九年級(jí)英語上冊(cè)u(píng)nit12知識(shí)要點(diǎn)

1、九年級(jí)英語上冊(cè)Unit12 Life is full of the unexpected.一、語法：過去完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)表示在過去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)以前即“過去的過去”已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Mr. Black told me that he had seen the movie three times.布萊克先生告訴我他已經(jīng)把這部電影看了三遍了。（“看”在“告訴”之前）1、構(gòu)成：had+動(dòng)詞過去分詞 肯定句：主語+had+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+其他.否定句：主語+hadnt(had not)+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+其他.一般疑問句：Had+主語+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+其他？肯定回答：Yes, 主語+had.否定回答：No,

2、主語+hadnt. 2、基本用法：表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作以前完成了的動(dòng)作，即“過去的過去”。常用時(shí)間狀語by + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)“到時(shí)”；by the end of“到末（為止）”；before + 過去時(shí)間“在之前”；by then“截止到那時(shí)”；up till then“直到那時(shí)”；up till last night“直到昨晚”；when、before等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句等。 I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.到昨天晚上10點(diǎn)鐘時(shí)我就看完了這本小說。 We had learned over tw

3、o thousand English words by the end of last term. 到上個(gè)學(xué)期末我們以學(xué)了兩千個(gè)英語單詞。 They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 上周三之前他們已經(jīng)栽了六百棵樹。 When I got there，the train had left.當(dāng)我到達(dá)那兒時(shí)，火車已經(jīng)開了。 表示由過去的某一時(shí)刻開始，一直延續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和for, since構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語連用。He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他

4、說自從1949年以來他就在那家工廠工作。 3、過去完成時(shí)的判定： 由時(shí)間狀語來判定 一般說來，各種時(shí)態(tài)都有特定的時(shí)間狀語。與過去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語有： by the end of“到末（為止）”；before + 過去時(shí)間“在之前”由“過去的過去”來判定。過去完成時(shí)表示“過去的過去”，是指過去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作，即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的用過去完成時(shí)，在后的用一般過去時(shí)。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在：1）賓語從句中當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時(shí)，且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí)，從句要用過去完成時(shí)。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。如：She

5、 said that she had seen the film before.2）狀語從句中在時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中，主、從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的，要用過去完成時(shí)，動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過去時(shí)。如：After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.注意： before, after 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系，若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過去時(shí)。如：After he closed the door, he left the classroom.

6、根據(jù)上、下文來判定。I met Tao Wang in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.語法區(qū)別(一)、過去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，但側(cè)重對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響，與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“助動(dòng)詞 have (has) + 過去分詞”；過去完成時(shí)則是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，它所表示的動(dòng)作不僅發(fā)生在過去，更強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”，只有和過去某時(shí)或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)，才用到它。比較：I have learned 1000 English words so far

7、.到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了1000個(gè)英語單詞。I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那時(shí)為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了1000個(gè)英語單詞。 I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 對(duì)不起，讓你久等了。 Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.沒什么，我只等了幾分鐘。（“等”的動(dòng)作從過去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在）(二)、過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別雖然這兩種時(shí)態(tài)都表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，但在使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1. 時(shí)間狀語不同：過去完成時(shí)在時(shí)間上強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去

8、”；而一般過去時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某一特定的時(shí)間。比較：They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.2. 在沒有明確的過去時(shí)間狀語作標(biāo)志時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后須依據(jù)上下文來判斷：先發(fā)生的用過去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生的則用一般過去時(shí)。She was very happy. Her whole family was pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition compet

9、ition.二、課文知識(shí)要點(diǎn)：1、Life is full of the unexpected. 生活充滿了意外。be full of = be filled with充滿，裝滿 The bottle is full of water .瓶子里裝滿了水。 Her eyes were full of tears.她眼淚汪汪的。expect v.“預(yù)料、盼望”unexpected adj. “出乎意料的；始料不及的”expect及物動(dòng)詞，“預(yù)料、盼望、預(yù)計(jì)、預(yù)料”；常見用法： 1)expect + n./pron.“預(yù)計(jì)可能發(fā)生；期待某人/某物” We should not expect succ

10、ess overnight. 我們不能期望一夜之間就取得成功。 I expect a snowstorm.我預(yù)計(jì)有一場(chǎng)暴風(fēng)雪。 2)expect to do sth.“料想做某事” I didnt expect to find you here. 我沒料到在這里碰到你。 3)expect sb. to do sth.“期望某人做某事” He expected her to go with him. 他期望她同他一起去。 Do you expect him to teach you English？你希望他教你英語嗎？ 4)expect + 從句“預(yù)計(jì)、料想” I expect that I w

