七年級(jí)語法講解專項(xiàng)

1、語法專項(xiàng)語法總述：詞類、句子成分和構(gòu)詞法：1、詞類： 名詞、形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、冠詞、動(dòng)詞、副詞、介詞、連詞、感嘆詞。1.1、名詞(n.)： 表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的名稱。如：boy, morning, ball, class, orange, clock, 合成名詞：8-year-olds, groun-ups, passers-by, e-mail, 1.2、代詞(pron.)： 主要用來代替名詞。如：who, she, you, it .1.3、形容詞(adj.)：表示人或事物的性質(zhì)或特征。如：good, right, white, orange, ugly, sweet, far

2、, 合成形容詞：8-year-old, hard-working, 1.4、數(shù)詞(num.)： 表示數(shù)量或事物的順序?；鶖?shù)詞：one, two, three, hundred, 序數(shù)詞：first, second, third, 量詞：a piece of, two bottles of, three basket of, four bowls of, five cups of, six pairs of,1.5、動(dòng)詞(v.)： 表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。系詞：am, is,are,半系詞：look, sound, feel, get, become, keep, stay, taste, smell,

3、 turn, 實(shí)意動(dòng)詞：have, see , think, beat, walk,助動(dòng)詞：輔助動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成否定、疑問等語氣，輔助東西構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)等。如：be, do, does, did, will, can, should, may,1.6、副詞(adv.)： 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞,說明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度等。如：now, here, often, quietly, slowly, home, upstairs, hard, very, really, 1.7、冠詞(art.)：用在名詞前,幫助說明名詞。如：a, an, the.1.8、介詞(prep.)： 表示它后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子

4、成分的關(guān)系。如in, on, at, from, above, under, behind, with, without, to,短語介詞：next to, in front of, at the age of, 1.9、連詞(conj.)： 用來連接詞、短語或句子。如and, or, before, when, while, after, as soon as, if, unless, until, because, so, though, but, even if, even though, as if, 10、感嘆詞(interj.):表示喜、怒、哀、樂等感情。如：oh, well, h

5、i, hello2、句子成分：主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語。1、主語是句子所要說的人或事物,回答是“誰”或者“什么”。通常用名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。如：Im Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)2、謂語動(dòng)詞說明主語的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),回答“做(什么)”。主要由動(dòng)詞擔(dān)任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打掃房間)3、表語在系動(dòng)詞之后,說明主語的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么樣”。通常由名詞、代詞或形容詞擔(dān)任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、賓語表示及物動(dòng)詞的對(duì)象或結(jié)果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名詞

6、或代詞擔(dān)任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼這個(gè)詞)有些及物動(dòng)詞帶有兩個(gè)賓語,一個(gè)指物,一個(gè)指人。指物的叫直接賓語,指人的叫間接賓語。間接賓語一般放在直接賓語的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他給我寫了一封信)有時(shí)可把介詞to或for加在間接賓語前構(gòu)成短語,放在直接賓語后面,來強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他給我寫了一封信)5、定語修飾名詞或代詞,通常由形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞等擔(dān)任。如：Shanghai is a big city .(上海是個(gè)大城市)6、狀語用來修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞,通常由副詞擔(dān)任。如：

7、He works hard .(他工作努力)7、賓語補(bǔ)足語用來說明賓語怎么樣或干什么,通常由形容詞或動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他們通常讓教室保持清潔) / He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常幫我做功課) / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老師要我自學(xué)法語)同位語通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面,進(jìn)一步說明它的情況。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同學(xué)湯姆在哪里？)3、構(gòu)詞法：英語構(gòu)詞法

8、主要有：合成法、派生法和轉(zhuǎn)換法。1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。2、派生法：(1)派生名詞：動(dòng)詞+er/or 動(dòng)詞+ing 動(dòng)詞+(t)ion 形容詞+ness 其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge(2)派生形容詞：名詞+y 名詞+ful 動(dòng)詞+ing/ed friendly dangerous Chinese; Japanese English French German 國(guó)名+(i)an

