WTO專題（WTO的基本原則）

1、WTO的基本原則的基本原則 Major Principles of WTO MFN National Treatment Reasonable Trade Protection General Exceptions Transparency Special Preferential Treatment to Developing Countries一、最惠國(guó)待遇原則一、最惠國(guó)待遇原則（Principles of Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment, MFN）( (一一) )最惠國(guó)待遇原則的內(nèi)涵最惠國(guó)待遇原則的內(nèi)涵 The definition of MFN is th

2、at, in such matters as customs duties and charges, the method of levying such duties and charges, all rules and formalities, internal taxes or other internal charges and all laws, regulations and requirements, any advantage, favour, privilege or immunity granted by any member to any product originat

3、ing in or destined for any other country shall be accorded immediately and unconditionally to the like product originating in or destined for the territories of all other members. “最惠國(guó)待遇原則”被定義為，在關(guān)稅和費(fèi)用及其課征方法方面，在規(guī)章手續(xù)、國(guó)內(nèi)稅和國(guó)內(nèi)費(fèi)及所有法令、條例和規(guī)定方面，任何成員國(guó)對(duì)來(lái)自或運(yùn)往其他國(guó)家的產(chǎn)品所給予的利益、優(yōu)惠、特權(quán)或豁免，應(yīng)當(dāng)立即無(wú)條件地給予源自或運(yùn)往其他所有成員國(guó)的相同產(chǎn)品。”

4、這里所謂的“最惠國(guó)待遇原則”，是指“一般最惠國(guó)待遇原則”，其核心是“一國(guó)得益，眾國(guó)皆得益”(favourate one,favourate all),是WTO的基石。“最惠國(guó)待遇原則”在WTO商品貿(mào)易協(xié)定、服務(wù)貿(mào)易協(xié)定及有關(guān)的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)和投資措施協(xié)定中均有具體的規(guī)定 。( (二二) )最惠國(guó)待遇原則的特殊例外最惠國(guó)待遇原則的特殊例外 WTO construes that, it is of desirability of increasing freedom of trade by the development, through voluntary agreements, of closer

5、integration between the economies of the Members. The purpose of a customs union or of a free-trade area is to facilitate trade between the constituent territories and not to raise barriers to the trade of other Members. The formation shall not be prevented of a customs union or of a free-trade area

6、 or the adoption of an interim agreement necessary for the formation of a customs union or of a free-trade area. “WTO認(rèn)為，通過(guò)自愿協(xié)定使成員國(guó)之間形成經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化，是擴(kuò)大自由貿(mào)易所需要的。成立關(guān)稅同盟或自由貿(mào)易區(qū)的目的，是為了促進(jìn)關(guān)稅同盟或自由貿(mào)易區(qū)內(nèi)各國(guó)之間的貿(mào)易，但對(duì)其他成員國(guó)不得增加壁壘。不應(yīng)阻止建立關(guān)稅同盟或自由貿(mào)易區(qū)，也不應(yīng)阻止實(shí)施設(shè)立關(guān)稅同盟或自由貿(mào)易區(qū)的過(guò)渡性協(xié)定?！?WTO關(guān)于邊境貿(mào)易(Frontier Trade)、關(guān)稅同盟( (Customs Unions)和

7、自由貿(mào)易區(qū)(Free-trade Areas)的規(guī)則是WTO最惠國(guó)待遇原則的例外。這也是區(qū)域性經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化組織在當(dāng)今世界不斷涌現(xiàn)并且它們可以對(duì)非成員實(shí)施差別待遇（即歧視性待遇）的原因。 二、國(guó)民待遇原則二、國(guó)民待遇原則（Principle of National Treatment） “國(guó)民待遇原則”也是WTO的基石。概括起來(lái)，針對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)稅(Internal Taxation)和其他國(guó)內(nèi)費(fèi)用（other internal charges）的國(guó)民待遇要求主要有以下內(nèi)容： Internal taxes and other internal charges, and laws, regulations

