2022年2022年國際貿易實務英文版第三版知識點及模擬題

1、精選學習資料 - - - 歡迎下載國際貿易實務 下劃線為重點記憶和懂得,無的為一般記憶和明白chapter one1. 國際貿易概念： international trad e is also known as worl d trade、 foreign trad e、 overseas trade. it refers to the process of fair and d eliberate exchange of goods or services between two or more countries、 involving the use of two or more curre

2、ncies.besides、 internationaltrade concerns trade operationsofboth importand exportand includes the purchase and sale of bothvisibl e and invisibl e goods.2. 國際貿易產(chǎn)生的緣由： （明白）1) resource reasons natural resource、 human resource and technology2) economicreasonseconomicbenefits、comparativeadvantageand ec

3、onomies of scale3) other reasons politicalreasons、 differencesin tastes、 preferencesand consumption patterns3. 國際貿易與國內貿易的不同：in particular、 international trad e is more subject to:1) language habits and cultural differences2) foreign laws、 customs and regulations or international rules3) exchange rat

4、e fluctuations and interest rate4) higher level of political、 financial and transportation risks5) more complex business procedures thereforemanagers need a broader range of management skills4. 國際貿易的分類：1從貨物流向（ direction of cargo fl ow ）分: export trad e、 import trad e and transittrade 過境貿易 2從參加的貿易方（

5、the number of participants）分： direct trad e、 indirect trad e and entrepot trad e轉口貿易 轉口貿易 ：entrepot trade refers to the transaction which involves importing goodsfromoverseas forfurtherprocessing orassemblingand the re-exportingthe goods abroad. 轉口貿易又稱中轉貿易或再輸出貿易,為指國際貿易中進出口貨物的買賣, 不為在生產(chǎn)國和消費國之間直接進行,而為通

6、過第三國轉手進行的貿易；對于第三國來說, 就為轉口貿易, 與過境貿易的最大區(qū)分在于貨物的全部權會發(fā)生轉移,并且只涉及一個貿易方；國際上有很多中轉地,如新加坡,香港, 鹿特丹等3）從商品形式（ form of goods ）分： 有形貿易（ visibl e/tangibl e goods trade）和無形貿易（ invisibl e/intangibl e goods trade）4按結算方式（ the settlement instrument ）分：易貨貿易（ barter trad e）和 自由結匯貿易（ free-liquidation trad e）5. 進出口貿易的程序： exp

7、ort and import procedures:general speaking、 fromthebeginningtotheend of a transaction、the whol e operation und ergoes four stages:1) the preparation of a transaction2) the negotiation of the contract3) the performance of the contract精品學習資料精選學習資料 - - - 歡迎下載4) the settlement of disputes其中其次個環(huán)節(jié)： negoti

8、ation can be conducted in two forms:in words face-to-face negotiation or negotiation through telephonein writing business correspondence which includ es letters、 faxes、 e-mails fourmainsteps:詢 盤 enquiry、發(fā) 盤 offer、仍 盤 counter-offer、接 受acceptancechapter two國際貿易術語1.三種貿易術語的說明規(guī)章（three sets of rul es）1) 1

9、932 年華沙牛津規(guī)章（ warsaw-oxford rules 1932 ）2) 美國對外貿易修正案1941 （ revisedamericanforeigntrade definitions 1941 ）3) 2000 年國際貿易術語說明通就（international rul es for the interpretation of trade terms 2000）2. incoterms2000的具體內容（e.f.c.d 組的劃分, 重點在 f.c 類）（這個不知道怎么寫,看書本p34-42 ）3. 裝運合同術語和到貨合同術語區(qū)分shipment contract:起運前交付（ th

10、e delivery will happen at the timeor before the time of shipment ）如： e f c 類arrival contract : 到達目的地后交付（ deliver at the time of arrival）5.象征性交接合實際交接symbolicdelivery:買方并沒有實質性的接受到貨物,而為通過一系列運輸單據(jù) 證明其交接；（ the buyer does notphysicallyreceive the goods、 the deliveryis proved by the submission of transport