9、 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious (3)派生副詞：形容詞+ly 其它,如：slowly, angrily, fullfully, goodwell, possiblepossibly等等。3、轉(zhuǎn)換法：(1)形容詞動(dòng)詞,如：dry(干燥的)dry(弄干), clean(干凈的)clean(打掃,弄干凈),等等。(2)動(dòng)詞名詞,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。(3)名詞動(dòng)詞,如：hand

10、(手)(傳遞),face(臉)(面對(duì))等等。(4)形容詞副詞,如：earlyearly, fastfast等等。(5)副詞連詞,如：when(什么時(shí)候)(當(dāng)時(shí)候),等等。(6)介詞副詞,如：in(到里)(在里面；在家),on(在上)(進(jìn)行,繼續(xù)),等等。名詞篇指事物的名稱。在句子中作主語，賓語或表語等。名詞的種類：英語名詞可分專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類：專有名詞普通名詞國(guó)名,地名,人名,團(tuán)體,機(jī)構(gòu)名稱可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞1. 專有名詞 :主要包括：人名、地名、國(guó)名、黨派名稱等。如Churchill丘吉爾、Tokyo東京、China中國(guó)等。專有名詞中實(shí)詞的第

11、一個(gè)字母要大寫。如：Jilin, Tom, China(1)零冠詞，如Yale University, Beijing Railway Station,是由專有名詞+普通名詞組成，往往為并列關(guān)系。(2)定冠詞，如the United States，the Great Wall,由形容詞+普通名詞組成。(3) 姓氏名如果采用復(fù)數(shù)形式,則表示該姓氏一家人(復(fù)數(shù)含義),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。2普通名詞 ：A個(gè)體名詞: 表示單個(gè)的人和事物。 house 馬car 汽車room 房間apple 蘋果fun 風(fēng)扇picture 照片 B集體名詞: 表示一群人或一些事物的名稱。

12、 people 人們 family 家庭 army 軍隊(duì)government 政府 group 集團(tuán) C物質(zhì)名詞: 表示物質(zhì)或不具備確定形狀和大小的個(gè)體的物質(zhì)。 fire 火 steel 鋼air 空氣water 水milk 牛奶D抽象名詞：表示動(dòng)作,狀態(tài),品質(zhì)或其他抽象概念。 health 健康、life 生活、friendship友情、work（工作）、peace（和平）、love（愛）等。3. 普通名詞又分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞?？蓴?shù)名詞是可以用簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞,如： box, child, orange；不可數(shù)名詞是不可以用簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞。如：water, news,

13、 oil, population, information .4、英語可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)：英語可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。1. 名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：規(guī)則例詞3以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞變-f和-fe為v再加-esleaf-leaves, knife-knives, wife-wives, wolfwolves, lifelives, yourself-yourselves加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs 5以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，或?qū)Ｓ忻~以y結(jié)尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Hen

14、ry-Henrys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways6以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外來詞加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, kilo-kilos7以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)：英語里有些名詞

15、的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下：規(guī)則例詞1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice, manmen, womanwomen, toothteeth, childchildren, goosegeese2單復(fù)數(shù)相同sheep, deer, fish, yuan3只有復(fù)數(shù)形式trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses4一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)people5部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（表整體）也可以作復(fù)數(shù)（表其中的人或者成員）police警察局，警察, cla

16、ss班，同學(xué), family家，家庭成員7表示“某國(guó)人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans單復(fù)數(shù)同形Swiss, Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer, fish,以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends9名詞作定語把主要名詞變成復(fù)數(shù), 做定語的名詞一把用單數(shù)a boy student- some boy studentsan apple tree-some apple t

17、reesa shoe factory- some shoe factoriesan eight-year-old boy名詞作定語將兩部分都變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)a woman singer-women singers, a man teacher-men teachers名詞作定語，a sports bag-two sports bag, a clothes store-two clothes stores10常以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)scissors 剪刀 goods 貨物 trousers 褲子glasses 玻璃杯people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, cl

