GRE-Arguement-七種常見錯(cuò)誤-個(gè)人總結(jié)(共5頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上一 經(jīng)不起推敲的類推（false analogy） This argument relies on what might be a false analogy between A and B C.（開頭） In order for BC to serve as models that A should emulate, the arguer must assume that all relevant circumstances involved are essentially the same.(環(huán)境、背景不同)However, this assumption is

2、unwarranted.（過渡）For example, the argument overlooks the possibility that.Perhaps .（列舉各種可能性）The arguer simply assumes that . but he does not provide any evidence thatare indeed comparable.As we know, the and differ conspicuously. It is true that both. but even here exist fundamental differences:. （兩種

3、東西本身不同）Therefore, even though ved effective in., there is no guarantee that it will work just as well for.（結(jié)尾）二 將因果關(guān)系與單純的關(guān)聯(lián)關(guān)系或時(shí)間關(guān)系混淆起來（confuse causal relationship with correlation ）The argument concluded based on a known correlation between A and B. Yet the correlation alone is only a scant e

4、vidence of the claimed “cause-and effect” relationship.Perhaps. Moreover, the argument overlooks the fact that.The arguer has not accounted for the possibility that. If this is the case, than the conclusion would lack any merit whatsoever.三 認(rèn)為一個(gè)群體的特征適用于該群體的所有成員四認(rèn)為某條件是某結(jié)果的必要 和/或 充足條件1. 要想取得理想的結(jié)果就必須按照

5、這種（推薦的）行為去做2. 按照這種（推薦的）行為去捉就足以去的理想的結(jié)果a)The recommendation depends on the assumption that no alternative means of are available. Yet no evidence is offered to substantiate this assumption. Admitittedly,.However, it is entirely possible that means other than this would also achieve the desired result.

6、 （指出替代選項(xiàng)的存在）Perhaps the desired improvement could be achieved if.（列舉替代選項(xiàng)）Without considering and ruling out these and other alternative means of., the arguer cannot confidently conclude that.must doin order to achieve the goal.（收尾）b)The recommendation depends on the additional unsubstantiated assump

7、tion that.would by itself improve(指出不一定能達(dá)到目標(biāo))Absent evidence that this is the case, it is equally possible that.Thus, without better evidence that, the argument remains unconvincing.（列舉可能性一）Even assuming that., the arguer provides no clear evidence that. The mere fact that .hardly suffices to prove.

8、, at least not without more information about.（讓步，列舉可能性二）Even if .,perhaps additional measuressuch as.would also be required in order to achieve.objectives.(列舉可能附加的條件)五基于可能不具代表性的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)One problem with the argument involves the sited statistics about.It is unreasonable to draw any conclusions about.bas

9、ed on statistics about.（指出數(shù)據(jù)不可依賴）The arguer fails to make clear the exact number of.If only small portions of the whole population are.then the case might be that （數(shù)據(jù)太小）Even if the sample size chosen from.is large enough, the statistics might also be incredible.Depending on the total number of., it

10、is entirely possible that.are not representative of.For example, perhaps.are particularly.Without considering and ruling out these and other alternative means of., the arguer cannot confidently conclude that（數(shù)據(jù)沒有代表性）六基于不準(zhǔn)確的調(diào)查或民意測(cè)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。The survey methodology might be problematic in two respects.(開頭)Fir

11、st, we are not informed whether the survey required that respondents choose.between alternatives: if did, then the results might distort the preferences of the respondents, who might very well prefer.choice not provided for in the survey.Secondly, we are not informed whether survey responses were an

12、onymous, or even confidential.If they were not, then respondents might have provided responses that they believed their superiors would approve of, regardless of whether the responses were truthful.In either event, the survey results would be unreliable for the purpose of drawing any conclusions abo

13、ut., let alone about.七 認(rèn)為一切事情是永恒不變的a) 使用以前的數(shù)據(jù)證明當(dāng)下This claim unfairly infers from .in the past that.this year must also be.Absent evidence to support this inference, it is just likely that thehas improved recently, or that .has diminished recently.For that matter, perhaps .is no better or perhaps eve

14、n worse than .Any of these scenarios, if true, would serve to undermine the claim that. b) 用現(xiàn)在的數(shù)據(jù)逆料以后 （類似）c) 數(shù)據(jù)形成的時(shí)間不確定The arguer fails to indicate when the statistics showing.were collected. The longer time period between the collection of these statistics and the., the greater the possibility that

15、 the .has changed over this time span, and the less justifiable the arguers reliance on the statistics to support the claim that. 攻擊假設(shè)可以說The arguer simply assumes that . but he does not provide any evidence thatThe recommendation depends on the assumption that . Yet no evidence is offered to substan

16、tiate this assumption.In order for the arguer must assume that .However, this assumption is unwarranted.舉例子時(shí)可以說For example, the argument overlooks the possibility that.Perhaps .However, it is entirely possible thatAbsent evidence that this is the case, it is equally possible that.舉完例子之后可以說：If this i

17、s the case, than the conclusion would lack any merit whatsoever.Without considering and ruling out., the arguer cannot confidently conclude thatIn either event, the survey results would be unreliable for the purpose of drawing any conclusions about., let alone about.(2 ×)Any of these scenarios,

18、 if true, would serve to undermine the claim that.（3×）讓步句Therefore, even though., there is no guarantee that.Even assuming that., the arguer provides no clear evidence that.Even if we accept the arguers assumption that.the arguers recommendation is still unconvincing.【不正確】 false vague scant slim distort problematic gratuitous Unsubstantiated unwarranted unconvincing unreliable unreasonable unfairly impractical l invalid groundless oversimplifieddoubtful