中考長難句翻譯(共13頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上中考長難句翻譯中學(xué)英語長難句子的翻譯一、英語漢語的不同1、英語習(xí)慣于用長的句子表達比較復(fù)雜的概念，而漢語則不同，常常使用若干短句，作層次分明的敘述。Although these stores arent very attractive, and they usually do not have individual dressing rooms, not only are the prices low, but you can often find the same famous brands that you find in high-priced departme

2、nt stores.天目山林深人少，古樹掩映，清泉石上流，霧生半山腰，如仙境一般。英語句子的結(jié)構(gòu): “葡萄藤型”結(jié)構(gòu)（grapevine structure），意為在短短的主干上派生出長長的枝蔓和豐碩的果實；漢語句子因為很少疊床架屋，節(jié)外生枝，而是一個短句接一個短句地往下延伸，因此被稱為“竹竿型”結(jié)構(gòu)（bamboo structure）。因此，在進行英譯漢時，要特別注意英語和漢語之間的差異，將英語的長句分解，翻譯成漢語的短句。2、英譯漢的翻譯方法和技巧是建立在英漢兩種語言的對比之上的。這兩種語言在詞匯和句法方面的一些表達手段上各有其特點。語序調(diào)整主要指詞序、句序兩方面的調(diào)整。首先我們談?wù)勗~序的

3、調(diào)整。英漢語句中的主要成分主語、謂語、賓語或表語的詞序基本上是一致的，但各種定語的位置和各種狀語的次序在英、漢語言中則有同有異。漢語說“他正在臥室里睡覺”，而在英語中卻說He is sleeping in the bedroom.（他睡覺在臥室。）；英語漢語都說“他出生于北京”，"He was born in Beijing"。一）定語位置的調(diào)整1. 單詞作定語英語中，單詞作定語時，通常放在它所修飾的名詞前，漢語中也大體如此。有時英語中有后置的，譯成漢語時一般都前置。something important（后置） 重要的事情（前置）如果英語中名詞前的定語過多，譯文中則不宜完

4、全前置，因為漢語不習(xí)慣在名詞前用過多的定語。a little, yellow, ragged beggar（前置） 一個要飯的，身材矮小，面黃肌瘦，衣衫襤褸。（后置）2. 短語作定語英語中，修飾名詞的短語一般放在名詞之后，而漢語則反之，但間或也有放在后面的，視漢語習(xí)慣而定。their plan to cross the river （后置） 他們渡江的企圖（前置）One day an earthquake rocked the mountain, causing one of the eggs to roll down the mountain to a chicken farm, locat

5、ed in the valley below.二）狀語位置的調(diào)整1. 單詞作狀語英語中單詞作狀語修飾形容詞或其他狀語時，通常放在它所修飾的形容詞或狀語的前面，這一點與漢語相同。He was very active in class.（前置） 他在班上很活躍。（前置）英語中單詞作狀語修飾動詞時，一般放在動詞之后，而在漢語里則放在動詞之前。Modern science and technology are developing rapidly（后置）現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)正在迅速發(fā)展。（前置）英語中表示程度的狀語在修飾狀語時可前置也可后置，而在漢語中一般都前置。He is running fast enou

6、gh.（后置） 他跑得夠快的了。（前置）2短語作狀語英語中短語狀語可放在被修飾的動詞之前或之后，譯成漢語時則大多數(shù)放在被修飾的動詞之前，但也有放在后面的。Seeing this, some of us became very worried（前置）看到這種情況，我們有些人心里很著急。（前置）A jeep full sped fast, drenching me in spray（后置）一輛坐滿人的吉普車急駛而過，濺了我一身水。（后置）英語中地點狀語一般在時間狀語之前，而漢語中時間狀語則往往放在地點狀語之前。He was born in Beijing on May 20,1970（地點在前）他

7、是1970年5月20日在北京出生的。（時間在前）英語中時間狀語、地點狀語的排列一般是從小到大，而漢語中則是從大到小。三）其次我們談?wù)劸湫虻恼{(diào)整這里，句序是指復(fù)合句中主句和從句的時間和邏輯關(guān)系敘述的順序。（1）時間順序的調(diào)整1英語復(fù)合句中，表示時間的從句可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，漢語中則通常先敘述先發(fā)生的事，后敘述后發(fā)生的事。I went out for a walk after I had my dinner（從句在主句之后）我吃了晚飯后出去散步。（從句在主句之前）2. 英語復(fù)合句中有時包含兩個以上的時間從句，各個時間從句的次序比較靈活，漢語則一般按事情發(fā)生的先后安排其位置。He

