第14章要素投入品市場PPT學習教案

1、會計學1第第14章要素投入品市場章要素投入品市場Slide 2第1頁/共85頁Slide 3第2頁/共85頁Slide 4第3頁/共85頁Slide 5Demand for a Factor Input WhenOnly One Input Is Variable第4頁/共85頁Slide 6Demand for a Factor Input WhenOnly One Input Is Variable第5頁/共85頁Slide 7Demand for a Factor Input WhenOnly One Input Is Variable第6頁/共85頁Slide 8Demand for

2、a Factor Input WhenOnly One Input Is Variable第7頁/共85頁Slide 9Demand for a Factor Input WhenOnly One Input Is Variable第8頁/共85頁Slide 10Hours of WorkWages($ perhour)MRPL = MPLx PCompetitive Output Market (P = MR)MRPL = MPL x MRMonopolistic Output Market(P MR)第9頁/共85頁Slide 11Demand for a Factor Input Whe

3、nOnly One Input Is Variable第10頁/共85頁Slide 12w*SLIn a competitive labor market, a firm faces a perfectly elastic supply of laborand can hire as many workers as it wants at w*.Quantity of LaborPrice ofLaborWhy not hire fewer or more workers than L*.MRPL = DLL*The profit maximizing firm willhire L* uni

4、ts of labor at the point where the marginal revenue productof labor is equal to the wage rate.第11頁/共85頁Slide 13Demand for a Factor Input WhenOnly One Input Is Variable第12頁/共85頁Slide 14Quantity of LaborPrice ofLaborw1S1MRPL = DLL1w2L2S2第13頁/共85頁Slide 15production of MC MPMP MRMR)(MPMRP workersofnumbe

5、r maximizingprofit at and MR)(MP(MRPLLLLLLwwww第14頁/共85頁Slide 16第15頁/共85頁Slide 17Demand for a Factor Input WhenSeveral Inputs Are Variable第16頁/共85頁Slide 18Demand for a Factor Input WhenSeveral Inputs Are Variable第17頁/共85頁Slide 19MRPL1MRPL2When two or more inputs arevariable, a firms demand for one in

6、putdepends on the marginal revenue product of both inputs.Hours of WorkWages($ perhour)051015204080120160When the wage rate is $20, A represents one point on the firmsdemand for labor curve.When the wage rate falls to $15, theMRP curve shifts, generating a newpoint C on the firms demand forlabor cur

7、ve. Thus A and C areon the demand for labor curve, butB is not.DLABC第18頁/共85頁Slide 20Industry Demand for Labor第19頁/共85頁MRPL1Labor(worker-hours)Labor(worker-hours)Wage($ perhour)Wage($ perhour)05101505101550100150L0L2DL1Horizontal sum ifproduct priceunchanged120MRPL2L1IndustryDemandCurveDL2FirmIndust

8、ry第20頁/共85頁Slide 22第21頁/共85頁Slide 23第22頁/共85頁Slide 24第23頁/共85頁Slide 25第24頁/共85頁Slide 26AirlineElasticityAirlineElasticity第25頁/共85頁Slide 27第26頁/共85頁Slide 28Quantity of Jet FuelPriceMRPLRMRPSR第27頁/共85頁Slide 29第28頁/共85頁SMarket Supplyof fabricYards ofFabric (thousands)Yards ofFabric (thousands)Price($ p

9、eryard)Price($ peryard)DMarket Demandfor fabric100ME = AE1010Supply ofFabric Facing Firm50Demand for FabricMRPObservations1) The firm is a price taker at $10.2) S = AE = ME = $103) ME = MRP 50 units第29頁/共85頁Slide 31第30頁/共85頁Slide 32第31頁/共85頁Slide 33第32頁/共85頁Slide 34第33頁/共85頁Slide 35Income Effect Sub

10、stitution EffectHours of Work per DayWage($ perhour)Supply of Labor第34頁/共85頁12CWorker chooses point A:16 hours leisure, 8 hour workIncome = $8016QPAw = $10Hours of LeisureIncome($ perday)024082448020Bw = $20Suppose wages increase to $20 Substitution effectIncome effectIncrease wage to $20 worker cho

11、oses: 20 hour leisure, 4 hours work income = $80第35頁/共85頁Slide 37第36頁/共85頁Heads HoursSpouses HoursHeads Hourswith Respect towith Respect towith Respect toGroupHeads WageSpouses WageSpouses WageUnmarried males.026(no children)Unmarried females.106(with children)Unmarried females.011(no children)One-e

12、arner family-.078(with children)One-earner family.007(no children)Two-earner family-.002-.086-.004(with children)Two-earner family-.107-.028-.059(no children)第37頁/共85頁Slide 39第38頁/共85頁SL = AESL = AEDL = MRPLDL = MRPLP * MPLNumber of WorkersNumber of WorkersWageWageCompetitive Output MarketMonopolist

13、ic Output MarketwCLCwMLMvMAB第39頁/共85頁Slide 41第40頁/共85頁Slide 42第41頁/共85頁Slide 43第42頁/共85頁Slide 44Total expenditure (wage) paidis 0w* x AL*Economic RentEconomic rent is ABW*BNumber of WorkersWageSL = AEDL = MRPLw*L*A0The economic rent associated with theemployment of labor is the excess of wages paid

14、above the minimum amount neededto hire workers.第43頁/共85頁Slide 45第44頁/共85頁Slide 46第45頁/共85頁Slide 47EconomicRents1EconomicRents2Number of AcresPrice($ peracre)Supply of LandD2D1第46頁/共85頁Slide 48第47頁/共85頁Slide 49第48頁/共85頁Slide 50Number of Skilled WorkersWageSLDL = MRPLw*w0Shortage第49頁/共85頁Slide 51第50頁/

15、共85頁Slide 52第51頁/共85頁Slide 53第52頁/共85頁Slide 54SL = Average Expenditure (AE)MarginalExpenditure (ME)Why is marginal expendituregreater than SL?D = MRPLUnits of InputPrice(per unitof input)01234655101520w* = 13L*wcLcC第53頁/共85頁Slide 55第54頁/共85頁Slide 56第55頁/共85頁Slide 57第56頁/共85頁Slide 58第57頁/共85頁Slide 59

16、第58頁/共85頁Slide 60第59頁/共85頁Slide 61第60頁/共85頁Slide 62SLDLMRWhen a labor union is a monopolist, it chooses among points on the buyersdemand for labor curve.Number of WorkersWageperworkerAL*w*The seller can maximize the number of workershired, at L*, by agreeing that workers will work at wage w*.第61頁/共8

17、5頁Slide 63EconomicRentw1L1The quantity of labor L1 that maximizesthe rent that employees earn is determinedby the intersection of the marginal revenueand supply or labor curves; union membersreceive a wage rate of w1.SLDLMRNumber of WorkersWageperworkerAL2w2Finally, if the union wishes to maximize t

18、otalwages paid to workers, it should allow L2union members to be employed at a wagerate of w2 because the marginal revenueto the union will then be zero.L*w*第62頁/共85頁Slide 64第63頁/共85頁Slide 65第64頁/共85頁Slide 66Number of WorkersWageperworkerDUDNUDLSLw*ULwUWhen a monopolistic unionraises the wage rate in theunionized sector of theeconomy from w* to wU, employment in that sector falls.For the tot