8、and requirements affecting the internal sale, offering for sale, purchase, transportation, distribution or use of products, and internal quantitative regulations requiring the mixture, processing or use of products in specified amounts or proportions, should not be applied to imported or domestic pr

9、oducts so as to afford protection to domestic production.漢譯 國(guó)內(nèi)稅和其他國(guó)內(nèi)費(fèi)用及影響產(chǎn)品國(guó)內(nèi)稅和其他國(guó)內(nèi)費(fèi)用及影響產(chǎn)品的國(guó)內(nèi)銷售、供貨、購(gòu)買、運(yùn)輸、的國(guó)內(nèi)銷售、供貨、購(gòu)買、運(yùn)輸、分銷或使用的法令、條例和要求，分銷或使用的法令、條例和要求，以及對(duì)產(chǎn)品的成份要求條例，在被以及對(duì)產(chǎn)品的成份要求條例，在被適用于進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品或本國(guó)產(chǎn)品時(shí)，不適用于進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品或本國(guó)產(chǎn)品時(shí)，不應(yīng)用來(lái)對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)提供保護(hù)。應(yīng)用來(lái)對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)提供保護(hù)。 No Member shall establish or maintain No Member shall establish

10、 or maintain any internal quantitative regulation, any internal quantitative regulation, which requires, directly or indirectly, which requires, directly or indirectly, that any specified amount or proportion that any specified amount or proportion of any product must be supplied from of any product

11、 must be supplied from domestic sources or that such amount or domestic sources or that such amount or proportion must be allocated among proportion must be allocated among external sources of supply.external sources of supply. 任何成員國(guó)不應(yīng)制定或使用數(shù)量限制條例來(lái)直任何成員國(guó)不應(yīng)制定或使用數(shù)量限制條例來(lái)直接或間接要求某一產(chǎn)品的特定數(shù)量或比例必須接或間接要求某一產(chǎn)品的特

12、定數(shù)量或比例必須由國(guó)內(nèi)供應(yīng)，或把這種數(shù)量或比例在國(guó)外供應(yīng)由國(guó)內(nèi)供應(yīng)，或把這種數(shù)量或比例在國(guó)外供應(yīng)商之間進(jìn)行分配。商之間進(jìn)行分配。 小結(jié) 國(guó)民待遇原則其實(shí)質(zhì)可歸結(jié)為“愛(ài)鄰如愛(ài)己”（love thy neighbour as thyself）。同WTO最惠國(guó)待遇原則一樣，國(guó)民待遇原則也具體體現(xiàn)于下述各協(xié)定之中，是WTO成員所必須遵守的。對(duì)此加拿大訴歐盟扇貝貿(mào)易名稱案極有說(shuō)服力。1993年3月，歐盟禁止加拿大出口到歐盟的扇貝用“noix de sait jacques”作名稱，而只能用“sait jacques”（法文為petoncle,意為小扇貝），大大降低了加拿大扇貝產(chǎn)品在法國(guó)市場(chǎng)上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。加

13、拿大認(rèn)為法國(guó)的作法違反了WTO最惠國(guó)待遇原則（GATT 1994第1條）和國(guó)民待遇原則（GATT 1994第3條）。1995年7月19日DSB成立了專家組，1996年7月，加拿大和歐盟通知DSB，稱雙方已達(dá)成協(xié)議。法國(guó)起草了新的條例，放棄對(duì)加扇貝產(chǎn)品特殊名稱要求。 三、關(guān)稅減讓原則三、關(guān)稅減讓原則Principle of Tariff Concession WTO要求各成員降低關(guān)稅壁壘，將非關(guān)稅措施關(guān)稅化。這一原則即稱為關(guān)稅減讓原則。（一）取消數(shù)量限制（一）取消數(shù)量限制（General Elimination of General Elimination of Quantitative Res

14、trictionQuantitative Restriction） WTO提倡關(guān)稅化，所以關(guān)稅之外的一切貿(mào)易保護(hù)措施，包括“數(shù)量限制”（Quantitative restriction)都應(yīng)取消(但特殊情況除外)。 No prohibitions or restrictions other than duties, taxes or other charges, whether made effective through quotas, import or export licences or other measures, shall be instituted or maintained