8、had flown yesterday from Beijing where he spent his vocation after finishing the meeting he had taken part in Tianjin他本來在天津開會，會議一結(jié)束，他就去北京度假了，昨天才坐飛機回來。（2）英漢語復(fù)合句中的邏輯順序的調(diào)整1. 表示因果關(guān)系的英語復(fù)合句中，因果順序靈活，在漢語中多數(shù)情況是原因在前，結(jié)果在后。He had to stay in bed because he was ill（后置）因為他病了，他只好呆在床上。（前置）2. 表示條件（假設(shè)）與結(jié)果關(guān)系的英語復(fù)合句中，條件（

9、假設(shè)）與結(jié)果的順序也不固定，在漢語中則是條件在前，結(jié)果在后。I still hope you will come back if arrangements could be made（后置）如果安排得好，我還是希望你來。（前置）3. 表示目的與行動關(guān)系的英語復(fù)合句中，目的與行動的順序比較固定，多數(shù)是行動在前，目的在后，漢語也如此，但有時為了強調(diào)，也可把目的放在行動之前。Better take your umbrella in case it rains（后置） 最好帶上傘以防下雨。（前置）二、對長句的認識英語多長句，這是因為英語可以有后置定語。擴展的后置定語可以是帶從句或長修飾語的復(fù)雜句。英語

10、長句的特點是什么?一般說來，英語長句有如下幾個特點: 1）結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，邏輯層次多; 2）常須根據(jù)上下文作詞義的引申; 3）常須根據(jù)上下文對指代詞的指代關(guān)系做出判定; 4）并列成分多; 5）修飾語多，非凡是后置定語很長; 6）習(xí)慣搭配和成語經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)。三、如何構(gòu)成長句英語長句一般指的是各種復(fù)雜句，復(fù)雜句里可能有多個從句，從句與從句之間的關(guān)系可能包孕、嵌套，也可能并列，平行。所以翻譯長句，實際上我們的重點主要放在對各種從句的翻譯上。從功能來說，英語有三大復(fù)合句，即:名詞性從句，包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句;形容詞性從句，即我們平常所說的定語從句;狀語從句。造成長句的原因有三方面: (1

11、) 修飾語過多;(2) 并列成分多; (3) 語言結(jié)構(gòu)層次多。四、英語中長句的處理手段英文長句皆由充當定語、狀語、介詞(短語)、不定式、分詞短語或由關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的各種從句所形成。這些成分所處的位置通常就是應(yīng)該作拆分處理的位置。可以拆分的句子通常帶有從句、較多短語或較多并列成分。有時，意義比較復(fù)雜的形容詞或副詞也可能被譯為短句，甚至于分拆成獨立的句子。這些從句、短語或并列結(jié)構(gòu)等成分分拆出來后，單獨譯成句子，對句子主干部分進行補充說明。 有些句子僅僅剝離其修飾成分還不夠，還需要將句子結(jié)構(gòu)打亂，重新組合。有時需要在譯文句子當中添加表示邏輯關(guān)系的詞。1. 長難句拆分原則：把主句和從句拆分出來

12、，把主干部分和修飾部分拆分出來。2. 5個拆分信號：標點符號：或顯或隱隔離主干兩個逗號形成插入語、破折號解釋說明、分號兩句并列。連詞：并列句的并列連詞and，or，but，yet，for；從句的從屬連詞which，that，when，if等。介詞：引導(dǎo)介詞短語，充當修飾語。不定式符號to：引導(dǎo)不定式做主語、賓語、表語、狀語、定語和補語。分詞：過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞充當修飾語。3. 五步拆分步驟：隔離插入成分，尋找特殊標點尋找連詞，確定句子種類并列句，主從句；尋找句中的動詞或動詞結(jié)構(gòu)確定整句框架標出主句主干部分及從屬連詞；確定從句框架標出從句主謂部分；*分別翻譯主從句分別進行翻譯；*詞句推敲中文語言