11、ill be back on Sunday. 我預(yù)計(jì)星期日回來。 I dont expect that he has done such a thing. 我預(yù)料他不會(huì)干出這種事來。 the unexpected “ 意外的事情，出乎意料的事”； the adj.表示一類人或事物。英語中，有些形容詞與定冠詞the連用，表示一類人或事物，在句子中起名詞的作用。the homeless 無家可歸者 the disabled殘疾人the deaf 聾人 the dead 死者 the blind 盲人 the young 年輕人 the weak 弱者 the old 老人 the strong 強(qiáng)

12、者 the sick 病人 the wounded 傷員2、By the time I got outside, the bus had already left. 當(dāng)我出來時(shí)，公共汽車已經(jīng)離開了。 by the time “在以前”，指從過去的某一點(diǎn)到從句所示的時(shí)間為止，常引導(dǎo)表示過去的時(shí)間狀語從句。如果從句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí)，主句常用過去完成時(shí)，即had+動(dòng)詞過去分詞。 By the time I got up, he had already left. 當(dāng)我起床時(shí)，他已經(jīng)離開了。 By the time he returned home，the rain had stopped.等他

13、回到家時(shí)，雨已經(jīng)停了。如果從句的謂語動(dòng)詞為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（表示將來），那么主句的謂語動(dòng)詞常用將來完成時(shí)，即will have+動(dòng)詞過去分詞。 By the time John finishes his home work，his classmates will have left to play football. 到約翰做完作業(yè)時(shí)，他的同學(xué)將以離開去踢足球去了。 比較：by now 表示“到現(xiàn)在為止”，通常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。 By now I have collected 200 dolls. 到現(xiàn)在為止，我已收集了二百個(gè)布娃娃。3、When I got to school, I r

14、ealized I had left my backpack at home.當(dāng)我到學(xué)校時(shí)我意識(shí)到我把書包忘在家里了。 leave sth. +地點(diǎn)“把某物忘在某處”forget意為“遺忘某物”，指忘記一件具體的東西，但不能有具體的地點(diǎn)。forget還有forget to do sth.忘記做某事（未做），forget doing sth.忘記做某事（已做） I left my book on the desk. 我把書忘在了桌子上。 I forgot my umbrella yesterday .我昨天忘了帶傘。 注意： 英語中表示“把某物遺忘在某處”，常用 leave + 地點(diǎn)，而不是fo

15、rget+地點(diǎn)。leave構(gòu)成的短語：leave for +地點(diǎn) 離開去某地 leave a message 留言 ask for leave 請(qǐng)假 leave school (中學(xué)) 畢業(yè) leave one by oneself=leave sb alone 把某人單獨(dú)留下4、My alarm clock didnt go off! 我的鬧鐘沒響。go off 發(fā)出響聲, (鬧鐘)鬧響 The alarm went off just now. 剛才警鐘響了go構(gòu)成的短語：go over 復(fù)習(xí) go away 離開 go by (時(shí)間)過去 go for a walk 出去散步go on繼續(xù)

16、Time goes by second by second. 時(shí)間一秒秒地消逝。5、Carls day saw me on the street and gave me a lift in his car. Carl的爸爸在街上看到我，捎了我一程。 give sb. a lift =give sb. a ride / give a ride to sb. 捎某人一程 Could you give me a lift ，please？請(qǐng)問，你能捎我一程嗎？ Jim gave me a lift on my way home yesterday.昨天吉姆在我回家的路上捎我一程。6、I was ab

17、out to go up when I decided to get a coffee first.我正要去辦公室時(shí)，我決定先喝一杯咖啡。1）be about to “忙于；即將做某事”。側(cè)重于表示動(dòng)作馬上就要發(fā)生，常與when引導(dǎo)的從句連用，但不與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用。The train is about to start.火車馬上就要開了。The performance is about to begin. 演出就要開始了。We are not about to stop now. 我們不打算現(xiàn)在就停下來。與be going to區(qū)別：be going to do表示將要發(fā)生的事情或打算最近

