農(nóng)作制度 - FoodMateNET

1、 耕作學(xué) cropping systemcropping system教教 - 學(xué)方法學(xué)方法 互動(dòng)、參與式 研究型 不要死學(xué)、學(xué)死，要掌握實(shí)質(zhì)，靈活運(yùn)用。 要求預(yù)習(xí) 授魚-教漁協(xié)調(diào)，教-學(xué)雙方配合 建立學(xué)習(xí)小組 第一課 有關(guān)的基本概念 several related concepts； 農(nóng)作制度的功能 role of farming systems； 中國農(nóng)作制度的特點(diǎn) features of farming systems in china?；靖拍罨靖拍?several concepts the farming system is defined as: a unique and rea

2、sonably stable arrangement of farming enterprises that the household manages according to well-defined practices in response to physical, biological and socio-economic environments and in accordance with the households goals, preferences and resources. these factors combine to influence the output a

3、nd production methods.” (shaner (1982) in merrill-sands, 1986) 是農(nóng)戶按照其基于物理、生物和社會(huì)-經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境而精心設(shè)計(jì)的生產(chǎn)措施，與其目的、優(yōu)先選擇和資源狀況協(xié)調(diào)一致的對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的獨(dú)特的、相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的安排。farming system 農(nóng)作制度農(nóng)作制度transitory agricultural systemstransitory agricultural systems: nomadic pastoralism游牧; shifting cultivation遊墾 settled agriculturesettled agricult

4、ure: 農(nóng)耕 arable systems; 畜牧 pastoral systems; 大田農(nóng)耕 plantation agriculture;小農(nóng)農(nóng)耕 farm-houshold (small-farm) agriculture;農(nóng)漁牧混合制度 mixed farming systems; urban agriculture 都會(huì)農(nóng)耕 (包括市民農(nóng)園、屋頂菜園等) 農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)制度農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)制度 ( (agricultural system)agricultural system)a farming system is more than just the production of crops

5、 and rearing of animals. it includes other resources, the activities and inputs of all members of the household. therefore, farming systems analysis must helps us understand how rural households use all their natural resources to make a living. farming systems analysis includes collecting fuel wood,

6、 building materials and other biological products, e.g. traditional medicine. it also includes non-farm activities like basket weaving or brick making, and off-farm activities like wood collecting and labouring. in the past, the interactions between farm enterprises, and between on-farm and off-farm

7、 activities were ignored. farming systems analysis looks at: all enterprises, all species cultured or captured and all agroecological niches utilized by the household regardless of resource access regime. in doing this it recognises that farm households do a lot more than grow crops and tend animals

8、!understand complexity of small holder farmingenterprise focus, interest in increasing food supplies through improving the productivity of crops and animals resulted in a focus on particular enterprises. although scientists used a systems perspective, they focused on a predetermined enterprise.diffe

9、rent focusproblemproblem focusinterest in poor adoption of modern technologies gave rise to a focus on farmers problems with low yield and poor crop and livestock productivity. scientists used systems diagnostic perspective with a farmer problem focus.(source: norman and lightfoot 1992)natural resou

10、rces focusinterest in sustainable agriculture gave rise to a focus on the rehabilitation and regeneration of natural resources. scientists used an ecosystems perspectives with a natural resource systems focus.livelihoods focus(source: norman and lightfoot 1992)interest in poverty alleviation gave ri

11、se to a focus on livelihoods. scientists used more holistic perspectives incorporating off-farm and non-farm activities with a sustainable livelihoods focus. 國際上，農(nóng)業(yè)研究與開發(fā)工作重點(diǎn)（尺度，scale）的變化，經(jīng)歷了幾個(gè)階段： 上個(gè)世紀(jì)60年代及以前，重點(diǎn)是單一作物，育種工作占據(jù)核心地位，作物科學(xué)圍繞發(fā)揮良種的遺傳潛力進(jìn)行工作，即所謂的“良種良法”。 到70年代，研發(fā)的中心變?yōu)榉N植制度，即通過從時(shí)間和空間上對(duì)作物和資源的合理配置，來

12、提高系統(tǒng)的生產(chǎn)力和效益。 到80年代，研發(fā)工作的著眼點(diǎn)在種植制度的基礎(chǔ)上加入了畜牧業(yè)生產(chǎn)制度和農(nóng)作制度(兩個(gè)層次 ，農(nóng)戶/農(nóng)場(chǎng)系統(tǒng)) 。 到了90年代，又加上了社區(qū)系統(tǒng)和流域系統(tǒng)。 這些變化說明了人們對(duì)三農(nóng)問題的聯(lián)系、對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)問題的系統(tǒng)性有了越來越全面、深入的認(rèn)識(shí)。 耕作制度或農(nóng)作制耕作制度或農(nóng)作制 (faming system)：一個(gè)地區(qū)或生產(chǎn)單位作物種植制度以及與之相適應(yīng)的養(yǎng)地制度的綜合技術(shù)體系。研究耕作制度的目的是提高土地利用率，全面持續(xù)增加產(chǎn)量與收益。 種植制度種植制度 (cropping system)：一個(gè)地區(qū)或生產(chǎn)單位作物組成、配置、熟制與種植方式的總稱。= arable farm

