（整理版高中英語）高二英語語法復(fù)習(xí)介詞人教實驗

1、高二英語高二英語語法復(fù)習(xí)語法復(fù)習(xí)介詞介詞人教實驗版人教實驗版【本講教育信息本講教育信息】一. 教學(xué)內(nèi)容： 語法復(fù)習(xí)介詞一介詞的分類與語法功能 1介詞是虛詞，不能單獨作句子成分，必須與名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類、短語或從句等構(gòu)成介詞短語，在句中充當(dāng)一個成分。介詞分為：簡單介詞，如at、in、for 等；合成介詞，如 within、inside、onto、throughout 等；短語介詞，如according to、out of、because of、by means of、in spite of、instead of 等。雙重介詞，如from behind / above / under

2、、until after 等。分詞介詞，如considering、including、judging(from / by) 等。 常見的介詞賓語：名詞、代詞、動名詞、從句、不定式等。如：it is going to rain this afternoon according to the weather forecast.he quarrelled with her yesterday.he succeeded in passing the final exam.im still thinking of how i can fulfill the task ahead of time.the

3、professor will give us a talk on how to study english well. 2介詞短語在句中可作表語、定語、狀語和賓補等。如：this machine is in good condition.(表語)where is the key to my bike?(定語)nothing in the world could live without air or water.(狀語)she always thinks herself above others.賓補二介詞搭配1 “動詞+介詞搭配：注意特定搭配與同一介詞和多個動詞搭配意義不同的情況。 rob

4、sb. of sth. / clear the road of snow“奪去、除去意義的動詞與 of 連用 supply us with food / fill the glass with wine“供應(yīng)意義的動詞與 with 連用 make a desk of wood / make bread from flour / make the material into a coat“制作、制造意義與 of、from、into 連用 介詞 + the + 部位與動詞的關(guān)系=動詞 + sb.s + 部位，可換用 strike him on the head(“擊，拍，碰，摸意義與 on 連用)

5、catch him by the arm(“抓，拉，拿，扯意義與 by 連用)hit the boy in the face“肚，胸，眼，臉等人體前部與 in 連用prevent(stop, keep)sb. from doing sth.(“阻止，禁止意義與 from 連用)persuade(advise, warn)sb. into doing sth.“說服，建議意義與 into 連用buy sb. for sth.(leave、get、win、gain、lose 等“得失意義與 for 連用)tell sth.to sb.(show、teach、sing、write、read 等“告知

6、意義與 to 連用)give sth. to sb.give、allow、promise、pass、hand 等“授予意義與 to 連用注意：可換成 buy /tell / give sb.sth.雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。say to sb.(suggest、explain、apologize、murmur、whisper 與“對象連用必須用 to,不可說 suggest sb.sth.)。同一動詞與不同介詞搭配意義不同。同一介詞與不同動詞搭配，意義各異。reply to the letter 回信，sing(dance)to the music 和唱跳 ，amount to 到達(dá)，加起來有，devote

7、to 把奉獻(xiàn)給，drink to 為干杯，object to 反對，look forward to 渴望，come to 蘇醒，belong to 屬于，search for 搜，ask for 尋找，use for 用作，leave for 前往，take for 誤以為，call of 倡導(dǎo)，wait for 等待，care for 喜歡，make up for 彌補損失，turn to 求助救于，help oneself to 隨意，agree to 同意，compare to把比作，send for 派人去請拿，sail for 駛向，航向，set out for 動身去，go in

8、for 愛好。2常見“形容詞 + 介詞搭配。worthy of 值得的，glad about sth. for sb.為某人某事快樂，far from 離遠(yuǎn)，grateful for sth. to sb.為某事感謝某人，free from 沒有免除 ，proud of(take pride in)自豪，satisfied with (by)滿意，sure of / about 確信，fond of 喜歡，fit for 適合，busy with sth.(in doing sth.)忙著干某事，full of 充滿，ready for 準(zhǔn)備，similar to 相似，wrong with