18、要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。It is going to rain soon. 快要下雨了。 在含有條件狀語從句的主從復(fù)合句中，主句一般不用be going to，而常用will（第一人稱用shall）。The football match will be put off if it rains tomorrow. 如果明天下雨，足球賽將被推遲舉行。2）go up上升，上漲，增長(zhǎng) Can you go up the stairs two steps at a time? 你上樓時(shí)一次能跨兩級(jí)臺(tái)階嗎? Prices of fruit and vegetables have gone up.水果和蔬菜的價(jià)格已經(jīng)

19、上漲了。7、I went to my favorite coffee place even though it was two blocks east from my office.我走向我最喜歡的咖啡館，盡管它在我的辦公室東面有兩個(gè)街區(qū)遠(yuǎn)。 even though “即使， 雖然， 盡管”；用于引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，相當(dāng)于though，although。He went out even though it was raining. 盡管在下雨，他還是出去了。Even though its hard work, I enjoy it. 雖然工作艱苦，我還是很喜歡。Hes the best teac

20、her even though he has the least experience. 他盡管經(jīng)驗(yàn)最少，但教得最好。Even though I didnt know anybody at the party, I had a nice time. 盡管這次聚會(huì)上我誰也不認(rèn)識(shí)，我也玩得挺痛快。8、As I was waiting in line with other office workers, I heard a loud sound. 當(dāng)我和其他的工作人員排除等候時(shí)，我聽到了一聲巨響。wait in line意為“排隊(duì)等候”。 stand in line 站成一排cut in line

21、插隊(duì) The crowd waited patiently in a line for the doors to open.群眾排成一行耐心等待門打開。 I'm really sick of waiting in line for buses.我對(duì)排隊(duì)等待實(shí)在討厭極了。 The children were standing in a line, waiting to go into school.孩子們排成一隊(duì)等候進(jìn)校門。9、We stared in disbelief at the black smoke rising above the burning building. 我們難以

22、置信地看著燃燒的建筑物升起的黑煙。 stare v. “凝視，盯視，盯住” (表示看得比較仔細(xì)，有時(shí)候也帶有吃驚的意味去看，常與at, into連用。) Dont stare at me like that.別那樣盯著我看。It's impolite to stare at people. 盯著看人是不禮貌的。 After I told her the news, she stared at me in astonishment.我把消息告訴她之后，她驚駭?shù)帽牬罅搜劬Χ⒅摇n disbelief 不相信 ，疑惑， 懷疑 Tamara stared at him in disbeli

23、ef, shaking her head. 塔瑪拉一邊狐疑地盯著他看，一邊搖著頭。 She looked at him in disbelief. 她全然不信地看著他。 He listened in disbelief to this extraordinary story. 他滿腹疑惑地聽著這個(gè)離奇的故事。above“在之上”； above、over、on“在之上”；的用法區(qū)別：on表示在一物體上，強(qiáng)調(diào)兩物相接觸。She put her coat on the bed. 她把大衣放在床上。The woman lifted a big jar on her head. 那位婦女頭上頂著一只大壇

24、子。over表示在一物體上，但強(qiáng)調(diào)覆蓋這一物體。She put her coat over the sleeping baby. 她把大衣蓋在那正在睡覺的孩子身上。表示垂直向上，比較精確，其反義詞為under。The lamp is over the table.燈在桌子上方。above表示位置高于某人或某物。但不一定是正上方，反義詞是below。The moon is now above the trees.月亮正位于樹梢上。10、I felt lucky to be alive.我感到很幸運(yùn)能活下來。 alive adj.“活著的”alive、living、live、lively的用法區(qū)別

25、：alive 形容詞，意為“活著，活的，有生命的，還出氣的”；可指人也可指物，作表語，作定語時(shí)放在被修飾的詞后，有時(shí)作補(bǔ)語；說明生與死的界限，與dead相對(duì)。 They were alive and as happy as ever.他們都還活著，并且跟以前一樣快活。The tiger is still alive.那只老虎仍然活著。All the other comrades were killed in the battle. He was the only man alive.所有的同志都陣亡了，他是惟一的幸存者。 The fish were caught alive.這些魚被活捉。 l

26、iving“活著， 尚在人間，健在的”； 指人或物，作定語或表語。強(qiáng)調(diào)“尚在人間，健在”的意思。the living表示“活著的人”，是復(fù)數(shù)。 Is Mrs. Smith still living? 史密斯太太還在世嗎？ Every living person has a name.每一個(gè)活著的人都有一個(gè)名字。 The living are more important to us than the dead.對(duì)我們來說活著的人比死了的人更重要。live 讀作laiv ，意為“活著的，活生生的”，可以作定語，放在所修飾的名詞之前，一般不用來修飾人。 My mother bought a liv

