曼昆經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理宏觀第23章

1、一國收入的衡量 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.Premium PowerPoint Slides by Ron C

2、ronovich2012 UPDATEN. 格里高利曼昆經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第六版23.本教學(xué)PPT雙語版由浙江工商大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 陳宇峰 編譯1 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected

3、website for classroom use.2*本章我們將探索這些問題的答案：本章我們將探索這些問題的答案：什么是國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）？GDP與一國的總收入與總支出有什么聯(lián)系？GDP由哪幾部分組成？GDP怎么進(jìn)行通貨膨脹的校正？GDP是衡量經(jīng)濟(jì)福利的好指標(biāo)嗎？ 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed wit

4、h a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.3*微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) 微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué): 研究家庭和企業(yè)如何做出決策，以及它們?nèi)绾卧谑袌錾舷嗷ソ灰?宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)：宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)： 研究整體經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)象 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for

5、 use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.4*收入與支出收入與支出 國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值 (GDP) 衡量經(jīng)濟(jì)中所有人的總收入 GDP也衡量用于經(jīng)濟(jì)中物品與勞務(wù)生產(chǎn)的總支出對一個(gè)整體經(jīng)濟(jì)而言，收入等于支出收入等于支出因?yàn)槟硞€(gè)買者的1美元支出正是某個(gè)賣者的1美元收入 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Ma

6、y not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.5*循環(huán)流量圖循環(huán)流量圖 宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)的一個(gè)簡單描述 用支出，收益，要素支付和收入來說明GDP 預(yù)備知識： 生產(chǎn)要素：生產(chǎn)要素：諸如勞動(dòng)，土地，資本，自然資源等投入 要素支付：要素

7、支付：支付給生產(chǎn)要素的報(bào)酬（例如，工資，租金） 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.6*循環(huán)流量圖循環(huán)流量圖家庭家庭:

8、擁有生產(chǎn)要素，出售或出租它們給企業(yè)以換取收入 購買并消費(fèi)物品與勞務(wù)家庭企業(yè)企業(yè)企業(yè): 購買或租賃生產(chǎn)要素，用它們來生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù) 出售物品與勞務(wù) 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-prote

9、cted website for classroom use.7*循環(huán)流量圖循環(huán)流量圖生產(chǎn)要素市場家庭企業(yè)收入 (=GDP)工資、租金和利潤 (=GDP)生產(chǎn)投入勞動(dòng)、土地和資本支出(=GDP)物品和勞務(wù)的購買物品和勞務(wù)的銷售收入 (=GDP)物品與勞務(wù)市場 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a ce

10、rtain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.8*這張圖省略了什么這張圖省略了什么 政府 征稅，購買物品與勞務(wù) 金融體系 在儲(chǔ)蓄者資金的供給和借款者貸款的需求之間達(dá)成均衡 外國部門 物品與勞務(wù)貿(mào)易，金融資產(chǎn)，外國居民的貨幣 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use

11、as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.9*國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）：）：物品用它們的市場價(jià)值來評價(jià)，那:所有物品都用相同的單位來衡量 (比如,在美國用美元)那些沒有市場價(jià)值的物品被排除在外，比如你為自己而做的家務(wù) 在某一既定時(shí)期一個(gè)國家內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的所有最終物品與勞務(wù)的市場價(jià)值 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserve

12、d. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.10*國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值 (GDP) ：最終物品：最終物品：為終端使用者所準(zhǔn)備中間物品：中間物品：生產(chǎn)其他物品的一種組成成份或要素 GDP只包括最終產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)過程

13、中使用的中間物品的價(jià)值已經(jīng)包含在最終物品的價(jià)值中 在某一既定時(shí)期一個(gè)國家內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的所有最終物品和勞務(wù)的市場價(jià)值 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for c

14、lassroom use.11*國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值 (GDP)：GDP包括有形的物品(比如DVD, 山地自行車, 啤酒)也包括無形的勞務(wù)(比如干洗, 音樂會(huì), 移動(dòng)電話服務(wù)) 在某一既定時(shí)期一個(gè)國家內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的所有最終物品和勞務(wù)的市場價(jià)值 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain pro

15、duct or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.12*國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值 (GDP)：GDP 只包括現(xiàn)期生產(chǎn)的物品，不包括過去生產(chǎn)的物品 在某一既定時(shí)期一個(gè)國家內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的所有最終物品和勞務(wù)的市場價(jià)值 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a li

16、cense distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.13*國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值 (GDP)：GDP 衡量的生產(chǎn)價(jià)值局限于一個(gè)國家的地理范圍之內(nèi)，不管是由本國的國民還是住在本國的外國人生產(chǎn) 在某一既定時(shí)期一個(gè)國家內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的所有最終物品和勞務(wù)的市場價(jià)值 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated

