中西文化禮儀復(fù)習(xí)課程

1、中西文化禮儀Dutch Treat is a slang term indicating that each person participating in a shared activity pays for himself or herself, rather tha n any one pers on pay ing for anyone else. It is also called Dutch date and Going Dutch.There is a delicateetiquette（禮儀，禮節(jié)）surrounding going Dutch. It is accepted

2、in some situations, such as between non-intimate friends or less affluent people, but can be con sidered sti ngy in other circumsta nces, such as on a roma ndate or at a bus in ess lunch.The traditi onal way to han dle a bill on a date in the West has bee n that the one who invited the other takes t

3、he bill and the invitee may not even know the actual price of the meal. An alter native view is that traditi on ally payme nt has always bee n made by the male. Full payme nt by the male is still most com mon, but is no Ion ger certai n. The phrase "go ing Dutch" probably orig in ates from

4、 Dutch etiquette In the Netherla nds, it is not unu sual to pay separately whe n going out as a group. Whe n dati ng in a 1 on 1 situati on however, the man will most com mon ly pay for meals and drin ks.Fem inist support for Dutch date practiceDuring the advent of second wave feminism, the late 196

5、0s and 1970s, the women's moveme nt en couraged wome n to un dersta nd aspects of their own pers on al lives as deeply politicized. Many femini sts inv estigated the framework and assumptio ns of traditional courtship roles. They subscribed to the idea that there should be equality of the sexes,

6、 not just legally, but socially and sexually.They held that it was mature, empoweri ng and self-respect ing for wome n to pay their own way in roma ntic dates. They were rejecti ng traditi on alge nder role assumpti ons that men should make more money and should pay for affecti ons through dinners a

7、nd other date costs. In this way, women were making an equal investment in the cost of courtship.It became more com mon for women to pay their own way or to pay for men's meals.Intern ati onal practicesIn Swede nand Norway , the practice of splitt ing the bill in restaura nts is com mon. In a co

8、urtship situation where both parts have a similar financial standing, which is com mon place in Swede n, the traditi onal custom of the man always pay ing in restaura nts has largely falle n out of use and is by many, in cludi ng etiquette authoritieswho?, con sidered old fashi on ed. Gen erally a r

9、oma ntic couple will take turns pay ing the bill or split it. It is gen erally assumed that every one pays for himself or herself in restaura nts uni ess the in vitati on stated otherwise.In most of n orther n and cen tral Europe the practice of splitt ing the bill is com mon. On a dinner date, the

10、man may pay the bill as way of overtly stating that he views this as a roma ntic situati on and that he has some hopes or expectati ons for a future developme nt. Some wome n object to this or eve n find it offen sive (peFemi nist support for Dutch date practice above) so it is a judgme nt call. You

11、n ger urba n women especially tend not to accept men paying for them; or will in turn insist to pay for the n ext dinner or drink.In south Europea n Coun tries such astaly, Greeceor Portugal it is rather un com mon for locals to have separate bills, sometimes eve n regarded rude, especially whe n in

12、 larger groups. But in urba n areas or places freque nted by tourists this has cha nged over the last decades.In Middle Easter n cultures, going dutch is judged to be extremely rude. Traditi ons of hospitality play a great part in who pays, therefore an invitation will be given only whe n the host f

13、eels he/she is able to afford the expe nses of all. Similarly, gen der roles and age play a more important role than they would in Western societies.In Korea where rigid social systems are still in place, it is most com mon for the pers on of the highest social sta nding, such as a boss or an elder

14、figure, to pay for the bill. This not only applies in a 1 to 1 situation but also in groups. Among the younger gen erati on, it is quite com mon for friends to alternate whe n pay ing for the bill, or for one to pay for dinner and ano ther pays for drin ks.Tipping means leav ing some small cha nge o

15、n a restaura nt table is a com mon way of giving a tip to the serv ing staff.A tip (also called agratuity ) is a payment made to certainservice sectorworkers in additi on to the advertised price of the tran sacti on. The amount of a tip is typically calculated as a perce ntage of the tran sacti on v

16、alue before applicable taSuch payme nts and their size are a matter of sociadustom. Tippi ng varies among cultures and by service industry. Though by definition a tip is never legally required, and its amount is at the discreti on of the patr on being served, in some circumsta nces faili ng to give

