring buoys. Also, size for size, they are 25 percent lighter than nylon, making them very easy to handle. Part III. Wire rope (鋼絲繩) Wire ro

12、pe is made from strands of steel wire. It is usually galvanized(電鍍的) to stop it from rusting. It is very strong and elastic, but not as flexible as other types of rope. Large wire ropes are very heavy. Wire rope has many uses on board ship, particularly for standing rigging, mooring lines and for ca

13、rgo handling. Wire rope is usually divided into three types according to their different applications: stiff wire rope, semi-flexible wire rope and flexible wire rope. 1. Stiff wire rope (硬鋼絲繩) Size for size, the stiff wire rope, usually with such construction: 77 and 719(There is a wire core in the

14、 center of such wire rope, around which, six wire strands are laid.),etc., is the strongest one of all ships ropes. And also, it is the hardest one of all ships rope. Therefore, stiff wire rope is not easy to handle. Because of the features mentioned above, the stiff wire rope is usually used as sta

15、ys for masts and funnels. 2. Semi-flexible wire rope (半硬鋼絲繩) The semi-flexible wire rope is only next to the stiff wire rope in strength, such as 619+1 and 637+1(There is an oiled core in the center of such wire rope, around which, six wire strands are laid.) etc. Because the semi-flexible wire rope

16、 is more flexible than the stiff wire rope, it is usually used as towing line, mooring line and so on. 3. Flexible wire rope (軟鋼絲繩) The flexible wire rope is next to the semi-flexible wire rope in strength such as24+7 and 630+7(Same as the semi-flexible wire rope, also, there is an oiled core in the

17、 center of such wire rope, around which, six wire strands are laid. Moreover, there are six small oiled cores in the center of the six strands, that is, one small oiled core for each wire strand.) etc. Of the three kinds of wire rope, the flexible wire rope is the most flexible and usually used as c

18、argo hoist and so on. The oiled core has such functions: 1). Reducing the abrasion of inner surface of wire strands. 2). Improve the flexibility of wire rope. 3). Preventing inner wire strands from rusting 4). LubricatingSection II Manufacture and measurement of ships ropePart I Manufacture of ships

19、 rope1. Laid rope(擰絞繩) Three-strand fiber rope and wire rope belong to laid rope. It is usually used as sling rope for working aloft. They can be divided into two types. a. Z type rope, also called right-hand rope, should be coiled clockwise after use to prevent twisting. b. S type rope, also called

20、 left-hand rope, should be coiled anti-clockwise after use to prevent twisting.2. Braided rope (編織繩) Braided rope is not easy to twist, but less strong. It is usually used as flag line and heaving line and so on.3. Cross rope (編絞繩) Cross rope is stronger than Laid rope and Braided rope, size for siz

21、e. It is usually used as mooring line.4. Composite rope (復(fù)合纜) Composite rope consists of fiber rope and wire rope, with a wire rope core in the center and fiber rope around it. It is the strongest one of fiber ropes. It is usually used as towing line on ocean-going tugs because it is both flexible a

22、nd strong. Part II Measurement of ships rope 1. Diameter or circumference Usually, Using metric system, rope is measured in diameter while using English system, rope is measured in circumference. There is a conversion expression here: C(in.)1/8D(mm) (1in25.4mm) 2. Length Using metric system, each co

23、il of fiber rope is usually 200 or 210 meters long for fiber ropes and each coil of wire rope is 210 or 500 meters long. Using English system, each coil of rope (either fiber rope or wire rope)is 120 fathoms, nearly 220 meters(1fm=2yd, 1yd=3ft, 1ft=12in). 3. Weight The price unit for fiber rope is c

24、alculated by the weight of each coil but for wire rope. It is calculated by each meter. Part III Strength of ships rope 1. Breaking strength Breaking strength is the strength when the rope is broken. Such strength is measured by the testing machine. 2. Testing strength Testing strength is used to in

25、spect the quality of the products when they are manufactured. Usually, it is half the one of breaking strength. 3. Safe working load Safe working load is the strength which is used in practice. To calculate the safe working load, you can use the following formula: Safe working load = Breaking streng