17、, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.14*國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值 (GDP)：通常是一年或一個(gè)季度（3個(gè)月） 在某一既定時(shí)期一個(gè)國家內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的所有最終物品和勞務(wù)的市場價(jià)值 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copi

18、ed, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.15*GDP的組成部分的組成部分 GDP 是總支出 四個(gè)組成部分： 消費(fèi) （C） 投資 （I） 政府購買 （G） 凈出口（NX） 這四個(gè)組成部分的總和等于GDP（用Y表示）：Y = C + I + G

19、+ NX 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.16*消費(fèi)消費(fèi) (C) 家庭除購買新住房之外用于物品和勞務(wù)的總支出 關(guān)于居

20、住成本的注釋： 對租房者而言，消費(fèi)包括租金 對房主而言，消費(fèi)包括住房的隱含租金價(jià)值，但不包括住房的購買價(jià)格或按揭貸款 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website f

21、or classroom use.17*投資投資 （I） 投資是對用于未來生產(chǎn)更多物品和勞務(wù)的物品的購買 包括下列支出： 資本設(shè)備 (比如機(jī)器, 工具) 建筑物(工廠，辦公樓，住房) 存貨 (已經(jīng)生產(chǎn)出來但尚未售出的物品)注意: “并不是指購買股票或債券這類金融資產(chǎn) 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with

22、a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.18*政府購買政府購買 （G） 是地方、州、和聯(lián)邦政府用于物品與勞務(wù)的支出。 政府購買不包括轉(zhuǎn)移支付轉(zhuǎn)移支付，比如社會(huì)保障補(bǔ)助或失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)補(bǔ)助 因?yàn)樗鼈儾皇俏锲放c勞務(wù)的購買 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use

23、 as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.19*凈出口凈出口 （NX） NX = 出口 進(jìn)口 出口代表外國對國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的支出 進(jìn)口是消費(fèi)，投資和政府購買中對外國生產(chǎn)的物品和勞務(wù)的支出 把所有組成部分加總起來得到：Y = C + I + G + NX 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be c

24、opied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.20*美國的美國的GDP及其組成部分：及其組成部分：20072,3448,9057,03732,228$45,825人均量5.119.415.470.3100.0占總量的百分比7082,6902,

25、1259,734$13,841總量（10億）NXGICY主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí) 1 GDP及其組成部分在下面的各種情形下，計(jì)算GDP及它受影響的組成部分的變化量 A.Debbie在波士頓最好的飯店花了$200請他丈夫吃晚飯B. Sarah為了出版業(yè)務(wù)的需要，花$1800買了一臺(tái)新筆記本。這臺(tái)筆記本是在中國制造的 C. Jane為了她編輯業(yè)務(wù)的需要花了$1200購買一臺(tái)新電腦，這臺(tái)電腦是由本地的制造商在去年生產(chǎn)的 D. 通用汽車公司生產(chǎn)了價(jià)值5億美元的汽車，但消費(fèi)者只購買了價(jià)值4.7億美元的汽車 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be co

26、pied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí) 1 參考答案A. Debbie在波士頓最好的飯店花了$200請他丈夫吃晚飯消費(fèi)和 GDP都增加了200美元 B. Sarah為了出版業(yè)務(wù)的需要，花$1800買了一臺(tái)新筆記本。這臺(tái)筆記本是在

27、中國制造的 投資增加1800美元，凈出口減少1800美元, GDP 不變 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)

28、1 參考答案C. Jane為了她編輯業(yè)務(wù)的需要花了$1200購買一臺(tái)新電腦，這臺(tái)電腦是由本地的制造商在去年生產(chǎn)的 當(dāng)前的GDP與投資都不變，因?yàn)殡娔X是在去年生產(chǎn)出來的D. 通用汽車公司生產(chǎn)了價(jià)值5億美元的汽車，但消費(fèi)者只購買了價(jià)值4.7億美元的汽車消費(fèi)增加4.7億美元，存貨投資增加0.3億，GDP 增加5億美元 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a li

29、cense distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product

30、or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.24*真實(shí)真實(shí)GDP與名義與名義GDP 通貨膨脹會(huì)扭曲像GDP這樣的經(jīng)濟(jì)變量，因此我們有兩種類型的GDP： 名義名義GDP 按現(xiàn)期價(jià)格評價(jià)的物品與勞務(wù)的生產(chǎn) 沒有經(jīng)過通貨膨脹校正 真實(shí)真實(shí) GDP 按基年基年價(jià)格評價(jià)的物品與勞務(wù)的生產(chǎn) 經(jīng)過通貨膨脹校正 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or