27、e fish this morning.我媽媽今天早晨買了一條活魚。lively“活潑的，活躍，充滿生氣的”；可指人，也可指物，作定語、表語。 She is a lively girl.她是一個(gè)活潑的女孩。 The sports ground is lively with all sorts of ball games.運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)上要進(jìn)行各種球類比賽，呈現(xiàn)出一派生氣勃勃的景象。The boy has a lively mind.這男孩頭腦靈活。11、Last Friday night，my friend invited me to his birthday party上周五晚上我的朋友邀請(qǐng)我出席他

28、的生日聚會(huì)。 invite v invitation n邀請(qǐng) (1)invite sb. to do sth 邀請(qǐng)某人做某事 Lets call up Jim and invite him to play football. 讓我們給吉姆打電話吧，邀請(qǐng)他去踢足球。 (2)invite sb. to +地點(diǎn) 邀請(qǐng)某人去某地 Thanks a lot for inviting me to your birthday party .非常感謝你邀請(qǐng)我參加你的生日聚會(huì). I would like to invite you to the Art Festival of our school. 我想要邀請(qǐng)

29、你來參加我們學(xué)校的藝術(shù)節(jié)12、the other kids showed up.其他的孩子出席了。 show up “出席，露面，出現(xiàn)” Everyone showed up except Jack.除了杰克以外所有的人都來了。 He didn't show up at the evening party. 他沒在晚會(huì)上出現(xiàn). show sb up“帶某人上來；帶某人上樓”13、April fool's Day is a celebration that takes place in different countries around the world. 愚人節(jié)發(fā)生在世界不

30、同國(guó)家的一項(xiàng)慶?；顒?dòng)。fool 名詞“傻子，呆子”；動(dòng)詞“愚弄，欺騙” foolish adj. 愚蠢的 on April Fools Day 愚人節(jié) make a fool of sb. 愚弄某人 He is a fool. 他是一個(gè)呆子。（名詞） We cant fool our teacher. 我們不能欺騙我們的教師。(動(dòng)詞) take place“發(fā)生、進(jìn)行”（指事先計(jì)劃好或預(yù)料的事情） The sports meeting will take place in our school.運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)將在我校舉行。 happen常指具體的事物的發(fā)生，特別指那些偶然的發(fā)生。不及物動(dòng)詞，沒有被動(dòng)語

31、態(tài) sth happen to sb 意為“某人發(fā)生某事”。 happen to do sth 意為“碰巧做某事”。I happened to have read the article when he asked me about it. 當(dāng)他問起我關(guān)于這篇文章的情況時(shí)我碰巧已經(jīng)讀過了。14、It happens on April 1st every year and is a day when many people play all kinds of tricks and jokes on each other. 愚人節(jié)在每年的四月一號(hào)，這一天人們相互作弄開各種玩笑。play trick

32、s on sb.“作弄某人”；play jokes on sb.“開某人玩笑” Its impolite to laugh at, stare at or play tricks on disable people. 對(duì)殘疾人取笑，盯著看，戲弄是不禮貌的。15、Many people ran to their local supermarket to buy as much as spaghetti as they could.許多人跑到他們當(dāng)?shù)氐某腥ケM可能多的購買意大利式細(xì)面條。as +形容詞/副詞+as sb. can/could = as +形容詞/副詞+as possible，意為“

33、盡可能地.” We must do everything as well as we can. = We must do everything as well as possible. 我們要盡量做好每一件事。 16、By the time people realized that the story was a hoax, all of the spaghetti across the country had been sold out.當(dāng)人們意識(shí)到這是個(gè)騙局時(shí)，全國(guó)所有的意大利面都銷售一空了 sell out 賣光 （用物作主語時(shí)，常用于被動(dòng)語態(tài) be sold out） Do you have Nokia E72 mobiles? 你們有諾基亞E72手機(jī)嗎？ Sorry, they have been sold out . You may come next time.對(duì)不起，已經(jīng)賣光了，下次再來吧。17、By the end of the day, more than 10,000 people had phoned the TV station to find out how to get the water. 一天之內(nèi)有一萬多人打電話給電視臺(tái)，詢問如何弄