15、 on the importation of any product or on the exportation or sale for export of any product. 除征收關(guān)稅、國(guó)內(nèi)稅或其他費(fèi)用以外，WTO成員國(guó)不得通過(guò)設(shè)立或維持配額、進(jìn)出口許可證或其他措施來(lái)禁止或限制產(chǎn)品的進(jìn)出口。 三項(xiàng)例外三項(xiàng)例外 What excepted are: (a) Export prohibitions or restrictions temporarily applied to prevent or relieve critical shortages of foodstuffs or ot

16、her essential products; (b) Import and export prohibitions or restrictions necessary to the application of standards or regulations for the classification, grading or marketing of commodities in international trade; and (c) Import restrictions on any agricultural or fisheries product，which aim to re

17、strict the quantities or remove a temporary surplus of the like domestic product, etc.三項(xiàng)例外： （1 1）為防止或緩和糧食或其他必需品的嚴(yán)重短缺）為防止或緩和糧食或其他必需品的嚴(yán)重短缺而臨時(shí)實(shí)施的禁止或限制出口的措施。而臨時(shí)實(shí)施的禁止或限制出口的措施。 （2 2）為在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中適用商品歸類、分級(jí)和銷售）為在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中適用商品歸類、分級(jí)和銷售的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)則而有必要實(shí)施的進(jìn)出口禁止或限制的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)則而有必要實(shí)施的進(jìn)出口禁止或限制措施。措施。 （3 3）對(duì)任何農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和水產(chǎn)品實(shí)施的進(jìn)口限制措施。）對(duì)任何農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和水產(chǎn)品

18、實(shí)施的進(jìn)口限制措施。實(shí)施這種措施的目的是為了限制國(guó)內(nèi)相同產(chǎn)品的實(shí)施這種措施的目的是為了限制國(guó)內(nèi)相同產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)或銷售量或減少其暫時(shí)庫(kù)存量等。生產(chǎn)或銷售量或減少其暫時(shí)庫(kù)存量等。 從中看出，上述第2項(xiàng)“例外”（也稱“豁免”）是WTO技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘協(xié)定的主要法律淵源。 （二）關(guān)稅減讓的依據(jù)是減讓表（二）關(guān)稅減讓的依據(jù)是減讓表(Schedules of Concession)WTO關(guān)稅減讓原則是通過(guò)減讓表來(lái)實(shí)施的。減讓表是各成員國(guó)承諾給予其他成員國(guó)的優(yōu)惠及優(yōu)惠程度的文件依據(jù)。 減讓表實(shí)質(zhì)是成員國(guó)提供的優(yōu)惠表。減讓表中規(guī)定的商品在進(jìn)入該成員國(guó)時(shí)，若滿足相應(yīng)的條件和資格要求，即免除超額課征的關(guān)稅及其他稅費(fèi)。

19、 Nothing shall prevent any Member from imposing at any time on the importation of any product: (a) a charge equivalent to an internal tax imposed consistently with the national treatment requirement to internal taxes or other internal charges; (b) any anti-dumping or countervailing duty applied cons

20、istently with the provisions of Article VI; (c) fees or other charges commensurate with the cost of services rendered. WTO成員國(guó)可在任何時(shí)間對(duì)進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品征收(1)符合國(guó)民待遇要求的國(guó)內(nèi)稅；(2)與GATT 1994第6條規(guī)定相一致的反傾銷和反補(bǔ)貼稅；(3)與其成本相當(dāng)?shù)姆?wù)費(fèi)及其他費(fèi)用。 四、合理的貿(mào)易保護(hù)原則四、合理的貿(mào)易保護(hù)原則Principle of Reasonable Trade Protection 反傾銷、反補(bǔ)貼及緊急保障措施是WTO允許合理使用的貿(mào)易保護(hù)措施。

