英文財(cái)務(wù)年終總結(jié)年終工作總結(jié).doc

1、英文財(cái)務(wù)年終總結(jié)年終工作總結(jié)英文財(cái)務(wù)年終總結(jié)年終工作總結(jié)英文財(cái)務(wù)年終總結(jié)是一篇好的，感覺寫的不錯(cuò)，希望對(duì)您有幫助，希望對(duì)您有用。篇一：年英文版的年終總結(jié) 英 文 寫 年 終 總 結(jié) 個(gè)人的年終總結(jié)和工作的年終總結(jié)會(huì)有所區(qū)別，該怎么寫、要包含哪些！Year-end is a good time to review your programs to get them ready for the ne_t year.Typically,this time of year things slow down due to the holidays you might have some time to

2、focus on the remendations below.Year-end Recap It is critical that you develop a year-end recap and send it out to as many people as possible.This will let then know your successes as well as challenges in the past year.You can use this to brag about the successes,which can lead to more support as w

3、ell as budget.In addition,by outlining the challenges you may be able to motivate others to help and or make ropriate changes within their teams that will help you prevent these problems.Annual Traffic Sales Review Revieg your inbound traffic and conversions across the year to look for trends or new

4、 phrases is a great opportunity to identify new markets,keywords or countries that may have been overlooked in the monthly reviews.When you look at the trends over an entire year you can often find months that are higher or lower than normal and can adjust your annual or quarterly plans to ma_imize

5、these spikes.Keyword Glossaries Often overlooked are pany s localization glossaries.These are master lists of word pairs that are used in machine translation and translation management tools.Throughout the year,you may have done a lot of keyword research and modeling that may need to be added to the

6、 glossary as well as words replaced with those which have more demand or better match searchers intent.If any new products were added this year,they should be added to the glossary as well to make sure that the most relevant versions are integrated.Site-Wide Diagnostics Due the holidays at the end o

7、f the year,your workload may decrease giving time to review and clean up many of the mon errors that accumulate in Google and Bing Webmaster tools.New YearP>以上就是這篇的詳細(xì)內(nèi)容，講的是關(guān)于財(cái)務(wù)、會(huì)計(jì)、工作、資金、財(cái)務(wù)部、預(yù)算、制度、管理等方面的內(nèi)容，有用。太喜歡了。1.Ma_imizing a firms earnings after ta_es.ProblemsCould increase current profits whi

8、le harming firm (e.g., defer maintenance, iue mon stock to buy T-bills, etc.).Ignores changes in the risk level of the firm.2.Ma_imizing earnings after ta_es divided by shares outstanding.Does not specify timing or duration of e_pected returns.Ignores changes in the risk level of the firm.Calls for

9、a zero payout dividend policy.3.Market value of all of aetsPrincipals must provide incentives so that management acts in the principals best interestsIncentives include, stock options（股票期權(quán)）, perquisites（額外所得）, and bonuses（獎(jiǎng)金紅利）。4.Wealth ma_imization does not preclude the firm from being socially res

10、ponsible.Protecting the consumerPaying fair wages to employeesMaintaining safe working conditions Supporting educationProtecting environmental iuesCorporate GovernanceCorporate governance: represents the system by which corporations are managed and controlled.Includes shareholders, board of director

11、s, and senior management.公司組織形式： ：Advantages：Simplicity， Low setup cost，Quick set up，Single ta_ filing on individual form。Disadvantages：Unlimited liability，Hard to raise additional capital，Transfer of ownership difficulties，Can be simple，Low setup cost, higher than sole proprietorship，Relatively qui

12、ck setup，Limited liability for limited partners。Disadvantages：Unlimited liability for the general partner，Difficult to raise additional capital, but easier than sole proprietorship，Transfer of ownership difficulties Corporations Advantages：Limited liability，Easy transfer of ownership，Unlimited life，

13、Easier to raise large quantities of capitalDisadvantages：Double ta_ation，More difficult to establish ，More e_pensive to set up and maintain。General Partnership- all partners have unlimited liability and are liable for all obligations of the partnership.imited Partnership- limited partners have liabi

14、lity limited to their capital contribution (investors only).At least one general partner is required and all general partners have unlimited liability.Interest paid (earned) on only the original amount, or principal（本金）, borrowed (lent).Interest paid (earned) on any previous interest earned, as well