18、othes, socks11單復(fù)數(shù)意義不同fish魚 fishes魚的種類, paper紙 papers報(bào)紙，卷子，論文, work工作 works作品，工廠, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼鏡, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光線 lights燈, people人 peoples民族, time時(shí)間 times時(shí)代, 次數(shù), chicken 雞肉 chickens 小雞5、名詞所有格：名詞在句中表示所屬關(guān)系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格，相當(dāng)于物主代詞,在句中作定語、賓語或主語。所有格分三種：一是名詞詞尾加s構(gòu)成，二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后

19、者多表示無生命的東西。三是雙重所有格。（1）. s所有格的構(gòu)成：表示各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí),各名詞末尾均須加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有關(guān)系時(shí)在最后一詞末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father, Lucy and Lilys bedroom（2） s所有格的用法：有些表示時(shí)間、距離、度量衡、價(jià)值、自然現(xiàn)象、國(guó)家、城鎮(zhèn)等無生命東西的名詞，也可以加's構(gòu)成所有格。表示時(shí)間表示自然現(xiàn)象表示國(guó)家城市等地方的名詞表示工作群體表示度量衡及價(jià)值toda

20、ys newspaper, five weeks holiday the earths atmosphere, the trees branchesthe countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industrythe ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victorya miles journey, five dollars worth of apples2與人類活動(dòng)有特殊關(guān)系的名詞the lifes time, the plays plot3某些固定詞組a birds eye view, a ston

21、es throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)名詞所有格所修飾的詞，如果前面已經(jīng)提到過，往往可以省略，以免重復(fù)。Whose pen is this? It's Tom's.這是誰的鋼筆？是湯姆的。The bike is not mine, but Toms.這輛自行車不是我的，是Tom的。（3） of所有格的用法：用于無生命的東西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book, a map of the world , the story of a hero , the windows of the room , t

22、he title of the film用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長(zhǎng)定語時(shí)：the classrooms of the first-year students某些of所有格和s所有格可以互換。the son of a poor peasanta poor peasants son一個(gè)貧農(nóng)的兒子但有時(shí)含義卻不相同，請(qǐng)比較下面的例子：an old woman's story(一個(gè)老婦人講自己的身世) the story of an old woman(別人講一個(gè)老婦人的身世)（4）雙重所有格在意義上與"one of."相似：1of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”a fr

23、iend of my fathers(我父親的一位朋友) =one of my fathers friends,a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)=one of my friends此外，不定冠詞、數(shù)詞、某些不定代詞(some, any, many, no, few等)以及which等限定詞，采用of所有格或雙重所有格形式。例如：most of the students學(xué)生中的大多數(shù)three of them他們中的三個(gè)人I like reading some books of his.我喜歡讀他的一些書。Which book of Qiong Yaos do you like

24、best?你最喜歡瓊瑤的哪一本書？（5） 's所有格、of所有格和雙重所有格三者之間的細(xì)微區(qū)別請(qǐng)仔細(xì)比較下面三句話：1.She is Mary's brother's friend. 2.She is a friend of Mary's brother. 3.She is a friend of Mary's brother's. 1句用的是's所有格，側(cè)重說明她和Mary的哥哥是朋友關(guān)系，突出friend一詞。2句用的是of所有格，側(cè)重說明她和Mary的哥哥是朋友關(guān)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)突出了Mary's brother。3句用的是雙重所有

25、格，側(cè)重說明Mary哥哥的朋友不止是一個(gè)，她只是其中的一個(gè)。（6）名詞或代詞作主語時(shí)和謂語之間的單復(fù)數(shù)的一致問題：1、謂語和謂語基本保持單復(fù)數(shù)的一致,即：主語是是單數(shù)或者不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。主語是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：The computer was a great invention.(計(jì)算機(jī)是個(gè)了不起的發(fā)明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)。The students are working hard.2、集體名詞(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等