26、th / Safety factor (Note: Usually, the safety factor is 6. But for the specific applications, you can see Page 6.) In practice, the strength of the ropes may be reduced because of the specific causes. For example, after storing for 2 or 3 years, the strength of the new rope will reduced by 20-30%; A

27、fter making eye splices, the strength of the fiber rope will be reduced by 10%; After making short spliced, the strength of the wire rope will be reduced by nearly 10-25%. If you want to know more, you can see Page 6 and 7.Part IV The cautions for using ships ropesSome practices that should be avoid

28、ed or observed are as follows:Never:1. Stow wet or damp line in an unventilated compartment or cover it so that it can not dry. Mildew will form and weaken the fibers.2. Subject a line to intense heat or unnecessarily allow it to lie in the hot sun. The lubricant will dry out, thus shortening the li

29、fe of the line.3. Subject a line to loads exceeding its safe working load. It may not break the line, but individual fibers will break, reducing the strength.4. Allow line to bear on sharp edges or run over rough surfaces. The line will be cut or worn, reducing the strength and life.5. Scrub(擦洗) lin

30、e. The lubricant will be washed away, and caustics（腐蝕物） in strong soap may harm the fibers.6. Let wear become localized in one spot. Always: 1. Dry line before stowing it. 2. Protect line from weather when possible. 3. Use chafing gear (canvas, short lengths of old fire hose, etc.) where line (or wi

31、re) runs over sharp edges or rough surfaces. 4. Slack off taut lines when it rains. Wet lines shrink, and if the line is taut, the resulting strain may be enough to break some of the fibers. 5. Coil right-laid rope to the right (clockwise). 6. Inspect a line before using it. Overworked or overstrain

32、ed line will have a bristly(剛毛的剛毛的) surface. Mildew（霉）（霉） can be seen, and it has a peculiar（特殊的）（特殊的）, unpleasant odor（氣味）（氣味）. Untwist the line so that the inner parts of the strands can be seen. If they have a dull grayish（暗（暗 淡的）淡的） look, the line is unsafe. 7. Give line the care it deserves. So

33、meday your safety may depend on it. 8. Use chafing gear or occasionally “freshen the nip(繩索急彎處繩索急彎處)” to prevent or reduce localized wear. 9. Reverse turns（換頭）（換頭） on winches periodically to keep out the kinks （繩索的扭結(jié)）（繩索的扭結(jié)） and prevent or reduce localized wear. 10. Lay right-laid lines clockwise on

34、 reels or capstans and left-laid lines counter- clockwise until they are broken in（啟用）（啟用）. 11. When opening a new coil of right-laid line, place the coil so that the outer end is at the bottom. Cut the stoppers and pull the end up through the tunnel. 12. The wire rope should be lubricated periodica

35、lly. 13. When the number of broken wires of the wire rope at the length of ten times diameter is more than 5%, or deformation, wear or corrosion is remarkable, such rope should be replaced.Chapter Two Rope workSection I. knotting of fiber rope (纖維繩繩結(jié)纖維繩繩結(jié))Part I. knots for mooring work (糸泊作業(yè)用結(jié)糸泊作業(yè)用結(jié)

36、)1. Slippery knot for heaving line (撇纜活結(jié)撇纜活結(jié)) Use: Connect heaving line with the eye of the line temporarily.用途：帶纜時撇纜與大纜眼環(huán)臨時連接。用途：帶纜時撇纜與大纜眼環(huán)臨時連接。2. Slippery knot for mooring line (糸纜活結(jié)糸纜活結(jié)) Use: Secure steel wire rope on bitts. Caution: Secure at least three one.用途：糸扎雙糸柱上的鋼纜。注意事項：至少扎住三根鋼纜。用途：糸扎雙糸柱上的

37、鋼纜。注意事項：至少扎住三根鋼纜。3. Stopper knot (止索結(jié)止索結(jié)) Use: Stop the movement of the line temporarily so that the securing point can be shifted from capstan to bitts. Caution: The direction of the stopper rope should be same as that of mooring line.用途：臨時止住大纜的活動，以便將大纜的船方糸固點從絞纜筒轉(zhuǎn)移到雙糸柱上。用途：臨時止住大纜的活動，以便將大纜的船方糸固點從絞纜筒

