限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句

1、語(yǔ)法辭典一、限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句1）定語(yǔ)從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞的附加說(shuō)明，去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)，例如：This is the house which we bought last month.這是我們上個(gè)月買(mǎi)的那幢房子。 （限制The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個(gè)月買(mǎi)的。（非限制性）2）當(dāng)先行詞是專(zhuān)有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時(shí)，其后的定語(yǔ)從句通常是非限制性的

2、，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher , retired last year . 查理 史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。My house, which I bought last year , has got a lovely garden.我去年買(mǎi)的的那幢房子帶著個(gè)漂亮的花園。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.這本小說(shuō)很動(dòng)人，我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。3）非限制性定語(yǔ)從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞，對(duì)其進(jìn)彳f修飾，這時(shí)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)，例如：He se

3、ems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎沒(méi)抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。Liquid water changes to vapor , which is called evaporation.液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?，這就叫做蒸說(shuō)明：關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。 （疑問(wèn)：是一定不可以用 that引導(dǎo)還 是很少用that引導(dǎo)？解答：）1.限定性定語(yǔ)從句 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句 2.限定性定語(yǔ)從句 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句 3.限定性定語(yǔ)從句 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句 4.限定性定語(yǔ)從句 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句 5.限定

4、性定語(yǔ)從句 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句4）限定性 定語(yǔ)從句與非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別從句不能省略，如果省略整個(gè)句子意思不完整。從句可以省略，如果省略整個(gè)句子意思仍然完整。先行詞可以用that引導(dǎo)。先行詞不可以用 that引導(dǎo)。引導(dǎo)詞有時(shí)可以省略。引導(dǎo)詞不可以省略。主句與 從句不需要用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。主句與從句需要用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。從句只修飾先行詞。從句既可以 修飾先行詞，也可以修飾整個(gè)句子或句子的一部分。為什么說(shuō)限定性定語(yǔ)從句與主句的關(guān)系 去掉，會(huì)影響 句子意思的完整性；有時(shí)甚至于5）功能和形式方面的區(qū)別很緊湊，對(duì)其先行詞起限定、修飾的作用 。如果將其引起費(fèi)解、誤解。例如：1.Rainforests are bein

5、g cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nations in which they are located .為了加速他們各自所在國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展， 熱帶雨林作為有價(jià)值的原木和其他資源正為人們所砍伐。2.Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.洋流影響 其流經(jīng)的附近地區(qū)的氣候。3.They explained the reason to us why they h

6、ad hated us before.原因。散，它與主句之間有一個(gè)逗點(diǎn)的作用。有時(shí)也用它來(lái)對(duì)全句或 意思。由于上述原因，非限定性 定性定語(yǔ)從句在中文譯文里，我"，"隔開(kāi)；它對(duì)其先 句中某個(gè)成分進(jìn)行 定語(yǔ)從句在表達(dá)意 們往往將其作為一他們向我們解釋為什么他們不喜歡我們的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句在形式上就與主句很松 行詞沒(méi)有限定、修飾的作用，只起補(bǔ)充、說(shuō)明 補(bǔ)充、說(shuō)明。即使將其去掉，也不會(huì)影響句子思方面也有別 于限定性定語(yǔ)從句。另外，非限 個(gè)分句處理，而不把它作定語(yǔ)翻譯。例如:Earlier , the Babylonians had attempted to map the worl

7、d , but they presented it inthe form of a flattened disc rather than a sphere , which was the form adopted by Ptolemy .更早之前，巴比倫人曾試圖繪制世界地圖，但是他們把它繪制成平盤(pán)狀而不是托勒密 所采用的球體狀。（此句中,非限定性定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)先行詞a sphere 進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說(shuō)明。）The combination of satellites, which transmit information ,computers , which storeinformation , and

8、 television , which displays information , will change every home into an education and entertainment center .衛(wèi)星能傳 輸信息，計(jì)算機(jī)能儲(chǔ)存信息，電視能顯示信息，把這些手段結(jié)合起來(lái)可以使每個(gè)家庭都成為教育 娛樂(lè)的中心。（此 句中，三個(gè)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句分別對(duì)三個(gè)先行詞：satellites , computers 和television進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說(shuō) 明。如果去掉這三個(gè)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，那么句子可簡(jiǎn)化為：The combination ofsatellites , computers an

9、d television will change every home into an education and entertainment center .）The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .太陽(yáng)給予大地?zé)?，這就使植物的生長(zhǎng)成為可能。（此句中，非限定性定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)全句進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說(shuō)明 ，將全句 表達(dá)的意思看成"一件事情）。The old man has a son , who is in the army .那位老人有一個(gè)兒子，他在部隊(duì)工作。（此句中，非限定性定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)先彳f

10、詞son進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說(shuō)明。但本句所傳達(dá)的信息是："這位老人只有一個(gè)兒子"。如果將此句改寫(xiě)成限定性定語(yǔ)從句："The old man has a son who isin the army ."那位老人有一個(gè)在部隊(duì)工作的兒子。那么，限定性定語(yǔ)從句就要對(duì)先行詞 son進(jìn)行限定、修飾。這樣一來(lái)，句 子所傳達(dá)的 信息就變成 了："這位老人有一個(gè)兒子在 部隊(duì)工作"，也就是說(shuō)可能老人還有其他的兒子在干別的工作）二.特殊的固定搭配1） stop to do 停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing停止做某事。They stop to sm

11、oke a cigarette.他們停下來(lái)，抽了根煙。I must stop smoking.我必須戒煙了。典型例題She reached the top of the hill and stoppedon a big rock by the side of the path.A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest答案：C。由題意可知，她到了山頂，停下來(lái)在一個(gè)路邊的大石頭上休息。因此，應(yīng)選擇 "stop to do sth.停下來(lái)去做另一件事"。而不僅僅是爬山動(dòng)作的終止，所以 stop doing sth. 不正確。2