9、不對；有毛病3 “名詞 + 介詞要注意習(xí)慣搭配和意義區(qū)分。三核心介詞用法歸納與辨析1表示時間的介詞 in 的用法如下。表示在某一較長時間內(nèi)，如世紀(jì)、年、月、季、周等一般用介詞 in，如：in the 1990s, in the year, in january, in(the) winter / summer / fall / spring, in the first week of may。還可以用時間名詞組成固定短語或詞組。如：in a while, in no time, in the daytime, in a short while, in time, in the morning

10、(afternoon, evening)。但要注意：at night / at noon, in the day(在白天),in the night在夜間 。in five daysweeks, months, years中 in 的意思是“在以后。in 和 during 表一段時間內(nèi)兩詞可互用。如：in the night, during the night, in the war, during the war。但略有區(qū)別：當(dāng)接表示“活動的抽象名詞時多用 during，接“活動的動名詞及短語時用 in。如： 2在具體的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用 on。 3表示某一時刻或某一點時間用

11、 at,如小時、分鐘等。at breakfast(supper, lunch),at sixat noon (sunrise, sunset, midday, night, midnight, dawn)at the age of 15, at the time of war,但 in time of danger/ trouble。注意：有些時間名詞前不接介詞。如：next day、last sunday、that morning、these yearsone、each、any、every、some、all 修飾時,一般不用介詞,如 some day one day、yesterday af

12、ternoon4in、after、laterin + 一段時間：表示說話時為起點一段時間之后，與一般將來時連用；但表示“在之內(nèi)時，用于各種時態(tài)。一段時間 + later(later 是副詞)：表示某一具體時間或某一方面具體時間算起的一段時間后。after + 一段時間表示：“在之后，用于一般過去時；但時間為點時間時，只能用 after,即 after + 點時間，用于各種時態(tài)。the doctor will be with us in six minutes.she graduated in 1981,and eight years later she became the manager o

13、f the factory.he received her letter after four weeks.另外，in + 一段時間 + s + time 與 within + 一段時間的用法如下：in a weeks time = in a weekthey will arrive in three days time.(與將來時連用)my brothers birthday is in two weeks time.作表語ill finish the book within two weeks.(within = in less than用于各種時態(tài)，不超出，在之內(nèi))5地點介詞 at、on

14、、in、to、across、through、over、under、below。at 在較小的場所，in 在較大的場所，on 在的平面上。如 at the door、at the airport、at the station、at 55 park street、in china、in the north、in asia、on the desk、on the wall 等。on、to、in 還可以表示兩地相對位置。假設(shè) a 地屬于 b 地，用 in；a 地位于 b 地的外面且有邊緣銜接用 on；無邊緣銜接用 to。如：japan lies to the east of china.(范圍之外)ta

15、iwan lies in the southeast of china.范圍之外hunan province lies on the west of hubei province.(毗鄰)the island lies off the coast of china.(相隔一定距離)地點介詞的引申、比喻意義：in the sun 在陽光下，in the dark(ness)在黑暗中，in the dark 不知道，in freezing weather 在嚴(yán)寒天氣中，in the mud 在泥中，in the earth 在地下,in the desert 在沙漠中,in a heavy rai

16、n 在大雨中，in the snow / wind 在雪/風(fēng)中,in public 當(dāng)眾，in trouble 在困境中，get into trouble 陷入困境，out of trouble 擺脫困難，beyond hope 絕望。across 在物體外表“穿過；through 那么表示在三維空間內(nèi)部“穿過。如：they walked across the playground.i walked through the forest.over / under / above / below。over、above 譯作“在之上；under、below 譯作“在的下面，其區(qū)別在于over、un

17、der 表示一種直接的、垂直的上下關(guān)系；而 above、below 那么表示一般的“高于或“低于，不一定是垂直“在上或“在下。如：a little boat is now under the bridge.there is a bridge over the river.the sun sinks below the horizon(地平線)the window is well above the tree.表示地點介詞的靜態(tài)性和動態(tài)性across the fields 跨過田野，over the desert 跨越沙漠a(chǎn)cross the river 橫跨這條河，over the hill