26、)做句子主語時(shí),如果表示整體概念,則謂語用單數(shù)形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)如果表示其中的所有成員時(shí),則謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三班有張中國(guó)地圖)3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示單個(gè)時(shí)謂語用單數(shù),表示許多時(shí),謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只綿羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些綿羊)4、maths, news等雖然

27、有s結(jié)尾,但不是復(fù)數(shù),因此謂語仍用單數(shù)：The news is very exciting. (這個(gè)消息令人興奮)5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。如：The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買)6、a lot of, some既可以修飾可數(shù)名詞，也可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞。單復(fù)數(shù)看后邊名詞。如：Some students are playing baseball now.(現(xiàn)在有許多學(xué)生在打壘球) A lot of time was

28、wasted on that work.(大量的時(shí)間花在了那個(gè)工作上)(被動(dòng)句)7、and 連接兩個(gè)名詞做主語時(shí),謂語原則上用復(fù)數(shù), 但是兩個(gè)名詞若構(gòu)成一個(gè)整體事物或者表示一個(gè)人或事物的兩個(gè)身份時(shí),謂語則用單數(shù)。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老師和他的兒子在摘蘋果) Fish and chips is very famous food. (魚和薯?xiàng)l是一種出名的食品)。The teacher and writer is coming.（這教師兼作家馬上要來了。）8、 there be 句型中be的單復(fù)數(shù)一般由靠近的名詞決定。如

29、：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房間里有一張桌子和四張椅子)9、用bothand連接兩個(gè)事物做主語時(shí),謂語一般用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來)10、主語中含有with的短語時(shí),謂語單復(fù)數(shù)由with之前的人物決定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名婦女帶著一個(gè)七歲的孩子(當(dāng)時(shí))就站在路邊)11、eitheror或者 neit

30、hernor連接兩個(gè)人物做句子主語時(shí),謂語采用就近原則。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是你對(duì),要么是他對(duì)。/你和他有一個(gè)人是對(duì)的) Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里) 12、表示一段時(shí)間，距離，金錢等度量衡時(shí)，謂語一般用單數(shù)。如：Two months is not a short time.(兩個(gè)月不是個(gè)短時(shí)間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距離).(兩千千米是相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的一段距離)。Two thousand dollars isnt a la

31、rge amount of money. (兩千美元不是一筆大數(shù)目)13、主語中含有half of / (three quarters)of / all (of) the .等詞語時(shí),謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)由名詞確定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特網(wǎng)上四分之三以上的信息是用英語寫的) A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學(xué)生的三分之一正在湖邊玩耍) All of the water in these rivers has

32、 been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經(jīng)被污染了)(被動(dòng)句)有的單詞有兩種含義，既可數(shù)，也不可數(shù)，根據(jù)意思鑒別：Whats the population of China?(中國(guó)人口是多少？)(人口，強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)量，單數(shù)) /Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(這個(gè)城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(人口，強(qiáng)調(diào)人，復(fù)數(shù))（7）名詞的功能 名詞在句中作主語, 賓語,介詞賓語,賓語補(bǔ)助語,表語以及名詞短語作狀語。 The bag is in the desk.作主語。 書包在桌子里邊。 I washed my

33、 clothes yesterday.作賓語。 昨天我洗了我的衣服。 This is a good book. 作表語。 這是一本好書。 We elected him our monitor.作賓語補(bǔ)助語。 我們選他為我們的班長(zhǎng)。 Mary lives with her parents.作介詞賓語. 瑪麗和她的父母親住在一起。 He is a Party member.作定語. 他是一名黨員。 They study hard day and night.作（時(shí)間）狀語。 他們白天黑夜地學(xué)習(xí)。名詞專項(xiàng)練習(xí) ( ) 1. We need some more_. Can you go and get

34、 some, please?A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe ( ) 2. Please remember to give the horse some tree_.A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave ( ) 3. -Can we have some _? -Yes, please.A. banana B. oranges C.apple D. pear ( ) 4. On the table there are five_.A. tomatos B. piece of tomatoes C. tomat

35、oes D. tomato( ) 5.They got much _ from those new books.A. ideas B. photos C. information D. stories ( ) 6. What_ lovely weather it is!A. / B. the C. an D. a ( ) 7. -Would you like_tea? -No, thanks. I have drunk two_.A. any, bottles of orange B. some, bottles of orange C. many, bottles of oranges D.