21、WTOGATT 1994第6條、第16條和第19條等對(duì)此作了原則性的規(guī)定。 特別須注意的是反傾銷與反補(bǔ)貼適用的限制（applying restriction）： 對(duì)同一成員國(guó)的同一產(chǎn)品不得將反傾銷和反補(bǔ)貼同時(shí)實(shí)施。 原文 No product of the territory of any member imported into the territory of any other contracting party shall be subject to both anti-dumping and countervailing duties to compensate for the sa

22、me situation of dumping or export subsidization.0100200300400500Cases Intiated383350287276Cases Suffered10514652113194IndiaUSEUJapanSouth KoreaThe Totals of AD Cases, 1995-2004.60102030405060AD Suffered20433328404353515223AD InitiatedNANANANANA614302211199519961997199819992000200120022003 2004*China

23、-Related AD Cases, 1995-2004.6對(duì)特定進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品的緊急措施對(duì)特定進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品的緊急措施(Emergency Action on Imports of Particular Products) 如因情況意外或因成員國(guó)承擔(dān)義務(wù)（包括關(guān)稅減讓）使某一產(chǎn)品進(jìn)口量急劇增長(zhǎng)，對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)相同產(chǎn)品或與它直接競(jìng)爭(zhēng)產(chǎn)品的國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)商造成嚴(yán)重?fù)p害或產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的威脅，該成員國(guó)在防止或糾正這種損害所必需的程度和時(shí)間內(nèi)，可以對(duì)上述產(chǎn)品全部或部分地暫停實(shí)施其所承擔(dān)的義務(wù)，或者撤銷或修改減讓。 如在有利害關(guān)系的成員國(guó)之間不能達(dá)成協(xié)議，則該成員國(guó)仍然可以實(shí)施這項(xiàng)措施。當(dāng)它這樣做以后，受到影響的成員國(guó)在采取這項(xiàng)行動(dòng)

24、以后的90天內(nèi)，對(duì)采取或要求采取這項(xiàng)行動(dòng)的成員國(guó)，暫停實(shí)施實(shí)質(zhì)上對(duì)等的減讓或其他義務(wù)。 保障國(guó)際收支而實(shí)施的限制保障國(guó)際收支而實(shí)施的限制(Restriction to Safeguard the Balance of Payments) Trade restriction to safeguard the balance of payments is permitted under GATT 1994, i.e. in order to safeguard its external financial position and its balance of payments, any memb

25、er may restrict the quantity or value of merchandise。 在GATT 1994項(xiàng)下，為保障國(guó)際收支而實(shí)施貿(mào)易限制是允許的，即為了保障對(duì)外金融地位和國(guó)際收支，成員國(guó)可以對(duì)商品進(jìn)口加以限制。 Import restrictions instituted, maintained or intensified shall not exceed those necessary (a) to forestall the imminent threat of, or to stop, a serious decline in its monetary res

26、erves, or (b) to achieve a reasonable rate of increase in its reserves. 這種設(shè)立的、保留的或強(qiáng)化的進(jìn)口限制措施以阻止外匯儲(chǔ)備面臨的減少威脅或?qū)嶋H嚴(yán)重的減少，或以儲(chǔ)量合理增加為限。 The member applying import restrictions should immediately after instituting or intensifying such restrictions (or, in circumstances in which prior consultation is practicabl

27、e, before doing so) consult with the members as to the nature of its balance of payments difficulties, alternative corrective measures which may be available, and the possible effect of the restrictions on the economies of other members. 適用進(jìn)口限制的成員在設(shè)立或加強(qiáng)這種限制后應(yīng)立即針對(duì)其國(guó)際收支困難的特點(diǎn)、可供選擇的救濟(jì)措施及這種限制對(duì)其他成員國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響進(jìn)