17、an adequate tip whe n one is expected may be con sidered very miserly, a violation of etiquette or unethical. In some other cultures or situations, giving a tip is not expected and offeri ng one would be con sidered con desce nding or demea ning. In some circumstances (such as tipping government wor

18、kers), tipping is illegal.Circumsta nces of tipp ingIn coun tries where tipp ing is expected (the Un ited States for example), complicated uno fficial sta ndards and customs have developed over the exact perce ntage to tip, and what should and should not be in cluded in this calculati on. In other c

19、ultures where tipping exists it is more flexible and no specific assumptions of the tip amount exist.Some believe tipping is an attempt by employers to shift the burden of paying wages onto the customer. Many con sider the custom an tiquated and an unn ecessary level of complicati on for tran sacti

20、ons. Others feel the practice is un fair to taxpayers who earn set wages, as many service people do not report 100% of their cash tips to the gover nment. Ano ther object ion is that differe nt tips are give n for the same amount and quality of restaura nt service (a customer pays a larger tip for l

21、obster tha n a hamburger, for example).Tipp ing is not expected whe n a fee is explicitly charged for the service. For example, a service charge for all patrons that is automatically added to the tab with no tipping is very com mon in Brazil, but it's n ever man datory to pay this charge.6 Bribe

22、ry and corruption are sometimes disguised as tipping. In some places, police officers and other civil servants openly solicit tips, gifts and dubious fees using a variety of local euphemisms. For example, a traffic policeman in Mexico might ask a commuter to buy him a "refresco" (soft drin

23、 k), while a Nigeria n officer might expect "a little someth ing for the weeke nd."Chin aIn Chi na, traditi on ally there is no tipp ing. However, hotels that rout in ely serve foreig n tourists may allow tipp ing. An example would be tour guides and associated drivers.Hong KongTipping in

24、Hong Kong is customary in some situations, but it can create legal issues due to some Hong Kong specific ordinances prohibiting tipping for certain services such as public utilities. Waiters, who have already received a compulsory 10% service charge, may occasi on ally be give n an additi onal gratu

25、ity.Uni ted StatesTipping is a widely practiced social custom in the United States. Standards vary, but gen erally, gratuities are give n as a reward for services ren dered in the restaura nt, bar, hotel, and taxi in dustries.The amount of a tip is at the discretion of the person receiving the servi

26、ce. For most of the 20th cen tury it was con sidered in appropriate for the owner of an establishme nt to accept any tips. Laws in several states (e.g. Califor nia, Orego n, Wash ington, etc.) require servers to be paid over minimum wage; elsewhere, wage laws allow fixed salaries lower tha n minimum

27、 wage for occupatio ns where the majority of compensation is customarily from tips.Restaura nts, Bars, Hotels, Taxicabs, Delivered Meals, Car washes, Tour Guides, Valets, Christmas/holiday tips, Gover nment employees, Taxati onHolidayIn America nFederal holidaysFederal holidays are designated by Con

28、gress in Title V of the United States Code (5 U.S.C. §103).1 If a holiday falls on a Saturday it is celebrated the precedi ng Friday; if a holiday falls on a Sun day it is celebrated the follow ing Mon day. Most, but not all, states and most private bus in esses also observe a Sun day holiday o

29、n the follow ing Mon day. It is less com mon, however, for a state or private bus in ess to observe a Saturday holiday on the preced ing Friday. Some states and private bus in esses may observe it the n, a few may observe it on Mon day, and some may not observe the holiday at all in those years. In

30、particular, banks that close on Saturdays do not observe a holiday whe n it falls on Saturday.DateOfficial NameRemarksJanuary 1New Year's DayCelebrates begi nning of the Gregoria n cale ndar year. Festivities in clude counting dow n to midnight (12:00 AM) on the preceding night,New Year's Ev

31、e .Traditi onal end of holiday seas on.Third Mon day inJanuaryBirthday of Marti n Luther King, Jr., or Marti n Luther King, Jr. DayHonors Martin Luther King, Jr.,Civil Rights leader, who was actually born onJanuary 15 , 1929;comb ined with other holidays in several states.January 20 , the first Jan