11、document by the seller to the buyer）只意味著買方同意了買方交貨的事實, 并不代表買方接受了該批貨物就為與合同一樣的貨物；actual delivery: the buyer or hisagent physically receivesthe goods upon the time of deliverychapter three出口商品的價格1.出口商品價格的表達（expression of export price ）the standard format of a price in international trade has four compon

12、ents通常一個標準出口價格包括四個部分：貨幣（a code of currency ）金額（a number indicating the price）數(shù)量單位 （a unit for measuring quantity） 貿易術語（ a certain trade term ）例如：usd22.5/piece cif new york這為一種出口價格的表現(xiàn)形式,在紐約市用cif 貿易術語進行交易,每件貨為22.5 美元2. 價格的運算fob 價格：以出口國貨幣運算fob= total cost + profit以外國貨幣運算fob= total cost + profit/ exchan

13、ge rate精品學習資料精選學習資料 - - - 歡迎下載cfr價格： cfr= fob + ocean freightcif 價 格 ： cif=fob + ocean freight +insurance premium insurance premium =cif *1+markup *premium rater cif=cfr / 1-markup*r包含傭金（ commission ）的價格：commission c = contract value * commission rateprice including c = net price / 1c rates net pric

14、e = price including c 1- c ratesprice including c指的為 fob 或 fca 條件下的價格折扣價：discount = contract price * discount rateactual price = contract pricediscount= contract price * 1- discount rate3. 價格評估的兩個指標：出口利潤率（export profit margin） :export profit margin = export revenue fobexport cost fobexport revenue f

15、ob公式中用的為fob 價格,即不包含運費保險費的價格,并且使用的為出口國貨幣；反映的為一單位的銷售額能賺取多少的利潤,越大越好出口換匯成本（export cost for foreign exchange）:export cost for foreign exchange =export cost in local currencyexport revenue in foreign currency該指標反映的為要賺取一單位的外國貨幣需要花費的本國貨幣成本,越小越好4. 定價的四個步驟：（要求能夠知道概念和判定）詢盤：a potential client asks for informati

16、on from the counterpart to his intentionin buying or selling of a certain commodity.發(fā)盤： a sufficiently d efinite proposal ad dressed to one or more specific persons for concluding a contract、 necessarily indicating the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance.仍 盤 ： areplytoanofferw

17、hichcontainsadditions、limitationsofothermodifications.接受：an unconditional statement made formally by or an action conducted bythe offeree indicating assent to an offer or counter-offer.參考書上 67-72 頁的幾個 examplechapter four商品條款1. 品質條款：注： cisg 規(guī)定,假如一項商品交易既憑描述性買賣又憑樣品實物買賣,那么賣方必需使交貨的商品同時符合這兩個條件1）商品質量用文字說明表

18、示（sale by description ）憑規(guī)格買賣（ sale by specification）: 用商品質量的如干指標,如大小.容量.成分等憑等級買賣（sale by grade ） : 如一級二級,大中小號等精品學習資料精選學習資料 - - - 歡迎下載憑標準買賣（sale by standard ） : 采納一些組織如iso 制定公布的標準；有兩種主要的標準：良好平均品質f.a.q （多適用于農(nóng)產(chǎn)品銷售）和上好可銷品質g.m.q（多適用于木材,冷凍類產(chǎn)品）憑品牌和商標買賣（ sale by brand name or trade mark ） 憑產(chǎn)地買賣（ sale by ori

19、gin）憑說明書和圖樣買賣（ sale by descriptions or illustrations）2）商品質量用實物樣品表示（sale by sampel ）憑賣方樣品買賣（ sale by sellers sample）: 賣方供應原樣,買方挑選,賣方需留樣（ duplicate ）憑買方樣品買賣：又叫來樣制作,但簡潔產(chǎn)生工業(yè)產(chǎn)權糾紛憑對等樣品買賣（ sale by counter sample） :對等樣品又叫回樣 a returned sample 或確認樣 a confirmed sampl e、 為賣方依據(jù)買方來樣仿制的樣品； 為防止糾紛,需由第三方或公證機關進行“封樣” （