28、行磋商（如情況許可可提前進(jìn)行磋商）。 為保障國(guó)際收支而實(shí)施貿(mào)易為保障國(guó)際收支而實(shí)施貿(mào)易限制是一種限制是一種WTOWTO所允許的非關(guān)所允許的非關(guān)稅壁壘。在發(fā)生金融危機(jī)的稅壁壘。在發(fā)生金融危機(jī)的國(guó)家，這種貿(mào)易保護(hù)措施具國(guó)家，這種貿(mào)易保護(hù)措施具備適用的前提條件。對(duì)此我備適用的前提條件。對(duì)此我們應(yīng)加以關(guān)注。們應(yīng)加以關(guān)注。 “一般例外一般例外”(GATT Art.XX)(GATT Art.XX) 也稱“一般豁免”。即允許成員國(guó)采取這些措施： (a) protecting public morals; (b) protecting human, animal or plant life or health

29、; (c) relating to the importations or exportations of gold or silver; (d) securing compliance with related laws or regulations; (e) relating to the products of prison labour; (f) protecting national treasures of artistic, historic or archaeological value; (g) conserving exhaustible natural resources

30、; (h) undertaking in pursuance of obligations under any intergovernmental commodity agreement; (i) restricting exports of domestic materials as part of a governmental stabilization plan; (j) acquiring or distributing products in short supply. （1 1）維護(hù)公共道德的措施；）維護(hù)公共道德的措施； （2 2）保障人民、動(dòng)植物的生命或健康的措施；）保障人民、動(dòng)

31、植物的生命或健康的措施； （3 3）與輸出或輸入）與輸出或輸入 金銀有關(guān)的措施；金銀有關(guān)的措施； （4 4）保證有關(guān)法令或條例實(shí)施的措施）保證有關(guān)法令或條例實(shí)施的措施 （5 5）有關(guān)監(jiān)獄勞動(dòng)產(chǎn)品的措施；）有關(guān)監(jiān)獄勞動(dòng)產(chǎn)品的措施； （6 6）為保護(hù)本國(guó)具有藝術(shù)、歷史或考古價(jià)值的）為保護(hù)本國(guó)具有藝術(shù)、歷史或考古價(jià)值的文物而采取的措施；文物而采取的措施； （7 7）保護(hù)可能用竭的天然資源的有關(guān)措施；）保護(hù)可能用竭的天然資源的有關(guān)措施； （8 8）履行政府間商品貿(mào)易協(xié)定義務(wù)的措施；）履行政府間商品貿(mào)易協(xié)定義務(wù)的措施； （9 9）作為政府穩(wěn)定計(jì)劃的一部分，限制原料出）作為政府穩(wěn)定計(jì)劃的一部分，限制原料出

32、口的措施；口的措施； （1010）獲取或分銷短缺產(chǎn)品的措施。）獲取或分銷短缺產(chǎn)品的措施。五、貿(mào)易便利化原則五、貿(mào)易便利化原則（The Principle of Trade Facilities） 應(yīng)該說(shuō)，貿(mào)易便利化也是WTO的一個(gè)重要原則。貿(mào)易便利化關(guān)鍵在于減免與國(guó)際 貿(mào) 易 有 關(guān) 的 規(guī) 費(fèi) ( F e e s ) 和 手 續(xù)（formalities)。 WTO認(rèn)為，進(jìn)出口規(guī)費(fèi)和手續(xù)會(huì)影響貿(mào)易便利化。所以這些規(guī)費(fèi)和手續(xù)不應(yīng)成為對(duì)本國(guó)產(chǎn)品的一種間接保護(hù)。相反應(yīng)減少進(jìn)出手續(xù)的偶然性和復(fù)雜性，減少和簡(jiǎn)化進(jìn)出口文件要求。 一般說(shuō)來(lái)，上述規(guī)費(fèi)和手續(xù)一般說(shuō)來(lái)，上述規(guī)費(fèi)和手續(xù)包括出具領(lǐng)事發(fā)票及證明、包括