18、翻過這座山be in the house(靜態(tài)，在這里)stay out of the car(靜態(tài)，在外)go into the house(動態(tài)，進(jìn)入)fly out of the country(動態(tài)，離開)6表示方式、手段、工具的介詞by the year/hour/day 按年/小時/天。如 he rent a house by the year(day,hour).(按by+the+to the pound 按磅算，to the ton 按噸計。表泛指的方式、手段by post/mail 郵寄，by telephone(radio),但 on the phone/on the ra

19、dio/on tv(電訊器材)，by electricity 用電，by machinery 用電器，by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescope交通工具類 另外：by means of 用方法，by way of 經(jīng)由，取道于，用方法，with the help (permission)of sb./with sb.s help (permis-sion)。表方式、手段

20、的其他用法he beat the dog with a whip.(with+工具機器)one smells with his nose.(with+人體器官，但 by hand“手工，用手)he stood up with pride.(with+情緒、情感、態(tài)度的名詞)注意：使用語言、材料、文字等用 in。如 in english(ink,pencil)。另外如：in high (good,low)spirits, in anger, in joy, in comfort, in sorrow, in safety, in danger, in need, in debt, in love

21、, in fun, in pain, in tears, in surprise, in good(poor)health,in good order, in flower, in a way, in a low voice, in silence, in(with)satisfaction, in a hurry, in(with)words, live/feed on food, kneel on ones knee, take(catch)sb.by surprise(出其不意)7表示“除之外的幾組常用介詞比擬。besides 除以外， 還有 。作副詞時意思是“而且，更何況。we all

22、 went to the cinema besides shaw.除了肖外，我們都去了電影院。it was too late to see a film, and besides, i was tired.except 除去，除之外不再有 。we all went except john.我們都去了，約翰沒有。在否認(rèn)句中，兩詞可以換用，如：he has no other hats except / besides this one.except for 除了對句子主題進(jìn)行細(xì)節(jié)校正或附加說明后接名詞、代詞或 what從句，此時與 except that + 句子意思相同。he was very

23、clever except for carelessness.except that 除了一點以外。he has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.but 與 exceptbut 和 except 在表示“除了以外時可以通用，但應(yīng)注意以下三點：前面有不定代詞、疑問代詞在意義上對稱時，多用 but。all but one are here.nobody but i likes making model ships.后接不定式短語為排除對象時，多用 but。he has nothing to do but wait.前有 do,后

24、省 tobut 與一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)連用。have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不,can not help but do sth.不得不，but for 要不是8between 與 among.between 通常指兩者之間。也可以用于三者以上的兩者之間。如：ann is between tom and bill.switzer land lies between france, germany, australia and italy.they soon finished the work between themselv

25、es.(共同，合作)she was busy between cooking, washing, sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接連不斷地，一個接一個地忙這忙那)a horse can be seen between trees now.among 表示三者以上之間。如：the story is said to have happened in a village among the hills.he was happy to be among friends again.we must agree among ourselves.(一起，共同)我們

26、必須達(dá)成共識。london is among the largest cities.( = one of 與最高級連用)9表原因的介詞 for、because of、due tohe didnt come to the meeting because of his illness.the reason for his coming late is that he was ill.he was praised for his bravery and courage.the accident is due to your careless driving.10不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的 for、of。這里

27、所說的不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)形式指的是 for 或 of 加上人或事，作動詞不定式邏輯主語的結(jié)構(gòu)。it is clever of you to answer it like that.it is quite hard for me to explain why.注意：兩句中的 of 和 for 的使用，表語形容詞能夠說明不定式邏輯主語的性質(zhì)、特征與面貌時用 of,如果說明不定式行為本身的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)等那么用 for。11某些名詞與介詞構(gòu)成的固定搭配。要求接 to 的名詞有：key、answer、visit、entrance、apology、introduction、road 等。要求接 in 的名詞有：