38、轉(zhuǎn)移到雙糸柱上。 注意事項：止索繩應(yīng)朝出纜方向。注意事項：止索繩應(yīng)朝出纜方向。4. Carrick knot (繩花結(jié)繩花結(jié)) Use: Connect broken lines temporarily用途：臨時連接兩根破斷的大纜。用途：臨時連接兩根破斷的大纜。5. Bitting (挽樁結(jié)挽樁結(jié)) Use: Putting the line on the bitts. 用途：將纜繩挽牢在雙系柱上。用途：將纜繩挽牢在雙系柱上。 Part II Knots for connecting two ropes (兩繩相連用結(jié)兩繩相連用結(jié))1. Sheet bend (單索花單索花/單編結(jié)單編結(jié)) U

39、se: Connect two ropes with the same or different diameter, or connect rope end with rope eye. (It is often used to connect flag line with the signal flag.) 用途：兩根粗細相同或相近的繩頭相連，或繩頭連眼環(huán)用用途：兩根粗細相同或相近的繩頭相連，或繩頭連眼環(huán)用(常用于旗繩與信號旗的連接常用于旗繩與信號旗的連接) 。 2. Double sheet bends（雙索花（雙索花/雙編結(jié)）雙編結(jié)） Use: It is same as sheet b

40、end but faster than the sheet bend. 用途：同單索花，但比單索花更牢固。用途：同單索花，但比單索花更牢固。3. Reef knot (平結(jié)平結(jié)) Use: Connect two ropes with the same diameter. 用途：兩根粗細相同的細繩相連。用途：兩根粗細相同的細繩相連。4. Slippery reef knot (縮帆結(jié)縮帆結(jié)) Use: Connect two ropes with the same diameter and easy to untie. 用途：同平結(jié)，但易解。用途：同平結(jié)，但易解。 Part III 拖曳和扛吊

41、物品用結(jié)拖曳和扛吊物品用結(jié)(knots for carrying articles)1. Timber hitch (圓材結(jié)圓材結(jié)) Use: It is used to haul an object, such as a spar, that has a fairly rough surface. 用途：拖拉或升降圓柱形物體（如木材等）。用途：拖拉或升降圓柱形物體（如木材等）。2.Timber and half hitch (拖木結(jié)拖木結(jié)) Use: Similar to the half hitch but gives better control, and the combination

42、 is less likely to slip than the timber hitch alone. 用途：同圓材結(jié)用途：同圓材結(jié), 但比圓材結(jié)更牢固。但比圓材結(jié)更牢固。3. Sling a Cask on End（立桶結(jié)）（立桶結(jié)） Use: Sling a cask without a ring. 用途：升降單個無耳環(huán)的桶罐。用途：升降單個無耳環(huán)的桶罐。4. Carrying-pole Hitch（杠棒結(jié)）（杠棒結(jié)） Use: It is based on Sling a Cask on End. Form double loops so that the carrying-pole

43、or hook can be put through. Caution: The rope end should be a little longer. 用途：在立桶結(jié)的基礎(chǔ)上形成雙圈用途：在立桶結(jié)的基礎(chǔ)上形成雙圈,便于杠棒或貨鉤穿過。便于杠棒或貨鉤穿過。 注意事項：繩頭不宜留得太短。注意事項：繩頭不宜留得太短。 Part IV. 高空作業(yè)用結(jié)高空作業(yè)用結(jié)(Knots for working aloft)1. Clove Hitch（丁香結(jié)）（丁香結(jié)） Use: To secure the rope end around the cylinder such as rails and so on

44、. Cautions: The rope end should be a little longer. The clove hitch should not be secured around the square object. The knot will be faster if you add a half hitch to it. If necessary, you can make a slippery clove hitch. 用途：繩頭固定在圓柱形物體上用用途：繩頭固定在圓柱形物體上用(如欄桿等如欄桿等)。 注意事項：繩頭不能留得過短，不宜系在矩形物體上，丁香結(jié)加半結(jié)則更牢固。視

45、需要可打成注意事項：繩頭不能留得過短，不宜系在矩形物體上，丁香結(jié)加半結(jié)則更牢固。視需要可打成 丁香活結(jié)。丁香活結(jié)。2. Lubans Hitch（魯班結(jié)）（魯班結(jié)） Use: Similar to Clove Hitch. The hauling direction can be both vertical to and parallel to the cylinder, and even more, the knot can be made when the rope is very tight. Caution: Same as Clove Hitch. 用途：與丁香結(jié)相似，且繩索受力方向