15、 as on the principal borrowed (lent).An Annuity represents a series of equal payments (or receipts) occurring over a specified number of equidistant periods Ordinary Annuity（普通年金）:Payments or receipts occur at the end of each period.Annuity Due（即付年金）:Payments or receipts occur at thebeginning of eac

16、h period.Student Loan PaymentsCar Loan PaymentsInsurance PremiumsMortgage PaymentsRetirement Savingsof a present amount of money, or a series of payments, evaluated at a given interest rate.amount of money, or a series of payments, evaluated at a given interest rate.When interest rates rise, then th

17、e market required rates of return rise and bond prices will fall.L清算價(jià)值）represents the amount of money that could be realized if an aet or group of aets is sold separately from its operating organization.續(xù)經(jīng)營價(jià)值）represents the amount a firm could be sold for as a continuing operating busine.represents

18、either(1) an aet: the accounting value of an aet - the aets cost minus its accumulated depreciation;(2) a firm: total aets minus liabilities and preferred stock as listed on the balance sheet.represents the market price at which an aet trades.represents the price a security “ought to have” based on

19、all factors bearing on valuation.A bond is a long-term debt instrument iued by a corporation or government.or face value，面值 of a bond is the stated value.In the case of a U.S.bond, the face value is usually $1,000.is a type of stock that promises a (usually) fi_ed dividend, but at the discretion of

20、the board of directors.Preferred Stock has preference over mon stock in the payment of dividends and claims on aets.epresents a residual ownership position in the corporation.Cost of Capital is the required rate of return on the various types of financing.The overall cost of capital is a weighted av

21、erage of the individual required rates of return (costs).1.Weighting SystemMarginal Capital CostsCapital Raised in DifferentProportions than WACC2.Flotation Costs are the costs aociated with iuing securities such as underwriting, legal, listing, and printing fees.a.Adjustment to Initial Outlayb.Adju

22、stment to Discount Rate 1Transactions Motive（交易動(dòng)機(jī)） - to meet payments arising in the ordinary course of busine2 Speculative Motive（投機(jī)動(dòng)機(jī)） - to take advantage of temporary opportunities 3 Precautionary Motive（預(yù)防動(dòng)機(jī)）- to maintain a cushion or buffer to meet une_pected cash needs：The variability in the m

23、arket price of a security caused by changes in interest rates.2 Maturity：Refers to the remaining life of the security.3 Safety：Refers to the likelihood of getting back the same number of dollars you originally invested (principal).：The ability to sell a significant volume of securities in a short pe

24、riod of time in the secondary market without significant price conceion.1 Character willingne to meet financial obligations2 Capacity ability to meet financial obligations out of operating cash flows 3 Capital financial reserves（儲(chǔ)備） 4 Collateral aets pledged as security5 Conditions general economic

25、conditions related to customers busineStrengths:1 Easy to use and understand2Can be used as a measure of liquidity3Easier to forecast ST than LT flows Weaknees:1Does not account for TVM2Does not consider cash flows beyondthe PBP3Cutoff period is subjectiveStrengths:1Accounts for TVM2Considers all ca

26、sh flows3 Le subjectivity1 Aumes all cash flows reinvested atthe IRR2Difficulties with project rankings andMultiple IRRs Strengths:1Cash flows aumed to be reinvested at the hurdle rate.2Accounts for TVM.3Considers all cash flows.Weaknees:May not include managerial options embeddedin the projectStren

27、gths:1Same as NPV2Allows parison of different scale projects Weaknees: 1Same as NPV2Provides only relative profitability 3Potential Ranking Problems風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與報(bào)酬：Risk: The variability of returns from those that are e_pected.Systematic Risk is the variability of return on stocks or portfolios aociated with c

28、hanges in return on the market as a whole.Risk factors that affect a large number of aets,Also known as non-diversifiable risk or market risk,Includes such things as changes in GDP, inflation, interest rates, etc.Unsystematic Risk is the variability of return on stocks or portfolios not e_plained by

29、 general market movements.It is avoidable through diversification.Risk factors that affect a limited number of aets,Also known as unique risk and aet-specific risk,Includes such things as labor strikes, part shortages, etc.Return:Ine received on an investment plus any change in market price, usually

30、 e_preed as a percent of the beginning market price of the investment.1There is a reward for bearing risk2The greater the potential reward, the greater the risk3This is called the risk-return trade-off.There is a reward for bearing risk;There is not a reward for bearing risk unnecearily;The e_pected

