限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句

1、語法辭典一、限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句1）定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號分開，例如：This is the house which we bought last month.這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。 （限制The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個月買的。（非限制性）2）當先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時，其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的

2、，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher , retired last year . 查理 史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。My house, which I bought last year , has got a lovely garden.我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個漂亮的花園。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.這本小說很動人，我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。3）非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞，對其進彳f修飾，這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)，例如：He se

3、ems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎沒抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。Liquid water changes to vapor , which is called evaporation.液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?，這就叫做蒸說明：關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導非限制性定語從句。 （疑問：是一定不可以用 that引導還 是很少用that引導？解答：）1.限定性定語從句 非限定性定語從句 2.限定性定語從句 非限定性定語從句 3.限定性定語從句 非限定性定語從句 4.限定性定語從句 非限定性定語從句 5.限定

4、性定語從句 非限定性定語從句4）限定性 定語從句與非限定性定語從句的區(qū)別從句不能省略，如果省略整個句子意思不完整。從句可以省略，如果省略整個句子意思仍然完整。先行詞可以用that引導。先行詞不可以用 that引導。引導詞有時可以省略。引導詞不可以省略。主句與 從句不需要用逗號隔開。主句與從句需要用逗號隔開。從句只修飾先行詞。從句既可以 修飾先行詞，也可以修飾整個句子或句子的一部分。為什么說限定性定語從句與主句的關(guān)系 去掉，會影響 句子意思的完整性；有時甚至于5）功能和形式方面的區(qū)別很緊湊，對其先行詞起限定、修飾的作用 。如果將其引起費解、誤解。例如：1.Rainforests are bein

5、g cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nations in which they are located .為了加速他們各自所在國家的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展， 熱帶雨林作為有價值的原木和其他資源正為人們所砍伐。2.Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.洋流影響 其流經(jīng)的附近地區(qū)的氣候。3.They explained the reason to us why they h

6、ad hated us before.原因。散，它與主句之間有一個逗點的作用。有時也用它來對全句或 意思。由于上述原因，非限定性 定性定語從句在中文譯文里，我"，"隔開；它對其先 句中某個成分進行 定語從句在表達意 們往往將其作為一他們向我們解釋為什么他們不喜歡我們的非限定性定語從句在形式上就與主句很松 行詞沒有限定、修飾的作用，只起補充、說明 補充、說明。即使將其去掉，也不會影響句子思方面也有別 于限定性定語從句。另外，非限 個分句處理，而不把它作定語翻譯。例如:Earlier , the Babylonians had attempted to map the worl

7、d , but they presented it inthe form of a flattened disc rather than a sphere , which was the form adopted by Ptolemy .更早之前，巴比倫人曾試圖繪制世界地圖，但是他們把它繪制成平盤狀而不是托勒密 所采用的球體狀。（此句中,非限定性定語從句是對先行詞a sphere 進行補充、說明。）The combination of satellites, which transmit information ,computers , which storeinformation , and

8、 television , which displays information , will change every home into an education and entertainment center .衛(wèi)星能傳 輸信息，計算機能儲存信息，電視能顯示信息，把這些手段結(jié)合起來可以使每個家庭都成為教育 娛樂的中心。（此 句中，三個非限定性定語從句分別對三個先行詞：satellites , computers 和television進行補充、說 明。如果去掉這三個非限定性定語從句，那么句子可簡化為：The combination ofsatellites , computers an

9、d television will change every home into an education and entertainment center .）The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .太陽給予大地熱，這就使植物的生長成為可能。（此句中，非限定性定語從句是對全句進行補充、說明 ，將全句 表達的意思看成"一件事情）。The old man has a son , who is in the army .那位老人有一個兒子，他在部隊工作。（此句中，非限定性定語從句是對先彳f

10、詞son進行補充、說明。但本句所傳達的信息是："這位老人只有一個兒子"。如果將此句改寫成限定性定語從句："The old man has a son who isin the army ."那位老人有一個在部隊工作的兒子。那么，限定性定語從句就要對先行詞 son進行限定、修飾。這樣一來，句 子所傳達的 信息就變成 了："這位老人有一個兒子在 部隊工作"，也就是說可能老人還有其他的兒子在干別的工作）二.特殊的固定搭配1） stop to do 停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing停止做某事。They stop to sm

11、oke a cigarette.他們停下來，抽了根煙。I must stop smoking.我必須戒煙了。典型例題She reached the top of the hill and stoppedon a big rock by the side of the path.A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest答案：C。由題意可知，她到了山頂，停下來在一個路邊的大石頭上休息。因此，應(yīng)選擇 "stop to do sth.停下來去做另一件事"。而不僅僅是爬山動作的終止，所以 stop doing sth. 不正確。2