20、 sealed sample）a counter sampl e is a replica mad e by the seller of the sampl e provid ed、 normally by the buyer. it is also called a returned sampl e or a confirmed sampl e.2. 品質條款的留意事項（必需在合同中注明）1）品質機動（ quality latitud e）: means the permissibl e range within which the quality of the goods d eliver

21、ed by the seller may be fl exibly controll ed. 為指對特定質量指標在肯定幅度內可以機動；2）品質公差（quality tol erance）: refers to the quality d eviation recognized、 which allows the quality of the goods d elivered to have certain difference within a range.為指答應交付貨物的特定質量指標在公認的肯定范疇內的差異；3）保證條款（ safeguard clause） : 愛護賣方防止受到因工業(yè)產(chǎn)權

22、和學問產(chǎn)權而受到不應當?shù)目馗?3.計量方法（ measuring quantity ）國際貿易中主要使用的度量衡制度有四種：公制metricsystem、美制 u.s.system ,英制 british system 和國際單位制 international system of units.主要單位有：重量（ weight ） :ton、gram、kil ogram、pound、ounce.留意： ton有 metric ton1000kg、long ton1016kg和 shortton907kg之分,合同中假如未注明,很簡潔產(chǎn)生糾紛；容積（ capacity）: gallon、 lite

23、r、 bushel.個數(shù)（ number ）: piece、 package、 pair、 set、 gross、 dozen、 head、 case、 barrel、 drum、 bag.長度（ length ）: yard、 meter、 foot、 centimeter.面積（ area）: square yard、 square meter、 square foot、 square inch.體積（ volume） : cubic yard、 cubit meter.4. 重量的運算方法：1毛重 gross weight : 商品連同包裝的重量2凈重 net weight :商品本身重

24、量3) 條件重量conditionedweight ：thedryweightofcommodityplusthe standard moisture content涉及含水分問題標準回潮率（ standard regain rate ） : the ratio between the water content andthe dry weight of the goods、 which is accepted in the world market or agreed精品學習資料精選學習資料 - - - 歡迎下載upon by the sell er and the buyer實際回潮率（a

25、ctual regain rate ）: the ratio between the actual regaining watercontent in the goods and the actual dry weightconditioned weight= dried net weight *1 + standard regain rateactual weight* （ 1+standard regain weight ）=1+ actual regain weight4) 理論重量 theoreticalweight ： whenthetotalweightoftheproductis

26、calculated bymultiplyingthetotalquantityandthe unitweight、ratherthan measured actually. 適用于固定規(guī)格和體積的商品；5法定重量 legalweight ：the weightof goods includingtheimmediate、inner、 or direct packing of the goods.通常法定重量為征收關稅的依據(jù)；5. 包裝的類型1包括裸裝貨（ nude cargo） 、 散裝貨 bulk cargo ,包裝貨 packed cargo2 運輸包裝（ transportpackin

27、g ）又稱shippingpacking、outerpacking、big packing、 is mainly ad opted to facilitate cargo transportation.包裝容器 container: case、 drums、 bags、 bales、 crate .包裝方法（ method of packing ）: 單位包裝（ unit packing ）和集中包裝 collective packing. 其中集中包裝主要由托盤 pallet、 集裝包 flexible container 和集裝箱container.chapter five國際貨物運輸1.