46、既可與圓柱體垂直用途：與丁香結(jié)相似，且繩索受力方向既可與圓柱體垂直,也可與圓柱體平按行。并在繩索受力也可與圓柱體平按行。并在繩索受力 的情況下也可系結(jié)）。的情況下也可系結(jié)）。 注意事項：同丁香結(jié)。注意事項：同丁香結(jié)。3. Bowline (單套結(jié)單套結(jié)) Use: The bowline can be used to make a loop, or used as the temporary safety harness when working aloft or outboard, and also, it can be used to connect two ropes, or, conn

47、ect a rope with a loop temporarily（such as connecting the heaving line with the eye of the mooring line） Cautions: The rope end should be a little longer. The knot should be hauled tight so as to prevent from deformation用途：可用于制作臨時眼環(huán)、高空或舷外作業(yè)時做臨時安全帶，也可用于繩用途：可用于制作臨時眼環(huán)、高空或舷外作業(yè)時做臨時安全帶，也可用于繩 與繩、與繩、 繩與眼環(huán)臨時

48、連接（如撇纜與大纜眼環(huán)連接等）。繩與眼環(huán)臨時連接（如撇纜與大纜眼環(huán)連接等）。 注意事項：繩頭不能留得太短。繩結(jié)要收緊，以防受力時變形。注意事項：繩頭不能留得太短。繩結(jié)要收緊，以防受力時變形。 .4. Bowline on a Bight（雙套結(jié)）（雙套結(jié)） Use: It is used to substitute Bosuns Chair temporarily when working aloft or outboard. Caution: While making such a knot with a bight, the bight end should be overturned f

49、rom downward to upward and it can not be done in opposite direction. While overturning, you should avoid making a slippery loop. 用途：高空或舷外作業(yè)時代替座板用。用途：高空或舷外作業(yè)時代替座板用。 注意事項：采用雙股系法時，應(yīng)由下往上套入雙圈，而不能由上往下套入。注意事項：采用雙股系法時，應(yīng)由下往上套入雙圈，而不能由上往下套入。 翻環(huán)時應(yīng)注意避免打成活套。翻環(huán)時應(yīng)注意避免打成活套。5. Figure of Eight Knot（ “8”形結(jié)）形結(jié)） Use: The

50、 figure of eight knot is used to prevent the rope end from slipping out of a block hole (It is often used to bring the blocks to a high place while working aloft). 用途：防止繩頭從滑車孔中滑脫（常用于上高繩穿過滑車繩孔以防繩頭滑場脫，以便攜上高處用途：防止繩頭從滑車孔中滑脫（常用于上高繩穿過滑車繩孔以防繩頭滑場脫，以便攜上高處 系結(jié)滑車）。系結(jié)滑車）。6. Lowering hitch（松降結(jié)）（松降結(jié)） Use: It is us

51、ed to connect the gantline with Bosuns chair (so that the operator aloft or outboard can control the working height by himself). 用途：上高繩與座板連接用途：上高繩與座板連接(供高空或舷外作業(yè)者自己控制工作點的高度供高空或舷外作業(yè)者自己控制工作點的高度)。7. Stage knot（架板結(jié)）（架板結(jié)） Use: It is used to connect stage rope with the stage when working aloft or outboard

52、(The knot can be made by two ways). 用途：架板繩與架板連接用（兩種打法皆可）。用途：架板繩與架板連接用（兩種打法皆可）。8. Slippery knot for stage sling（架板活結(jié)）（架板活結(jié)） Use: To secure the stage rope on the rail when working aloft or outboard. 用途：將架板繩固定在欄桿上用（此結(jié)可用旋圓雙半結(jié)來代替）。用途：將架板繩固定在欄桿上用（此結(jié)可用旋圓雙半結(jié)來代替）。 Part V Knots for Boat（救生艇用結(jié)）（救生艇用結(jié)）1. Boat H