12、） forget to do忘記要去做某事。（未做）forget doing忘記做過某事。（已做）The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.辦公室的燈還在亮著，它忘記關(guān)了。（沒有做關(guān)燈的動作）He forgot turning the light off.他忘記他已經(jīng)關(guān)了燈了。（已做過關(guān)燈的動作）Don't forget to come tomorrow.別忘了明天來。（to come 動作未做） 典型例題- The light in the office is still on.Oh , I forgot

13、.A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off答案：C。由the light is still on可知燈亮著，即關(guān)燈的動作沒有發(fā)生，因此用 forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示燈已經(jīng)關(guān)上了，而自己忘記了這一事實。此處不符合題意。3） ） remember to do 記得去做某事（未做）remember doing記得做過某事（已做）Remember to go to the post office after school.記著放學后去趟郵局。Don&

14、#39;t you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見過那個人嗎 ？4） regret to do對要做的事遺憾。（未做）regret doing對做過的事遺憾、后悔。（已做）I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實在沒有辦法。I don't regret telling her what I thought.我不為告訴她我的想法而后悔。典型例題- You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting

15、.-Well, now I regret that.A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done 答案：D。regret having done sth.對已發(fā)生的事感到遺憾。regret to do sth.對將要做的事感到遺憾。本題為對已說的話感到后悔，因此選 D。5 )cease to do 長時間，甚至永遠停做某事。cease doing短時停止做某事，以后還會接著做。That department has ceased to exist forever.那個部門已不復存在。The girls ceased chattin

16、g for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘們在老師走過時，停了會聊天。6 ) try to do 努力，企圖做某事。try doing 試驗，試著做某事。You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。I tried gardening but didn't succeed.我試著種果木花卉，但未成功。7 ) go on to do做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。go on doing繼續(xù)做原來做的事。After he had finished his maths , he went on to do hi

17、s physics.做完數(shù)學后，他接著去做物理。Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.作完這個練習后，接著做其他的練習8 )be afraid to do 不敢，膽怯去做某事，是主觀上的原因不去做，意為 "怕"；be afraid of doing 擔心出現(xiàn)doing的狀況、結(jié)果。 doing 是客觀上造成的，意為"生怕，恐怕"。She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of bei

18、ng bitten by a snake.她生怕被蛇咬著，而不敢在草叢中再走一步。She was afraid to wake her husband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。9 ) interested to do對做某事感興趣，想了解某事。interested in doing對某種想法感興趣，doing 通常為想法。I shall be interested to know what happens.我很想知道發(fā)生了什么事。(想了解)I'm interested in working in S

19、witzerland. Do you have any idea about that?我對在瑞士工作感興趣。你想過這事嗎？(一種想法)10 ) mean to do 打算、想mean doing 意味著I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去，但是我父親不肯讓我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.贈加工資意味著增加購買力。11 ) begin / start to do sth begin / start doing sth.1) 談及一項長期活動或開始一種習慣時

20、，使用 doing.How old were you when you first started playing the piano?你幾歲時開始彈鋼琴？2) begin, start 用進行時時，后面動詞用不定式to doI was beginning to get angry 。我開始生起氣來。3) 在 attempt, intend, begin, start后接 know, understand, realize 這類動詞時，常用不定式 todo 。I begin to understand the truth。我開始明白真相。4) 物作主語時It began to melt.12)

21、感官動詞 + doing/to do感官動詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示動作的完整性，真實性；+doing 表示動作的連續(xù)性，進行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。(強調(diào)"我看見了"這個事實)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(強調(diào)"我見他正干活”這個動作)昨天我見他正在花園里干活。典型例題1 ) They k

22、new her very well. They had seen her up from childhood.A. grow B. grew C. was growingD. to grow答案：Ao因題意為，他們看著她長大，因此強調(diào)的是成長的過程，而非正在長的動作，因此用see sbdo sth的句型。2 ) The missing boy was last seen near the river.A. playing B. to be playingC. play D. to play答案A.本題強調(diào)其動作，正在河邊玩，應(yīng)此用 see sb. doing sth 句型。三.賓補賓語補足語一

23、般 句型"復合謂語動 詞+賓語+賓語補足語"在英語中使 用很廣，賓語補足語 用來說明賓語的情況，能帶賓語補足語的動詞常見的有make,keep,find.think,name,call,hear,seem,leave 等.如： Books gave me knowledge and make me happy書能給予我知識并使我快樂.She found him a very clever boy.名詞做賓補2 .He had a strange way of making his class lively and interest ing.形容詞做賓補3 .Last Sunday I saw you out with your sist er.副詞做賓補4 . To her surprise, she found herself in a different world.介詞短語做賓補5 . I saw him doing his homework when I passed his win