36、 few, bottle of oranges( ) 8. He is hungry. Give him _ to eat.A. two breads B. two piece of bread C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads( ) 9. I would like to have_.A. two glasses of milk B. two glass of milk I C. two glasses of milks D. two glass of milks( ) 10. Can you give me _?A. a tea B

37、. some cup of tea C. a cup tea D. a cup of tea ( ) 11. John bought_for himself yesterday.A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes ( ) 12. -How many _ have you got on your farm? -I've got five.A. sheeps B. sheep C. pig D. chicken ( ) 13. In the pictur

38、e there are many_ and two_. A. sheep; foxes C. sheeps; foxesB. sheeps; fox D. sheep;foxs ( ) 14. A group of_ will visit the museum tomorrow. A. Hungarian B. Australian C. JapaneseD. American ( ) 15. This table is made of_.A. many glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass( ) 16. -What would you like

39、to have for lunch, sir? -I'd like_. !A. chicken B. a chicken C. chickens D. the chicken( )17. I wonder why _ are so interested in action (武打片) films.A. people B. peoples C. the people D. the peoples( ) 18. Let's meet at 7: 30 outside the gate of_?A. the People's Park B. the Peoples'

40、Park C. the People Park D. People's Park( ) 19._ Chinese people are _ hard working people.A. /; a B. We; the C. The; the D. The; a( ) 20. How many_were there in the street when the accident happened? A. policeman B. polices C. police D. peoples( ) 21. If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller

41、_.A. set B. one C. piece D. pair( ) 22.There are sixty-seven_ in our school.A. women's teacher B. women teachers C. woman teachers D. women teacher( ) 23. There are five_in our factory.A. woman driver B, women driver C. woman drivers D. women drivers( ) 24.These _ were sent to the villages to he

42、lp the farmers. A. women doctor B. women doctorsC. woman doctors D. woman doctor( ) 25. We came to a _ at last .and went in.A. watch shop B. watches shop C. watching shop D. watchs shop( ) 26.This shop sells apples, bananas and things like these. It's a_.A. food shop B. book shop C. fruit shop D

43、. vegetable shop( ) 27. I know both of (兩個(gè))the_.A. room numbers . B. rooms number C. rooms numbers D. room number( ) 28. September 10th is_in China.A. Teacher's Day B. Teachers'Day C. Teacher Day D. Teachers Day( ) 29. -Is the broom under _ desk? -No, it's under_.A. the teacher's; my

44、 B. teacher's; mine C. teacher's; me D. the teacher's; mine( ) 30. Excuse me, where is the_?A. men's room B. mens' room C. men's rooms D. men rooms( ) 31. The football under the bed is_.A. Lily and Lucy B. Lily's and Lucy's C. Lily's and Lucy D. Lily and Lucy'

45、s( ) 32. This is my_dictionary.( ) 33. Joan is_. A. Mary's and Jack sister B. Mary and Jack's sister C. Mary and Jack sister D. Mary's and Jack's sister( ) 34. _ face to the south.A. Windows of the room B. The windows of the room C. The room's windows D. The windows in room( ) 35

46、. Please take two_.A. picture of the park B. pictures of the park C. the pictures of a park D. picture of a park ( ) 36. My father is a_. He works in a hospital.A. teacher B. doctor C. farmer D. soldier( ) 37. -Which animal lives only in China? -The_.A. tiger B. monkeyC. pandaD. elephant( ) 38. April come before_and after_.A. March; May B. May; March C. June; May D. March; February( ) 39. A pair of trousers _50 yuan. A.am B.are C.is ( )40 . _ is the rice ?