28、 班輪和租船運輸 1）班輪運輸（ liner transportation ）:為在肯定航線上,在肯定的?？扛劭?定期開航的船舶運輸；班輪運輸?shù)奶攸c： 班輪四固定船期固定（ regular scheduled departure ） 、 航線固定（ specified route ） 、 停靠港口固定（ routes with fixed base ports ）和 運費率相對固定（ comparatively fixed freight rates ） 班 輪 的 種 類 ： 工 會 同 盟 班 輪 （ conferenceliners ） 和 非 工 會 同 盟 班 輪（ non-conf

29、erence liners ） 貨物由承運人負責配載裝卸并承擔費用（包括如速遣費和滯期費等額外費用） 運費的構成（ composition of liner freight）: 基本運費（ basic freight ）和附加費（ surcharges and additionals ）total freight = total quantity x basic rate x 1+surcharge /additional rates基本運費的運算標準重量噸 w weight ton體積噸 m measurement ton w/m 重量和體積,取高者 note: 1wt=1mt基于商品價值a

30、.v.依據(jù)商品 fob 價值的百分比收費 w/mor a.v. 重量.體積.價值比較,取最高費率者,要先將w.m 換算成basic rate 再比較；留意單位 unit/head精品學習資料精選學習資料 - - - 歡迎下載最低費率 minimum rate 對于數(shù)量太小的貨物設定最低費率暫時議定運價open rate 對于大宗價值低無包裝的貨物參考書本 p121 頁例題附加費和附屬費（明白）surcharge 附加費 beyond our controlbunker surcharge bunker adjustment factor / baf燃油附加費15% of the costcur

31、rency surcharge currency adjustment factor / caf貨幣貶值附加費port congestion surcharge港口擁擠附加費 transshipment surcharge轉船附加費 deviation surcharge繞道附加費port surcharge港口附加費additionals附屬費under our controlheavy lift additional / extra charges on heavy lifts超重費over 5m/tlengthy cargo additional/extra charges on ove

32、rlengths超長費over 9mbulky cargo additional超大費over 6cbmadditional on direct直行附屬費not at basic port、 volume over 1000 m/t additional on optional discharging port選卸港附屬費 additional for alternation of d estination變更卸港附屬費2）租船運輸（ charter transportation） :定程租船（ voyage charter ）定期租船（ time charter ）光船租船（ bare bo

33、at charter/d emise charter ） 定程和定期租船的區(qū)分（明白）p121f.i.o free in and out: the ship-owner d oes not bear loading and unl oading cost2. 其他運輸方式1）航空運輸airtransportation:運費運算與海洋運輸中的一樣,只為單位不同note: 6000cm3=1kg2）鐵路和大路運輸railway transportation and road transportation 3）國際多式聯(lián)運i.m. t internationalmultimodaltransport

34、ation:meansthe carriage of cargo from the place of sell ers in one country to the site of the buyersinanothercountryby at least two modes of transportationonthe basis of a multi-modal transportation contract. only one multi-modal transportation operator only one multi-modal transportation contract o

35、nly one freight rate4） 集裝箱運輸:containerizationis a method of distributing merchandise in a unitizedformadoptinganinter-modalsystemwhichprovid esapossible combination of sea、 road and other mod es of transportation.特點：高效率,安全,節(jié)約成本精品學習資料精選學習資料 - - - 歡迎下載集裝箱種類variety in service involving one operator use

36、 of special equipmentlow risk of damage and pilferage substantial cost savingsdry cargo container干貨集裝箱 refrigerated/reefer container冷凍集裝箱 tanker container油罐集裝箱car container車輛集裝箱精品學習資料精選學習資料 - - - 歡迎下載集裝箱運輸服務 整箱裝（ fcl）和拼箱裝（ lcl）服務 cy to cy service、 cfs to cfs service、 dr to dr service、 dr to cfs serv

37、ice and cfs to dr service（集裝箱場 cy、 集裝箱貨站 cfs、 自有集裝箱 dr）p127運費運算fcl: by the capacity（依據(jù)集裝箱容積）lcl: similar to liner service （與班輪運輸相像）3. 海運提單 bill of lading1提單的作用和功能functions a receipt of the goods 承運人簽發(fā)給托運人的貨物收據(jù) evidence of the contract of carriage貨物運輸合同的證明 a document titl e to the goods 貨物全部權憑證2）提單的種