12、） forget to do忘記要去做某事。（未做）forget doing忘記做過(guò)某事。（已做）The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.辦公室的燈還在亮著，它忘記關(guān)了。（沒(méi)有做關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作）He forgot turning the light off.他忘記他已經(jīng)關(guān)了燈了。（已做過(guò)關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作）Don't forget to come tomorrow.別忘了明天來(lái)。（to come 動(dòng)作未做） 典型例題- The light in the office is still on.Oh , I forgot

13、.A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off答案：C。由the light is still on可知燈亮著，即關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作沒(méi)有發(fā)生，因此用 forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示燈已經(jīng)關(guān)上了，而自己忘記了這一事實(shí)。此處不符合題意。3） ） remember to do 記得去做某事（未做）remember doing記得做過(guò)某事（已做）Remember to go to the post office after school.記著放學(xué)后去趟郵局。Don&

14、#39;t you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見(jiàn)過(guò)那個(gè)人嗎 ？4） regret to do對(duì)要做的事遺憾。（未做）regret doing對(duì)做過(guò)的事遺憾、后悔。（已做）I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實(shí)在沒(méi)有辦法。I don't regret telling her what I thought.我不為告訴她我的想法而后悔。典型例題- You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting

15、.-Well, now I regret that.A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done 答案：D。regret having done sth.對(duì)已發(fā)生的事感到遺憾。regret to do sth.對(duì)將要做的事感到遺憾。本題為對(duì)已說(shuō)的話感到后悔，因此選 D。5 )cease to do 長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，甚至永遠(yuǎn)停做某事。cease doing短時(shí)停止做某事，以后還會(huì)接著做。That department has ceased to exist forever.那個(gè)部門(mén)已不復(fù)存在。The girls ceased chattin

16、g for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘們?cè)诶蠋熥哌^(guò)時(shí)，停了會(huì)聊天。6 ) try to do 努力，企圖做某事。try doing 試驗(yàn)，試著做某事。You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。I tried gardening but didn't succeed.我試著種果木花卉，但未成功。7 ) go on to do做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。go on doing繼續(xù)做原來(lái)做的事。After he had finished his maths , he went on to do hi

17、s physics.做完數(shù)學(xué)后，他接著去做物理。Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.作完這個(gè)練習(xí)后，接著做其他的練習(xí)8 )be afraid to do 不敢，膽怯去做某事，是主觀上的原因不去做，意為 "怕"；be afraid of doing 擔(dān)心出現(xiàn)doing的狀況、結(jié)果。 doing 是客觀上造成的，意為"生怕，恐怕"。She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of bei

18、ng bitten by a snake.她生怕被蛇咬著，而不敢在草叢中再走一步。She was afraid to wake her husband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。9 ) interested to do對(duì)做某事感興趣，想了解某事。interested in doing對(duì)某種想法感興趣，doing 通常為想法。I shall be interested to know what happens.我很想知道發(fā)生了什么事。(想了解)I'm interested in working in S

19、witzerland. Do you have any idea about that?我對(duì)在瑞士工作感興趣。你想過(guò)這事嗎？(一種想法)10 ) mean to do 打算、想mean doing 意味著I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去，但是我父親不肯讓我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.贈(zèng)加工資意味著增加購(gòu)買(mǎi)力。11 ) begin / start to do sth begin / start doing sth.1) 談及一項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)期活動(dòng)或開(kāi)始一種習(xí)慣時(shí)

20、，使用 doing.How old were you when you first started playing the piano?你幾歲時(shí)開(kāi)始彈鋼琴？2) begin, start 用進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)，后面動(dòng)詞用不定式to doI was beginning to get angry 。我開(kāi)始生起氣來(lái)。3) 在 attempt, intend, begin, start后接 know, understand, realize 這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，常用不定式 todo 。I begin to understand the truth。我開(kāi)始明白真相。4) 物作主語(yǔ)時(shí)It began to melt.12)

21、感官動(dòng)詞 + doing/to do感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示動(dòng)作的完整性，真實(shí)性；+doing 表示動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性，進(jìn)行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看見(jiàn)他在花園里干活了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)"我看見(jiàn)了"這個(gè)事實(shí))I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(強(qiáng)調(diào)"我見(jiàn)他正干活”這個(gè)動(dòng)作)昨天我見(jiàn)他正在花園里干活。典型例題1 ) They k

22、new her very well. They had seen her up from childhood.A. grow B. grew C. was growingD. to grow答案：Ao因題意為，他們看著她長(zhǎng)大，因此強(qiáng)調(diào)的是成長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程，而非正在長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)作，因此用see sbdo sth的句型。2 ) The missing boy was last seen near the river.A. playing B. to be playingC. play D. to play答案A.本題強(qiáng)調(diào)其動(dòng)作，正在河邊玩，應(yīng)此用 see sb. doing sth 句型。三.賓補(bǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)一

23、般 句型"復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)動(dòng) 詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)"在英語(yǔ)中使 用很廣，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 用來(lái)說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的情況，能帶賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有make,keep,find.think,name,call,hear,seem,leave 等.如： Books gave me knowledge and make me happy書(shū)能給予我知識(shí)并使我快樂(lè).She found him a very clever boy.名詞做賓補(bǔ)2 .He had a strange way of making his class lively and interest ing.形容詞做賓補(bǔ)3 .Last Sunday I saw you out with your sist er.副詞做賓補(bǔ)4 . To her surprise, she found herself in a different world.介詞短語(yǔ)做賓補(bǔ)5 . I saw him doing his homework when I passed his win