31、 return on a risky aet depends only on that aets systematic risk since unsystematic risk can be diversified away Risk Premiums（風(fēng)險(xiǎn)溢價(jià)）The “e_tra” return earned for taking on risk Treasury bills are considered to be risk-free The risk premium is the return over and above the risk-free rateStandard Devi

32、ation（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差）, is a statistical measure of the variability of a distribution around its mean.Coefficient of Variation（變化系數(shù)）The ratio of the standard deviation of a distribution to the mean of that distribution.Systematic RiskRisk factors that affect a large number of aetsAlso known as non-diversifiable

33、 risk or market riskIncludes such things as changes in GDP, inflation, interest rates, etc.Unsystematic RiskRisk factors that affect a limited number of aetsAlso known as unique risk and aet-specific riskIncludes such things as labor strikes, part shortages, etc.Systematic Risk PrincipleThere is a r

34、eward for bearing riskThere is not a reward for bearing risk unnecearilyThe e_pected return on a risky aet depends only on that aets systematic risk since unsystematic risk can be diversified away Total RiskTotal risk = systematic risk + unsystematic riskThe standard deviation of returns is a measur

35、e of total riskFor well diversified portfolios, unsystematic risk is very smallConsequently, the total risk for a diversified portfolio is eentially equivalent to the systematic riskReturnsTotal Return = e_pected return + une_pected returnUne_pected return = systematic portion + unsystematic portion

36、Therefore, total return can be e_preed as follows:Total Return = e_pected return + systematic portion + unsystematic portionE_pected versus Une_pected ReturnsRealized returns are generally not equal to e_pected returnsThere is the e_pected ponent and the une_pected ponentAt any point in time, the un

37、e_pected return can be either positive or negativeOver time, the average of the une_pected ponent is zero Portfolios(組合）A portfolio is a collection of aetsAn aets risk and return is important in how it affects the risk and return of the portfolio The risk-return trade-off for a portfolio is measured

38、 by the portfolio e_pected return and standard deviation, just as with individual aetsCAPM Aumptions1.Capital markets are efficient.2.Homogeneous investor e_pectationsover a given period.3.Risk-free aet return is certain(useshort- to intermediate-termTreasuries as a pro_y).4.Market portfolio contain

39、s onlysystematic risk (use S&P 500 Inde_or similar as a pro_y).Beta: An inde_ of systematic risk.It measures the sensitivity of a stocks returnsto changes in returns on the market portfolio.Net Working Capital（凈營運(yùn)資本） Current Aets - Current Liabilities.Gro Working Capital（毛營運(yùn)資本） The firms investm

40、ent in current aets.Working Capital ManagementThe administration of the firms current aets and the financing needed to support current aets.Speeding Up Cash ReceiptsE_pedite preparing and mailing the invoice Accelerate the mailing of payments from customersReduce the time during which payments recei

41、ved by the firm remain uncollected S-l-o-w-i-n-gD-o-w-n Cash Payouts 1.“Playing the Float”2.Control of DisbursementsPayable through DraftPayroll and Dividend DisbursementsZero Balance Account (ZBA)3.Remote and Controlled Disbursing mon Money Market Instruments Money Market InstrumentsAll government

42、securities and short-term corporate obligations.(Broadly defined)Treasury Bills (T-bills):Short-term, non-interest bearing obligations of the U.S.Treasury iued at a discount and redeemed at maturity for full face value.Minimum $1,000 amount and $1,000 increments thereafter.Treasury Notes:Medium-term

43、 (2-10 years original maturity) obligations of the U.S.Treasury.Treasury Bonds: Long-term (more than 10 years original maturity) obligations of the U.S.Treasury.Costs arising from rela_ing credit standards A larger credit department Additional clerical workServicing additional accounts Bad-debt loes

44、 Opportunity costsAnalyzing the Credit licantObtaining information on the credit licant Analyzing this information to determine the licants creditworthine Making the credit decision Sources of InformationThe pany must weigh the amount of information needed versus the time and e_pense required.Financ

45、ial statements Credit ratings and reports Bank checking Trade checkingpanys own e_perience Credit AnalysisA credit analyst is likely to utilize information regarding:the financial statements of the firm (ratio analysis)the character of the pany the character of management the financial strength of the firmother individual iues specific to the firm Inventories form a link between production and