38、類裝運提單 shippedb/l 和備運提單（ received b/l ） : 兩者之間的區(qū)分可能考簡答裝運提單為指承運人在貨物已經(jīng)裝上指定船舶后所簽發(fā)的提單；必需注明裝船日期和具體船只名稱； issued by the shippingcompany after goods shipped on boardthedesignatedvessel. indicatingdate ofshipmentand name ofthevessel備運提單為指承運人已收到托運貨物等待裝運期間所簽發(fā)的提單； 沒有具體的裝船時間和船舶名稱； goods being received but not yet

39、 loaded ,is a confirmation of goods handed over to ship owner absence of date of shipment and name of the vessel、 difficult to anticipate date of arrival、 hence not favorabl e by buyer聯(lián)系： when words such as“goods shipped on board s/s red star on may 10、2021 ”a dded andsigned by the carrierorthe agen

40、t on thereceivedb/l 、 it becomes a shipped b/l 清潔提單（ clean b/l ）和不清潔提單（ unclean b/l ）清潔提單為指貨物在裝船時表面狀況良好,承運人在提單上不帶有明顯宣稱貨物 或包裝有缺陷狀況的文字或批注的提單；a clean b/l refers to one which d oes notdeclare a defective condition of the exterior packing of goods.不清潔提單為指承運人在簽發(fā)的提單上帶有明顯宣稱貨物或包裝有缺陷狀況的文字或批注的提單； an unclean b/

41、l is the one that contains unfavorable notation about the apparent condition of the cargo.記名提單（ straight b/l ）、 不記名提單（ bearer b/l ）、指示提單（ order b/l ）精品學習資料精選學習資料 - - - 歡迎下載記名提單為指提單上的收貨人欄內填明特定收貨人名稱的提單；made out to adesignated consigneeonly the named consignee is entitl ed to the cargo not transferable

42、不記名提單（ open or blank b/l ） : 指提單上的收貨人欄內不寫明特定收貨人名稱的提單； the consignee box l eft blank oropen、 or bearing thewording“tobearer”至持有人 can be transferred withoutendorsement thereforewithhigh risk, unfavorabl e in international trad e指示提單為指提單上的收貨人欄內填寫“憑指示”或“憑某某人指示”字樣的提單 ； made out to the order of a named pe

43、rson ,no definiteconsignee、“toorder ” “ toorderof theshipper”or “ toorder of theconsigneei”ns teadnegotiable and transferable,but need endorsement,widely used in internationaltrade直運提單（ direct b/l ）和轉船提單 transshipment b/l直運提單為指貨物裝上船后,中途不再換船而直接駛往目的港卸貨所簽發(fā)的提單；轉船提單 involving additional charges、 longer t

44、ime and higher risks in transit、 therefore unfavorabl e to the buyer acceptable only when there is no direct service正本提單（original b/l ）和副本提單（ copy b/l ）正本提單為指提單上有承運人或其代理人簽名蓋章并注明簽發(fā)日期的提單 valid only after being singed by the shipping company or its agent showing“ original” and the number of the signed

45、originals normally mad e out in a set of three originals an evidence showing the ownership of goods presented for taking the d elivery of the goods at d estination、 one is used、 the others becomes void automatically副本提單僅供參考和記錄之用,注明副本字樣； normally only used for referenceor for records.全式提單（ long form

46、b/l ） 和略式提單（short form b/l ）運費付訖提單（ freight prepaid ）和運費托收提單 freight to be collected其他不規(guī)范提單到付提單（ stale b/l ）: 指提單簽發(fā)后超過信用證規(guī)定期限才交到銀行的提單, 或者收貨人不能在船到目的港前收到的提單；倒簽提單（ ante-dated b/l ）:提單上簽發(fā)的日期早于實際起運時間的提單；（晚起運）預簽提單（ advanced b/l ）: 在貨物仍未實際裝載前簽發(fā)的提單；（不知何時起運）甲板提單（ on-deck b/l ）: 承運人簽發(fā)的說明貨物裝于船舶甲板上的提單；3）其他運輸單證海