33、出具領(lǐng)事發(fā)票及證明、數(shù)量限制、許可證、外匯管數(shù)量限制、許可證、外匯管制、統(tǒng)計(jì)服務(wù)、文件、單據(jù)制、統(tǒng)計(jì)服務(wù)、文件、單據(jù)和證明、分析和檢查和檢疫、和證明、分析和檢查和檢疫、衛(wèi)生及蒸熏消毒中所涉及的衛(wèi)生及蒸熏消毒中所涉及的規(guī)費(fèi)、費(fèi)用、手續(xù)及要求。規(guī)費(fèi)、費(fèi)用、手續(xù)及要求。 六、六、WTOWTO透明度原則透明度原則（WTO Transparency Principle） WTOGATT 1994第10條關(guān)于貿(mào)易條例的公布和實(shí)施(publication and administration of trade regulations)的規(guī)則確立了WTO一個(gè)很重要的原則，即“透明度原則”（Transparen

34、cy Principle）。主要內(nèi)容 1、與稅則歸類或海關(guān)估價(jià)、關(guān)稅稅率、稅、與稅則歸類或海關(guān)估價(jià)、關(guān)稅稅率、稅收或其他費(fèi)用有關(guān)的，或進(jìn)出口的規(guī)定、限收或其他費(fèi)用有關(guān)的，或進(jìn)出口的規(guī)定、限制或禁止或轉(zhuǎn)移支付有關(guān)的，或有關(guān)影響關(guān)制或禁止或轉(zhuǎn)移支付有關(guān)的，或有關(guān)影響關(guān)于對(duì)進(jìn)出口貨物及其轉(zhuǎn)移支付的規(guī)定、限制于對(duì)進(jìn)出口貨物及其轉(zhuǎn)移支付的規(guī)定、限制和禁止，以及關(guān)于影響進(jìn)出口貨物的銷售、和禁止，以及關(guān)于影響進(jìn)出口貨物的銷售、分銷、運(yùn)輸、保險(xiǎn)、存?zhèn)}、檢驗(yàn)、展覽、加分銷、運(yùn)輸、保險(xiǎn)、存?zhèn)}、檢驗(yàn)、展覽、加工、混合或其他事項(xiàng)的法令、條例與司法判工、混合或其他事項(xiàng)的法令、條例與司法判決及一般適用的行政決定，都應(yīng)迅速

35、公布，決及一般適用的行政決定，都應(yīng)迅速公布，以使各成員國(guó)政府及貿(mào)易商得以知悉。影響以使各成員國(guó)政府及貿(mào)易商得以知悉。影響國(guó)際貿(mào)易政策的協(xié)定，也必須公布。國(guó)際貿(mào)易政策的協(xié)定，也必須公布。 2、已制定的統(tǒng)一適用的提高進(jìn)口關(guān)稅稅、已制定的統(tǒng)一適用的提高進(jìn)口關(guān)稅稅率或增加其他費(fèi)用的措施，或者對(duì)進(jìn)口率或增加其他費(fèi)用的措施，或者對(duì)進(jìn)口貨物及其轉(zhuǎn)移支付施加新的更苛刻的規(guī)貨物及其轉(zhuǎn)移支付施加新的更苛刻的規(guī)定、限制或禁止的措施，非經(jīng)正式公布，定、限制或禁止的措施，非經(jīng)正式公布，不得實(shí)施。不得實(shí)施。 3、WTO要求各成員國(guó)應(yīng)統(tǒng)一、公正和要求各成員國(guó)應(yīng)統(tǒng)一、公正和合理地實(shí)施其法令、條例、判決和決定。合理地實(shí)施其法令

36、、條例、判決和決定。特別是為了從速審議和糾正與關(guān)稅有關(guān)特別是為了從速審議和糾正與關(guān)稅有關(guān)的行政行為，司法、仲裁或行政法庭或的行政行為，司法、仲裁或行政法庭或程序也應(yīng)盡力保留或建立起來(lái)程序也應(yīng)盡力保留或建立起來(lái)。 七、保護(hù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)原則七、保護(hù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)原則（Competition Protection Principle） WTOWTO的保護(hù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)原則主要是通過(guò)對(duì)國(guó)的保護(hù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)原則主要是通過(guò)對(duì)國(guó)營(yíng) 貿(mào) 易 企 業(yè)營(yíng) 貿(mào) 易 企 業(yè) ( ( S t a t e T r a d i n g S t a t e T r a d i n g Enterprise)Enterprise)的活動(dòng)加以規(guī)范來(lái)體現(xiàn)的活動(dòng)加以規(guī)