28、interest、satisfaction、expert 等。he is expert in teaching small children.【典型例題典型例題】 1. the home improvements have taken what little there is _my spare time.(nmet )a. from b. in c. of d. at解析：解析：答案為 c。此題考查句子結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞 of 的用法。what 引導(dǎo)的從句作謂語 have taken 的賓語，而從句中的根本句型為“there is little of ，表示“有很少，what 修飾 little 提

29、到了從句句首。注意正確把握句子結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞用法，要明白 of my spare time和 in my spare time 的區(qū)別。 2. _ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.(nmet )a. as b. for c. with d. through解析：解析：答案為 c。此題考查 with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語的用法。 “with + 名詞 + 不定式/分詞/名詞/形容詞/介詞短語等可在句中作伴隨、時間、原因、條件等狀語。此題中 with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作伴隨狀語。 3. after she consi

30、dered the problem, she got a tall box to stand _.a. on b. up c. above d. by解析：解析：答案為 a。不定式“to stand + 介詞作定語修飾 a tall box,其中被修飾詞在邏輯意義上是不及物動詞，只有加上吊尾介詞，句子意思才完整。吊尾介詞往往由于受到漢語的影響而缺少，吊尾介詞使用的場合有：1定語從句中，先行詞被一個不及物動詞所修飾，不及物動詞后要接介詞，先行詞被“動詞 + 介詞組成的短語動詞所修飾，介詞常在句尾。he is the man i just spoke to.2what、whose、who、what

31、ever 等引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，賓語從句出現(xiàn)吊尾介詞。i cant imagine what it is like.3強調(diào)句型，特殊疑問句中由于被強調(diào)局部和疑問詞位置變更，常出現(xiàn)吊尾介詞。it was the poor boy that we gave the books to.what for? where to? who with?4不及物動詞的不定式修飾表“涉及對象、場合、工具、方式、材料等意義的名詞時常帶吊尾介詞。a room to live in, a bench to sit onthere is nothing to worry about.she is a good girl to

32、 work with.5某些形容詞后接不定式或“動詞 + 介詞型短語，動詞的不定式形式表“反射，常用吊尾介詞。fit、easy、hard、comfortable、difficult、heavy 等形容詞后。the river is good to swim in.the box is too heavy to carry.be worth doing sth.,be worthy of being done / to be done, want/ require / need doing【模擬試題模擬試題】 1. whats wrong _ your watch? 2. one _ the s

33、tudents is in the classroom. 3. i think the shop is closed _ this time of day. 4. my father teaches english _ a school. 5. we have lunch _ the middle of the day. 6. you can buy some school things _ your way home. 7. i was born _ july 1, 1982. 8. may i borrow a pencil _ you? 9. dont sleep _ the open

34、air. 10. i often help my mother _ _ the housework. 11. its time _ school. 12. i have quite a lot _ homework to do. 13. whats the time? its half _ seven. 14. ducks are good _ swimming. 15. what are you talking _ ? 16. he is sitting _ the front of the car. 17. the eraser was passed _ one student _ ano

35、ther. 18. did you live _ beijing in 1997? 19. when did you arrive _ the village? 20. i think mary is _ duty today. 21. eating too much isnt good _ your health. 22. im afraid he is _ the cinema _ the moment. 23. thanks _ asking me to your party. 24. my watch is very different _ yours. 25. whats the w

36、eather _ today? 26. the student is asking his teacher _ the sports meeting. 27. the farmers are all getting ready _ the next year. 28. the radio says the wind will stop later _ the day. 29. lets go out _ a walk, shall we? 30. tom, your mother is waiting _ you. 31. we have noodles for lunch _ times.