47、上運單（ sea waybill ）：附于提單后,具體說明提單內容,與運輸合同一樣、不具有全部權作用航空運單（ airwaybill ）: 與海運提單作用幾乎一樣,理論上不為貨物全部權證書鐵路運輸單據(jù) consignment note rail waybill精品學習資料精選學習資料 - - - 歡迎下載大路承運貨物收據(jù)road consignment note多式聯(lián)運單據(jù) multimodal transportation d ocument mtd4. 裝船期 time of shipment 和交貨期的區(qū)分 time of d elivery1) under shipment contr

48、acts、 the symbolic delivery takes place、 so time of shipment is equal to time of d elivery. the time is the one limited for l oading the goods on board vessel or in the hand of the carrier at the port or place of shipment.2) under arrival contracts、 the actual d elivery takes place、 thus、 time of sh

49、ipment isdifferent from time of delivery. time of shipment refers to the time limit for loading the goods on board vessel at the port or place of shipment; time of d elivery refers to the time limit during which the sell er shall deliver the goods to the buyer at the agreed place.5. 分批運（ partial shi

50、pment ）和轉運 transshipment 的區(qū)分partial shipmentmeans the goods under a contractare to be shippedin more than one lot.分批裝運為指一個合同下的貨物先后分如干批裝運；transshipment means unl oading and rel oading from one vessel to another during the course of ocean carriage fromthe portof loading to the portof dischargestipulat

51、ed.轉運為指從裝運港至卸貨港過程中,進行轉裝或重裝,包括從一運輸工具移至另一運輸工具的行為；6. 滯期費（ demurrage ）和速遣費 dispatch滯期費為指在規(guī)定的裝卸期限內,假如租船人未能完成裝卸作業(yè),為了補償船方的缺失,對超過的實踐租船人應向船方支付肯定的罰款；demurrageistheamountof moneypaidas a penaltyat an agreed rateby charterer to compensate the ship-owner for his losses in case the charterer fails to have loading

52、 and unloading completed within the lay time.速遣費為指租船人在規(guī)定的期限呢,提前完成裝卸作業(yè), 就所節(jié)約的時間船方要向租船人支付肯定的獎金；dispatchis theamountof moneypaidas a bonus by the ship-ownertothe charterer if they get l oading and unl oading done ahead of schedule.chapter six貨物運輸保險1. 保險的四大基本原就（ fundamental principl es of cargo insuranc

53、e）：1) 可保利益原就（ the insurabl e interest principl e）可保利益指的為投保人對保險標的具有法律上承認的利益；insurabl e interest isthe interest on insurance subject matter held by the insurant and recognized bylaw、 indicating that the insurant will suffer some financial losses if any maritime risksmaterialize. 投保人對保險標的不具有可保利益的,保險合同無

54、效,這就為 可保利益原就；通常的可保利益形式有貨物的全部權.保費.運費等2) 最大誠信原就（ the utmost good faith principle）為指投保人和保險人在簽訂保險合同以及在合同有效期內,必需保持最大限度的誠心； both parties be faithful and honest in entering into the insurance contract.insurant shall expose all important facts influencing the judgment and evaluation by the insurer to the pe

55、rils.精品學習資料精選學習資料 - - - 歡迎下載3) 補償原就（ the indemnity principl e）為指當保險標的遭受保險責任范疇內的缺失時,保險人應當依照保險合同的商定履行賠償義務； in the event of l oss of or damage to the subject matter resulting from an insured peril、 the insurer shall compensate the claimant exactly what the latter has lost in the occurrence of the peril.補償?shù)姆懂牪荒艹^ :（ total ind emnification be limited to）：a) 保險金額 the insurance amount: 110% of the insured valueb) 實際缺失 the actual loss suffe