31、in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.25*例例:計(jì)算每年的名義GDP：2011:$10 x 400 + $2 x 1000 = $6,0002012:$11 x 500 + $2.50 x 1100 = $8,2502013:$12 x 600 + $3 x 1200 = $10,800披薩披薩拿鐵咖啡拿鐵咖啡年份年

32、份PQPQ2011$10400$2.0010002012$11500$2.5011002013$12600$3.00120037.5%增加：30.9% 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-pr

33、otected website for classroom use.26*例例:計(jì)算每年的真實(shí)GDP, 以2005 年作為基年:披薩披薩拿鐵咖啡拿鐵咖啡年份PQPQ2011$10400$2.0010002012$11500$2.5011002013$12600$3.00120020.0%增加：16.7%$10$2.002011:$10 x 400 + $2 x 1000 = $6,0002012:$10 x 500 + $2 x 1100 = $7,2002013:$10 x 600 + $2 x 1200 = $8,400 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights

34、Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.27*例例:每年, 名義GDP是用當(dāng)期價(jià)格來衡量 真實(shí)GDP是用不變的基年價(jià)格來衡量（本例中以2005年作為基年）年份年份名義名義GDP真實(shí)真實(shí) GDP

35、2011$6000$60002012$8250$72002013$10,800$8400 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom u

36、se.28*例例: T名義GDP的變化反映了價(jià)格與產(chǎn)量的變化 真實(shí)GDP的變化是價(jià)格不變時(shí)（就是零通貨膨脹條件），GDP數(shù)量的變化 年份年份名義名義 GDP真實(shí)真實(shí)GDP2011$6000$60002012$8250$72002013$10,800$840020.0%16.7%37.5%30.9%因此，真實(shí) GDP經(jīng)過通貨膨脹校正美國的名義美國的名義GDP與真實(shí)與真實(shí)GDP：19652012真實(shí)GDP (基年是 2005年)名義GDPbillions 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned,

37、or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.30* GDP平減指數(shù)平減指數(shù) GDP平減指數(shù)是對總體價(jià)格水平的衡量 定義:n衡量經(jīng)濟(jì)通貨膨脹率通貨膨脹率的一種方法是計(jì)算從一年到下一年GDP平減指數(shù)增加的百分比GDP 平減指數(shù) = 100 x 名義 GDP真實(shí) GDP 201

38、3 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.31*例例:計(jì)算每年的GDP 平減指數(shù)：年份名義名義 GDP真實(shí)真實(shí)GDPGDP 平減指數(shù)

39、2011$6000$60002012$8250$72002013$10,800$84002011:100 x (6000/6000) = 100.0100.02012:100 x (8250/7200) = 114.6114.62013:100 x (10,800/8400) = 128.6128.614.6%12.2%主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí) 2 GDP的計(jì)算 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as

40、 permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.使用上述數(shù)據(jù)解決以下問題：A. 計(jì)算2011年的名義GDP.B. 計(jì)算2012年的真實(shí)GDP. C. 計(jì)算2013年的GDP平減指數(shù). 2011 (基年)20122013PQPQPQ物品 A$30900$311000$361050物品 B$100192$102200$100205主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí) 2 參考答案 2013 Cengage Le

41、arning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.A.計(jì)算2011年的名義GDP.$30 x 900 + $100 x 192 = $46,200B.計(jì)算2012年

42、的真實(shí) GDP. $30 x 1000 + $100 x 200 = $50,0002011 (基年基年)20122013PQPQPQ物品物品 A$30900$311,000$361050物品物品 B$100192$102200$100205主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí) 2 參考答案 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a

43、 certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.C.計(jì)算2013年的GDP 平減指數(shù). 名義 GDP = $36 x 1050 + $100 x 205 = $58,300 真實(shí) GDP = $30 x 1050 + $100 x 205 = $52,000 GDP 平減指數(shù) = 100 x (名義 GDP)/(真實(shí) GDP) = 100 x ($58,300)/($52,000) = 112.12011 (基年基年)20122013PQPQPQGood A$3

44、0900$311,000$361050Good B$100192$102200$100205 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.35*GDP與經(jīng)濟(jì)福利與經(jīng)濟(jì)福利 人均真實(shí)人均真實(shí) GDP是衡量普通人生活水平的主要指標(biāo)是衡量普通人生活水平的主要指標(biāo) 但GDP不是衡量經(jīng)濟(jì)福利的完美指標(biāo) 羅伯特肯尼迪慷慨激昂地批評了這種經(jīng)濟(jì)衡量指標(biāo)：國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值“并沒有考慮到我們孩子的健康、他們的教育質(zhì)量，或者他們做游戲的快樂。它也沒有包括我們的詩歌之美和婚姻的穩(wěn)定，以及我們關(guān)