53、itch（小艇結(jié)）（小艇結(jié)） Use: It is used to tow a life boat temporarily（It is easy to tie and untie）. 用途：臨時拖帶救生艇用（該結(jié)易系易解）。用途：臨時拖帶救生艇用（該結(jié)易系易解）。2. Round Turn and Two Half Hitches（旋圓雙半結(jié)）（旋圓雙半結(jié)） Use: It is Similar to Lubans Hitch but easier than it, and also, Lubans Hitch can substitute Boat Hitch and faster than

54、 it. 用途：用途類似魯班結(jié)，但系結(jié)時比魯班結(jié)更方便。也可代替小艇結(jié)，且比小艇結(jié)更牢固。用途：用途類似魯班結(jié)，但系結(jié)時比魯班結(jié)更方便。也可代替小艇結(jié)，且比小艇結(jié)更牢固。Part VI Other Knots（其他繩結(jié)）（其他繩結(jié)）1. Whipping（扎繩頭結(jié)）（扎繩頭結(jié)） Use: It is used to whip the rope end to prevent it from unlaying. 用途：用于綁扎繩頭，防止繩股松散。用途：用于綁扎繩頭，防止繩股松散。2. Rope putting away（收繩結(jié)）（收繩結(jié)） Use: It is used to haul tight

55、 the rope which is coiled for stowage in the deck locker. 用途：用于收緊盤好的繩索。用途：用于收緊盤好的繩索。3. Cleating（羊角挽法）（羊角挽法） Use: Secure a line, such as a flag line, on a cleat. 用途：系固繩索用，如系固旗繩等。用途：系固繩索用，如系固旗繩等。 Section II. Braids of Fiber Rope（纖維繩編結(jié)）（纖維繩編結(jié)）1. Monkeys Fist（撇纜頭結(jié)）（撇纜頭結(jié)） Use: Adding weight to rope end t

56、o make it carry further. Preparations: Prepare rope with the length of 30 to 40 meters and with the diameter of 8 mm, a bag with the iron sand, weighing 200 g or about. The steps: 1) coiling clockwise 2) coiling anticlockwise 3) coiling clockwise Caution: Coiling at least 4 or 5 rounds for each dire

57、ction: Adding a Bowline after hauling tight. Use: Secure a line, such as a flag line, on a cleat. 用途：加重撇纜繩端部，以便扔得較遠。用途：加重撇纜繩端部，以便扔得較遠。 準備：一根準備：一根3040米長、直徑米長、直徑8mm 的纖維繩，鐵沙袋重約的纖維繩，鐵沙袋重約200g。 方法：方法：1）順時針纏圈）順時針纏圈 2）逆時針纏圈）逆時針纏圈 3）順時針纏圈）順時針纏圈 注意事項：每一方向的繩圈至少注意事項：每一方向的繩圈至少4或或5道；收緊后加一單套結(jié)。道；收緊后加一單套結(jié)。 2. Spide

58、r /Turks Head（救生索中結(jié)）（救生索中結(jié)） Use: It is used on the life line of the life boat, for the convenience of the crew boarding on the boat. Preparations: Prepare a rope with the length meeting the requirement. The distance between the two Spider Turks Head should be about 50 cm, the length of each braiding

59、 rope should be about 80 cm. The steps: 1) Undertucking 2) Overtucking 3) Upwardtucking parallel 4) Downwardtucking parallel Caution: Cut off the remaining part of the rope end after hauling tight. 用途：用于救生艇的救生索上，便于棄船時艇員登艇用。用途：用于救生艇的救生索上，便于棄船時艇員登艇用。 準備：一根符合要求的救生索準備：一根符合要求的救生索, 每每2個救生索中結(jié)的間隔距離為個救生索中結(jié)的間

60、隔距離為50cm，4根編結(jié)用繩長度各約根編結(jié)用繩長度各約 80cm。 步驟：步驟：1）挑）挑 2）壓）壓 3）向上平行穿一次）向上平行穿一次 4）向下平行穿一次）向下平行穿一次 注意事項：收緊后剪去余頭。注意事項：收緊后剪去余頭。 Section III. Splice For Three-strand Fiber Rope（三股纖維繩插接）（三股纖維繩插接）1. Back Splice（繩頭反插接）（繩頭反插接） Use: It is used to prevent the rope end from unlaying and faster than Whipping. 用途：防止繩頭松散。