13、進行表述。注：*部分為翻譯要求步驟。We all know that it is difficult to learn everything in the classroom, for example, the ways English people are living and working today can be learnt by reading.One of the common problems with making excuses is that people, especially young people, get the idea that its okay not t

14、o be totally honest all the time.You have noticed and yet, not being blind, perhaps you won't how the sun shines into the tower through the windows here and there, so that one can feel the cool steps suddenly become quite warm, even in winter. The 20 students, aged 10 to 19 from Shanghai, Guangz

15、hou and Nanjing, began talking to Clayton C. Anderson, a 48-year-old American astronaut at 18:50 p.m. at Nanjing No. 3 Middle School when the ISS was passing over Nanjing.五、翻譯方法在英語長句的翻譯過程中，一般采取下列的方法： (1) 順譯法。 即順著英文原有的順序翻譯，條件是英語句子的內(nèi)容與敘述方式同漢語習(xí)慣基本一致。 如：Thirty years ago, he tells Friedman, if you had to

16、 choose between being born a gifted person in Shanghai and a common person in Poughkeepsie (A city in southeast New York), you would have chosen Poughkeepsie because your chances of living a successful life were much greater there. Although this kind of loneliness can cause physical problems, such a

17、s headaches and sleeplessness, it usually does not last for more than a year. (2) 逆譯法。 即不再遵照英文原有的順序，甚至完全逆著原有順序翻譯，如果英文的表達次序和漢語的表達習(xí)慣不同甚至相反的話。 The world itself is becoming much smaller by using modem traffic and modern communication means (通訊設(shè)備). “At present they largely remain in the period of researc

18、h studies,” notes Dr Greg Feero, special advisor to the director of genomic medicine at the US National Human Genome Research Institute. (3)分譯法。 如果句子中的從句(或修飾語)與主句的關(guān)系不是很密切，可以將它們與主句分割開來，使譯文變成好幾個短句。這與英漢兩種語言表達較復(fù)雜的意思的習(xí)慣是一致的：前者偏向于使用含有許多重層次的主從復(fù)合句或并列復(fù)合句，而后者往往崇尚“言簡意賅”。 如：Television, it is often said, keeps o

19、ne informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive and entertaining. (4)綜合法。 上面講述了英語長句的順譯法、逆譯法和分譯法，事實上，在翻譯一個英語長句時，并不只是單純地使用一種翻譯方法，而是要求我們把各種方法綜合使用，這在我們上面所舉的例子中也有所體現(xiàn)。尤其是在一些情況下，英語長句如果

20、單純采用上述任何一種方法都不方便，這就需要我們仔細分析，或按照時間的先后，或按照邏輯順序，順逆結(jié)合，主次分明地對全句進行綜合處理，以便把英語原文翻譯成通順忠實的漢語句子。 如：people were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else. I think it would be a mistake to use t

21、hese tools to control or lie to people, but we need to realize the signals we are giving so we can show people that they really do matter to us. Teaching them small acts of kindness,such as letting someone else go through a door first as they hold it open,may seem unimportant, but it can go a long w

22、ay toward helping students realize how to be polite and thank others .2.從句的譯法 英語中主從復(fù)合句十分常見，但漢語中卻沒有這樣頻繁使用從句句式的習(xí)慣。因此，在翻譯時需要將各種從句進行處理，使之符合漢語習(xí)慣。 1)名詞性從句 名詞性從句包括：主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句等等。通常名詞性從句可被譯成名詞詞組，有時原文語序不需變化。 主語從句 What he said was recorded in this book. 譯文：他的話被記錄在這本書里。 主語從句譯為名詞詞組，原句語序不變。 From some ti

23、me past it has been widely accepted that babies - and other creatures - learn to do things because certain acts lead to rewards譯文：嬰兒和其他動物由于某些做法有回報才學(xué)著做事情，這種觀點在過去一段時間里一直為人們所廣泛接受。主語從句提前，符合漢語習(xí)慣。 賓語從句 賓語從句譯為漢語時，通常不需要改變語序。 Many people believe that man is not solving these problems of pollution quickly eno

24、ugh and that his selfish pursuit of possessions take him past the point of no return before he fully appreciates the damage. 譯文：許多人認為，人類沒有盡快的解決這些污染問題而只顧謀求私利，以至于錯過了悔改的機會，以后才充分認識到這種損害。 原文中有兩個由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，從句由and連接，翻譯時根據(jù)其邏輯關(guān)系，添加“而”。 表語從句 表語從句翻譯時通常也不用改變原文語序。 What he cares is how much profit he can get fr