32、uary 20th followi ng a Preside ntial electio nIn augurati on DayObserved only by federal gover nment employees in Washi ngton D.C., and the border coun ties of Maryla nd and Virginia, in order to relieve con gesti on that occurs with this major eve nt. Sweari ng-i n of Preside nt of the Un ited Stat

33、es and Vice Preside nt of the Un ited States. Celebrated every fourthThird Mon day inFebruaryWash ington's BirthdayLast Monday in MayMemorial DayJuly 4Independence DayFirst Mon day inSeptemberLabor Dayyear. Note: Takes place on January 21 if the 20th is a Su nday (although the Preside nt is stil

34、l privately in augurated on the 20th). If Inauguration Day falls on a Saturday or a Sun day, the precedi ng Friday or follow ing Mon day is not a Federal Holiday.Wash ington's Birthday was first declared a federal holiday by an 1879 act of Con gress. The Un iform Holidays Act, 1968, shifted the

35、date of the commemoratio n ofWash ington's Birthday fromFebruary22 to the third Monday in February.Many people now refer to this holiday as " Preside nts' Day " and con sider it a day honoring all America n preside nts. However, n either the Uniform Holidays Act nor any subseque nt

36、 law cha nged the n ame of the holiday from Wash ington's Birthday to Preside nts' Day. Honors the nation's war dead from the Civil War on wards; marks the uno fficial beg inning of the summer seas on. (traditio nally May 30, shifted by the Uniform Holidays Act 1968)Celebrates Declaratio

37、 n of In depe nden ce, also called the Fourth of July.Celebrates the achieveme nts of workers and the labor moveme nt; marks the unofficial end of thesummer seas on.Second Mon day in OctoberColumbus DayHonors Christopher Columbus , traditi onal discoverer oftheAmericas. In some areas it is also a ce

38、lebrati on ofItalia ncultureand heritage. (traditi on allyOctober 12 ); celebrated asAmericanIndian Heritage Day and Fraternal Day in Alabama celebrated as Native America n Day in South Dakota.巴 In Hawaii, it is celebrated as Discoverer's Day, though is not an official state holiday.November 11V

39、etera ns DayHonors all vetera ns of theUn itedStates armed forces . A traditi onal observati on is a mome nt of sile nee at 11:00 a.m. rememberi ng those killed in war. (Commemorates the 1918 armistice , which began at "the eleve nth hour of the eleve nth day of the eleve nth mon th.")Four

40、th Thursday in NovemberTha nksqi vinq DayTraditi on ally celebrates the giving of tha nks for the autu mn harvest.Traditi on ally in cludes thecon sumpti on of a turkey dinner Traditi onal start of theholidayseas on. (Note: Than ksgi ving is not celebrated on the same day in Can ada).December 25Chri

41、stmasCelebrates the Nativity ofJesus.Some people con sider aspects of this religious holiday, such as giving gifts and decorati ng a Christmas tree , to be secular rather tha n explicitlyChristia n .February 14Vale nti ne's DayTraditi onal celebrati on of love and roma nee, in cludi ng the excha

42、 nge of cards, can dy, flowers, and other gifts.April 1April Fools' DayA day to play tricks on family, frie nds, and coworkers, if so in cli ned, this day used to be the start of the New Year, the traditi on started whe n New Year's Day was moved from April 1st, to January 1 .Spring Sun day

43、( date varies ), firstSun day after the first ecclesiastical full moon after the vernal equinoxEasterCelebrates theChristia n belief inthe resurrection of Jesus . For Christia ns, Easter is a day of religious services and the gatheri ng of family. Many America ns follow old traditions of coloring ha

44、rd-boiled eggs and giving childre n baskets of can dy. On the n ext day,Easter Mon day , thePreside nt of the Un ited States holds an annual Easter egg roll on the White House lawn for young childre n. The holiday is also ofte n celebrated as a non sectaria n spri ng holiday. Not gen erally observed

45、 by most bus in esses as it always falls on a Sun day. Most finan cial markets and some other bus in esses close on the Friday prior, Good Friday (which is a state holiday in many states). Roma n Catholic and Protesta nt groups celebrate Easter on a differe nt Sun day (most years) tha n Orthodox gro