37、范來(lái)體現(xiàn)的。的。 Article XVII國(guó)有貿(mào)易公司（國(guó)有貿(mào)易公司（State Trading Enterprises）做了具體規(guī)定。）做了具體規(guī)定。 1. (a)Each contracting party undertakes that if it establishes or maintains a State enterprise, wherever located, or grants to any enterprise, formally or in effect, exclusive or special privileges,* such enterprise shall,

38、in its purchases or sales involving either imports or exports, act in a manner consistent with the general principles of non-discriminatory treatment prescribed in this Agreement for governmental measures affecting imports or exports by private traders. (b) The provisions of subparagraph (a) of this

39、 paragraph shall be understood to require that such enterprises shall, having due regard to the other provisions of this Agreement, make any such purchases or sales solely in accordance with commercial considerations, including price, quality, availability, marketability, transportation and other co

40、nditions of purchase or sale, and shall afford the enterprises of the other contracting parties adequate opportunity, in accordance with customary business practice, to compete for participation in such purchases or sales. 具有獨(dú)占權(quán)或特權(quán)的國(guó)營(yíng)貿(mào)易企業(yè)具有獨(dú)占權(quán)或特權(quán)的國(guó)營(yíng)貿(mào)易企業(yè)在購(gòu)買或銷售時(shí)應(yīng)遵守非歧視性原則，在購(gòu)買或銷售時(shí)應(yīng)遵守非歧視性原則，只以商業(yè)考慮（包括價(jià)格、質(zhì)

41、量、產(chǎn)品只以商業(yè)考慮（包括價(jià)格、質(zhì)量、產(chǎn)品可獲得性、產(chǎn)品適銷性、運(yùn)輸及其他交可獲得性、產(chǎn)品適銷性、運(yùn)輸及其他交易條件）為根據(jù)，并按照商業(yè)慣例為其易條件）為根據(jù)，并按照商業(yè)慣例為其他成員國(guó)的國(guó)營(yíng)企業(yè)參與交易競(jìng)爭(zhēng)提供他成員國(guó)的國(guó)營(yíng)企業(yè)參與交易競(jìng)爭(zhēng)提供充分的機(jī)會(huì)。應(yīng)受影響的成員的要求，充分的機(jī)會(huì)。應(yīng)受影響的成員的要求，它應(yīng)提供其與經(jīng)營(yíng)有關(guān)的信息。它應(yīng)提供其與經(jīng)營(yíng)有關(guān)的信息。 2. The provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall not apply to imports of products for immediate（后續(xù)的） or ulti

42、mate consumption in governmental use and not otherwise for resale or use in the production of goods for sale. With respect to such imports, each contracting party shall accord to the trade of the other contracting parties fair and equitable treatment. The contracting parties recognize that enterpris

43、es of the kind described in paragraph 1 (a) of this Article might be operated so as to create serious obstacles to trade; thus negotiations on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis designed to limit or reduce such obstacles are of importance to the expansion of international trade.4.(a)Contra

44、cting parties shall notify the CONTRACTING PARTIES of the products which are imported into or exported from their territories by enterprises of the kind described in paragraph 1 (a) of this Article.(b)A contracting party establishing, maintaining or authorizing an import monopoly of a product, which

45、 is not the subject of a concession under Article II, shall, on the request of another contracting party having a substantial trade in the product concerned, inform the CONTRACTING PARTIES of the import mark-up（漲價(jià)）（漲價(jià)）* on the product during a recent representative period, or, when it is not possibl

46、e to do so, of the price charged on the resale of the product.(c)The CONTRACTING PARTIES may, at the request of a contracting party which has reason to believe that its interest under this Agreement are being adversely affected by the operations of an enterprise of the kind described in paragraph 1 (a), request the contracting party establishing, maintaining or authorizing such enterprise