37、32. harerbin is _ the north of china. 33. the day _ tomorrow will be windy. 34. dont worry _ your test. 35. i dont know which is the way _ the park. 36. an old woman is _ the side of the road. 37. _ the end of the road youll see the hospital.38. he left tokyo _ a visit _ beijing. 39. dont laugh _ ot

38、her peoples mistakes. 40. he did this instead _ me. 41. the people here are very friendly _ us. 42. does he learn english _ himself? 43. i felt a little afraid _ my teacher. 44. im afraid hell fall _ the bike. 45. help yourselves _ some fish, lily and lucy. 46. _ these words he left the classroom. 4

39、7. it was a pleasure _ me. 48. im sorry im late _ the meeting. 49. study hard, or you wont catch up _ your classmates. 50. not far _ him was lin tao. lin tao ran fast, too. 51. mr wu is going to tell us the result _ once. 52. he goes to school early _ usual. 53. its another way _ saying fast. 54. im

40、 sorry he doesnt agree _ me. 55. he prefers playing football _ playing basketball. 56. what do you mean _ baozhi? 57. dont play _ fire. its dangerous. 58. he didnt go _ bed until twelve oclock. 59. my teacher was angry _ me. 60. someone is knocking _ the door. 61. have you heard _ jim yet? 62. if yo

41、u break the window, youll have to pay _ it. 63. im sorry. i wont talk to others in class _ now on. 64. what have you done _ the milk? 65. the students walked _ the gates with uncle wang. 66. are you _ trouble, jim? 67. my mother is ill. i have to send _ the doctor. 68. the doctor operated _ my mothe

42、r at once. 69. the glass is full _ milk. 70. i saw him _ the crowd. 71. there are a group of sheep _ the foot of the hill. 72. we are twins. people often mistake us _ each other. 73. the knife is made _ metal and wood. 74. ships can travel _ the world. 75. he watched me _ surprise. 76. choose my sub

43、ject. something about english, _ example. 77. tie the horse _ the tree. 78. nothing can stop us _ studying hard. 79. _ mr wangs help, i have passed the exam. 80. please cut the metal _ some pieces. 81. i feel _ going for a walk. 82. we can finish the work _ a week. 83. are you interested _ the film

44、titanic? 84. hundreds _ years ago, there was a village here. 85. what _ earth can you see? 86. when did you join us _ the game? 【試題答案試題答案】1. with. whats wrong with sb. sth. ？某人某物怎么啦？2. of. one of 之一。此句的主語是 one，of 短語作定語。3. at. at this time of day 在一天當(dāng)中的這個時候。4. at. at atheschool 在；at school 在校讀書。5. in

45、. in the middle of 在時間、地點的中間。 6. on. on ones wayhome在某人回家的路上，way 后面常接“to+名詞短語，表示在去的路上，因為句中的 home 是副詞，故其前不加 to。7. on8. from. borrowfrom 從某人或某處借入某物。比擬 lend sth. to sb. 把某物借出給某人。9. in. in the open air“在野外露天，也可說成 in the open。10. with. help sb. with. sth. 幫助某人做某事。11. for. 注意 time 的兩種句型：its time for名詞。 it

46、s time to do sth. 兩個短語的意思都是：“該做某事了。或“做某事的時間到了。12. of. a lot of “許多。該短語既可修飾可數(shù)名詞，也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞。此短語也可說成 lost of多用于書面語。13. past. past 意為“過多少時間。14. at. be good at 擅長。 15. about. talk about 談?wù)?，talk to 和交談。 16. in. in the front of物體內(nèi)部的前面。比擬 in front of 在物體外部的前面。 17. from；to. from one to another 從一個到另一個。18. in.

47、 在較大的地名前用介詞 in。19. at. 到達(dá)小地方用介詞 at。20. on. on duty 值班、值日。21. for，be goodbad for 表示客觀事物對某人如何，所以其它主語多為 something 或動名詞。be goodkindfriendlybad to 多指某人對某人如何，其主語多為 somebody。22. at； at. at the cinema 在電影院，at the moment 此刻、現(xiàn)在。23. for. thanksthank youfordoingsth. 謝謝你做某事。24. from. different from與不同。 25. like. like 意為“像。26. to. ask sb. to sth. 邀請某人參加某項活動。27. for. get ready for 為準(zhǔn)備。 28. in. in the day 在白天，也可說成 in the daytime。29. for. go out for a walk 出去散步。30. for. wait for 等待。31. at. at times 有時，間或。32. in. in