46、ups.Second Sun day inMayMother's DayHonors mothers and motherhood (made a "Federal Holiday" by Preside ntialorder, although most Federal age ncies are already closed on Sun days)Third Sun day in JuneFather's DayHonors fathers and fatherhoodOctober 31Hallowee nCelebrates All Hallow&

47、#39;s Eve, decorati ons in cludejacko'la nterns , costume weari ng parties, and candy such ascandycorn are also part of the holiday. Kids go trick-or-treatington eighbors who give away can dy. Not gen erally observed by bus in esses.April 22 (varies by location and observanee)Earth Day Spring, d

48、atevaries Arbor DayPublic holidays in the People's Republic of Chi naThere are curre ntly seve n officialpublic holidays in the mainlandterritory of the People's Republic of Chi na . There was a major reform in 2008, abolishi ng theLabour Day Golde n Week andrein troduci ng pre-Liberati on p

49、ublic holidays such as theQingming1Festival . A no table feature of mainland Chin ese holidays is that people are ofte n required to work at weeke nds in lieu of weekday holidays.DateEn glish n ameChin esen ameDurati on (2008-)Durati on (20002007)Dates (2009)January 1New Year元旦1 day1 dayThu 1-Fri 2

50、January1st day of1st lunar mon thChi nese New春節(jié)3 days3 daysSun 25-Sat 31 JanuaryYear5th Solar Term (April 4th or April 5th)Qi ng Mi ng Festival清明節(jié)1 dayN/AMon 6 AprilMay 1Labor Day勞動(dòng)節(jié)1 day3 daysFri 1 May5th day of5th lunar mon thDrag on Boat Festival端午節(jié)1 dayN/AThu 28-Fri 29May15th day of 8th lunar mo

51、n thMid-Autu mn Festival中秋節(jié)1 dayN/AComb ined with Natio nal DayOctober 1Natio nal Day國(guó)慶節(jié)3 days3 daysThur 1 October-Thur 8 OctoberNote on durati on and 2009 dates:Most sources in China count the totalnu mber of days off (in clud ing statutory holidays, tran sferred days and weeke nds), which is impor

52、tant for Chinese people working a seven-day week. E.g. a holiday on a Friday is always announ ced as a three day holiday (Friday-S un day). See the refere nces for details of tran sferred holidays in 2009. The table above does not count weeke nds.In all these holidays, if the holiday lands on a week

53、e nd, the days will be reimbursed after the weeke nd.The Chin ese New Year and Nati onal Day holidays are three days long. The weeklong holidays on May (Labor) Day and Nati onal Day bega n in2000, as a measure to in crease and en courage holiday spe nding. The result ing seve n-day holidays are call

54、ed"Golden Weeks (黃金周),and have become peak seasons for travel and tourism. From 2008, the Labor Day holiday was shorte ned to one day, and three traditi onal Chin ese holidays will be added.Gen erally, if there is a 3 day holiday, the gover nment will declare it to be a 7 day holiday, making th

55、e weeke nd after no rmal work ing days. This means that shops, ban ks, schools, etc., treat Saturday and Sun day as if they were Mon day and Tuesday (or whatever weekdays they have bee n 'swapped' with). The result ing disrupti on is accepted as no rmal.In addition to these holidays, applica

56、ble to the whole population, there are four official public holidays applicable to specific sections of the population:Table manners refer to the etiquette used while eating, which may also include the appropriate use ofjte nsils. Differe nt cultures observe differe nt rules for table mann ers. Many

57、 table manners evolved out of practicality. For example, it is gen erally impolite to put elbows on tables since doing so creates a risk of tipp ing over bowls and cups. Each family or group sets its own standards for how strictly these rules are to be en forced.Chin ese table mannersMany of these r

58、ules concern the use oc hopsticks Gen erally, Chin ese table manners are more in formal tha n the West, although there are more rules concerning in teract ions with other guests due to high levels ofsocial in teract ion as a result of the com munal style of serv ing.Chopstick usage? Chopsticks should always be held correctly, i.e. betwee n the thumb and first two fin gers of the right hand.? Whe