25、om the project. 譯文：他關(guān)心的是他從該項目中能獲得多少利潤。 句中表語從句仍按原文順序，主語從句譯為名詞詞組。 同位語從句 同位語從句的翻譯主要按照該從句與主句的邏輯關(guān)系來確定，在漢語中譯為賓語、定語或補語等，通常不改變原句順序。 The belief that failure is the mother of success has kept him go on experimenting. 譯文：失敗是成功之母的信念使他繼續(xù)進行實驗。 同位語從句說明主語內(nèi)容，譯做定語從句。 They jumped to the conclusion that all our flights

26、 out of China had been made from Beijing. 譯文：他們匆忙作出了結(jié)論：我們從中國飛出的飛機都是從北京起飛。 同位語從句前用冒號，原句順序不變。 There were indications that the enemy had retreated. 譯文：有種種跡象表明敵軍已經(jīng)撤退。 根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系同位語從句譯為賓語從句，原句順序不變。2)定語從句的譯法 定語從句分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。由于二者在翻譯時無大差異，所以討論時不加嚴格區(qū)分。定語從句的譯法一般有三種： (1)譯成含“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)的定語，放在先行詞之前。由于定語從句的作用相當于定語，所

27、以這種譯法是最普遍的。不過，條件是定語不可過長。 (2)采用“分譯法”，將較長的定語從句獨立出去，并將先行詞重復(fù)一次。 (3)譯成狀語從句。 如：Walking together, my father and I used to have a lot of conversations through which I learned lessons from his experiences. Doctors and other scientists who study the human mind and try to explain why people behave in the way t

28、hat they do, called psychologists, are starting to believe it.He called himself “the first clown in space”who enter-tained the crew of the ISS and hosted a show from space.3)狀語從句的譯法 由于在句中用來表示時間、原因、條件、目的、讓步、比較等等，這類從句往往用在主句后面，而漢語的習(xí)慣則要求將狀語的內(nèi)容先于主句表達，即要用逆譯法。結(jié)果狀語從句例外。 Because I want students to fully stud

29、y the material and discuss with each other in the classroom, I have a rule no computers, iPads, phones, etc. When students were told my rule, some of them were not happy. He often drew pictures on the floor with chalk and when his mother saw what he had done, she would quickly clean them with a mop.

30、 六、實戰(zhàn)訓(xùn)練 1)從真題中選取有代表性的長難句，每篇文章找出23個。 2)將這些長難句收集到一起，打印或者抄下下來。 3)反復(fù)閱讀，最好能夠達到熟能成誦的境界，注意在此過程中不進行任何語法分析。在頭腦中把英語句子中各成分拆分，然后把這些概念組合成可以理解的漢語句子就可以了。 4)將真題中的長難句都如此練習(xí)一番，長難句就基本攻破了，之后，我們將會進入到一個閱讀的新境界!中考英語常見長難句子分析The world itself is becoming much smaller by using modem traffic and modern communication means (通訊設(shè)備)

31、. Life today is much easier than it was hundreds of years ago, but it has brought new problems. They stop people from burning coal (煤) in houses and factories in the city, and from putting dirty smoke into the air. Third，compare prices: that is, you should examine the prices of both different brands

32、(品牌)and different sizes of the same brand.Although these stores arent very attractive, and they usually do not have individual dressing rooms, not only are the prices low, but you can often find the same famous brands that you find in high-priced department stores.Wise shoppers read magazine ads and

33、 watch TV commercials(商業(yè)廣告)，but they do this with one advantage: knowledge of the psychology behind the ads.Today, though, a growing number of mental health experts think that anger is a serious problem that needs its own treatment. An example: While most people would get upset if a driver cut them

34、off, someone with disordered anger might try to chase down the car and force it off the road.But people with anger problems often stay angry for days, weeks or even years; their feelings of anger dont disappear over time.The programs sometimes include life-skills training as well: increasing someone

35、s level of competence (競爭) whether on the job or as a parent or partner helps bring down stress and cut angry feelings. Not only can the whole family get involved, but everyone can benefit from the harvest. Taking part in nature clean-ups or volunteering to do path maintenance(維護)teaches kids that t