13、ing system characterized by the crop rotation, the crop frequency and the level of inputs and outputs. 作物布局作物布局 (crop composition and distribution)：一個(gè)地區(qū)或生產(chǎn)單位作物組成和配置的總稱。作物組成包括作物種類、品種、面積、比例等，配置是指作物在區(qū)域或田地上的分布。 基本概念國內(nèi)目前采用的定義 多熟種植多熟種植 (multiple cropping):又稱多作種植多作種植，是指在同一田塊上一年內(nèi)同時(shí)或先后種兩種或兩種以上作物。包括時(shí)間上(多種)和空間

14、上 (間混作)兩個(gè)方面的集約化。 復(fù)種復(fù)種(sequential cropping):在同一田地上一年內(nèi)接連種植二季或二季以上作物。 休閑休閑(fa1low)：在可種作物的季節(jié)或全年對(duì)耕地只耕不種或不耕不種的方式。 基本概念 間作間作(row intercropping)：在同一田地上于同一生長期內(nèi)分行或分帶相間種植兩種或兩種以上作物的方式。 混作混作(mixed intercropping):在同一田地上，同期混合種植兩種或兩種以上作物的種植方式。 套作套作(relay intercropping):在前季作物生長后期的株行間播種或移栽后季作物的種植方式。 基本概念 輪作輪作(crop ro

15、tation):在同一田地上，有順序地輪換不同作物的種植方式。 連作連作(continuous cropping):在同一田地上連續(xù)種植相同作物的種植方式。 養(yǎng)地制度養(yǎng)地制度(soil and nutrient management system):對(duì)農(nóng)田采取的保護(hù)與改善土地生產(chǎn)力的技術(shù)體系。基本概念前提farming system=cropping system+two explanations/understandings:a 耕作制度=種植制度+土壤管理制度（養(yǎng)地制度）b 耕作制度= cropping systemcropping systemcrop management, soil

16、management, water management, nutrient management, weed management, pest management, disease management, residue management. 表示隔年- - 表示年內(nèi)平播復(fù)種或 + + 表示間作/ / 表示套作 表示混作例：小麥玉米大豆棉花大蒜小麥/棉花 常用符號(hào)常用符號(hào)耕作制度的功能耕作制度的功能 role of farming systems 耕作制度是構(gòu)成農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)主體、反映農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)全貌的基本單位。凡從事農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)，必然要涉及耕作制度。 一個(gè)合理的農(nóng)作制度，不僅重視一種作物的高產(chǎn)，

17、而是著眼于各種作物的全面增產(chǎn)；它不僅致力于資源的充分合理利用，而且也重視資源的保護(hù)與改善；它不僅要求當(dāng)年增產(chǎn)，而且要求持久增產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)并提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，即從統(tǒng)籌兼顧出發(fā)，全面部署種植業(yè)，促進(jìn)農(nóng)牧業(yè)綜合發(fā)展，持續(xù)改善農(nóng)民的生活。 農(nóng)作制度是各種農(nóng)業(yè)資源和管理措施整合的平臺(tái)，對(duì)農(nóng)作制度的透徹分析和設(shè)計(jì)，是進(jìn)行農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)和管理達(dá)到可持續(xù)發(fā)展的綜合、的、根本的方法。holistic management! 不是顧此失彼、拆東墻補(bǔ)西墻或頭痛醫(yī)頭腳痛醫(yī)腳。 建立合理耕作制度的基本原則建立合理耕作制度的基本原則principles for farming systems development 社會(huì)效益、經(jīng)濟(jì)效

18、益和生態(tài)效益的統(tǒng)一。 ecologically sound, economically profitable and socially responsible. 高產(chǎn)、高效、可持續(xù)。 highly yielding, higher profitability and sustainable.中國農(nóng)作制度的特點(diǎn)中國農(nóng)作制度的特點(diǎn)features of farming systems in chinafeatures of farming systems in china 自然資源與經(jīng)濟(jì)特點(diǎn)種植制度演變種植方式限制因素用地與養(yǎng)地結(jié)合 自然資源與經(jīng)濟(jì)特點(diǎn)自然資源與經(jīng)濟(jì)特點(diǎn) features in natural resources and economy地形復(fù)雜 雨熱同季的大陸性季風(fēng)氣候 土壤多樣 人均耕地少 農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)條件仍在逐步改善種植制度演變種植制度演變evolution of farming systemsevolution of farming systems 第一，作物組成改變作物組成改變。小麥、水稻、玉米以及棉花、糖料、油料發(fā)展甚快，而谷子、高粱則下降。從播種面積看糧食作物減少，主要是大豆、高粱、谷子