36、hey have the ability to do something positive for the environment and communities.When parents get involved, they can set a good example for their children to follow, which will help children realize their responsibility to protect the environment. Just remember: be prepared，know your subject and yo

37、ur audience，say what you have to say and be yourself so that your ideas will bring you and your audience together. Twenty Chinese students talked directly to an astronaut (spaceman) in the International Space Station (ISS) on radio in Nanjing, capital of east China's Jiangsu Province on Sunday,

38、2007. The 20 students, aged 10 to 19 from Shanghai, Guangzhou and Nanjing, began talking to Clayton C. Anderson, a 48-year-old American astronaut at 18:50 p.m. at Nanjing No. 3 Middle School when the ISS was passing over Nanjing. Keep this space, which may be a desk or simply a corner of your room,

39、free of everything but study materials.You have noticed and yet, not being blind, perhaps you won't how the sun shines into the tower through the windows here and there, so that one can feel the cool steps suddenly become quite warm, even in winter. Then, in March, he entered a free-throw compet

40、ition at the school, and the town saw just how big a team player Guei really isboth on and off the court (球場).Since that time, a growing number of private companies have come on the market mostly through the Internet, offering to scan (掃描) your personal DNA and compare it to some disease markers of

41、the blueprint, called DTC genetic tests.But over the last five years the medical world has been discussing excitedly about whether these DTC tests are helpful or harmful, scientifically believable or completely useless. “At present they largely remain in the period of research studies,” notes Dr Gre

42、g Feero, special advisor to the director of genomic medicine at the US National Human Genome Research Institute. Other worries include the privacy of the results and how your personal genetic information might be used by insurance (保險) companies to refuse your insurance or your boss to dismiss you.

43、It was Professor Albert Mehrabian who discovered that we express our feelings and attitudes with 55 percent body language, 38 percent tone of voice and only 7 percent actual words.A person touching his nose, pulling at his ear or rubbing his eye with his left hand might be lying to you. I think it w

44、ould be a mistake to use these tools to control or lie to people, but we need to realize the signals we are giving so we can show people that they really do matter to us. We all know that it is difficult to learn everything in the classroom, for example, the ways English people are living and workin

45、g today can be learnt by reading. Because I want students to fully study the material and discuss with each other in the classroom, I have a rule no computers, iPads, phones, etc. When students were told my rule, some of them were not happy.Ive seldom had students make wrong use of technology in my

46、classes; however, I have been e-mailed by students while they were in other teachers classrooms.The real reason why I ask students to leave technology at the door is I think there are very few places in which we can have deep conversations. I want them to push each other to think differently and to

47、make connections between the course material and the class discussion.I have been teaching my history class in this way for many years and the evaluations (評價) show student satisfaction with the environment that I create. Students realize with deep conversation and difficult tasks, they learn at a d

48、eeper level a level that helps them keep the course material beyond the classroom.I am not saying that I wont ever change my mind about technology use in my history class, but until I hear a really good reason for the change, I will continue my plan.To err, or to make mistakes, is indeed a part of b

49、eing human, but it seems that most people dont want to accept the responsibility for the problem. Common sense tells you that you take an umbrella out into a rainstorm, but you leave the umbrella home when you hear a weather forecast for sunshine. One of the common problems with making excuses is th

50、at people, especially young people, get the idea that its okay not to be totally honest all the time.When students and parents are asked to grade subjects according to their importance, the arts are usually at the bottom of the list. Music is nice, people seem to say, but not important. Because musi

51、c is an expression of the beings who create it, it shows their thinking and values, as well as the social environment it came from. The jazz influence that George Gershwin and other musicians introduced into their music is obviously American because it came from American musical traditions. When we

52、do not give children an important way of expressing themselves such as music, we take away from them the meanings that music expresses. Once inside the lobby, she had to stand at the elevators and wait several minutes before she could get on one going to the sixth floorFor those secretaries whose bo

53、sses ask them to print out all their e-mails and leave them in their in-trays, this means using up a great deal of paper every month," Metcalf saysBut if the brotherhood bundle is broken, it will happen to you just as it has to these sticks, which lie there broken on the ground.”Thirty years ago, he tells Friedman, if you had to choose between being born a gifted person in Shanghai and a common person in Poughkeepsie (A city in southeast New York), you would have