吳耀武老師考研資料

1、-吳耀武老師考研資料考研英語時態(tài)、語態(tài)需要掌握的要點：1. 以下幾類動詞一般不能用于進行時，同樣不用于完成進行時：（ 1）表示感知的動詞： hear ， feel ， notice ， recognize ，see ， taste， smell；（2）表示意愿、情感的動詞：desire ， dislike， forgive，hate ， like， love ， prefer， refuse， want ， wish ， fear，love ， hate ；（ 3）表示思考、看法的動詞： believe ， doubt ， expect ， forget ， hope ， feel， mean

2、 ， know， agree， realize， mind ，recall， recollect， remember ， trust， suppose ；（ 4）表示所有、占有的動詞： belong to ， owe ， own ， poss ess ， hold （容納）；（ 5）其他動詞： cost ， appear ， concern ， contain ， cons ist ， deserve ， matter ， seem.如：-I d say whenever you are going after something that is belonging to you ， anyo

3、ne who is depriving you of the right to have it is criminal.（ 1997 年考研題， belong 表示歸屬，不用于進行式）He was seeing somebody creeping into the housethrough the open window last night.（ 1990 年考研題，see 表示結(jié)果，不用于進行式）2.不用 will/shall 表達將來時的形式：（ 1）be going to表示現(xiàn)在的打算和意圖；（2）arrive， come ， drive， go ， leave ， retire， re

4、turn ， set off， start， take off等表示移位的動詞的進行體表示按計劃肯定要發(fā)生的將來動作；（ 3）be to （do ）表示安排、計劃、決定、命令或注定要發(fā)生的事，如：Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage is to be avoided.（4）be about to（do ）表示將要（做），如：-Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about to pay com

5、pliments to his political leaders.（5） be on the point /verge of（doing ）表示“馬上就要”，一般不與表示將來的時間狀語連用；（6）be， begin ， come ， depart， get off， go ， leave ，return， start的一般現(xiàn)在時表示按日歷或時刻表要發(fā)生的將來動作或事件，如：If you want your film to be properly processed， you ll have to wait and pick it up on Friday， which is the daya

6、fter tomorrow.</P< p>（畫線部分一般不用will be）（ 7）在時間、條件、讓步從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時，但要注意區(qū)別從句的類型，如：I don t know where he will go tomorrow.我不知道他明天去哪兒。（賓語從句）Ill tell him when you will ring again.我告訴他你什么時候再來電話。（賓語從句）-比較： I ll tell him when you ring again.你再打電話時我告訴他。（狀語從句）（8）在 make sure， make certain， see（to it）

7、后的 that 從句中，謂語動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時，如：See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didnt know the answer to last time.（include不能用will include或其他形式）3.完成時是時態(tài)測試的重點，注意與完成時連用的句型和時間狀語：（1）by/between/up to/till +過去時間、since、 by the time/when + 表示過去發(fā)生情況的從句，主句用過去完成時。如：We had just had our breakfast w

8、hen an old man came tothe door.Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures inw hich artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.（表示 1919 年時已發(fā)生的情況）（2） by + 將來時間、 by the time/ when +謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時的從句，主句用將來完成時。如：-By the time you arrive in London， we will have stayedin Europe for two weeks.I ho

9、pe her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.（ 3）by now 、since + 過去時間、 in/during/for/over/the pa st/last few （或具體數(shù)字） years/days/months ，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時， 但在 it is +具體時間since/before這一句型中，主句更多的時候不用完成時。如：The changes that howe taken place place in air travelduring the last sixty y

10、ears would have seemed completelyi mpossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the tur nof the 19th century.It is four years since John left school.（ 4）在 It is the + 序數(shù)詞 / 形容詞最高級 +that 的定語從句中，謂語動詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時。如： </P< p>It isn t the first time that I have found myself in an emb arrassing s

11、ituation.（5）在 no sooner ,than , ，hardly/scarcely,when/before, 句型中，主句常用過去完成時。-（6）其他與完成時連用的時間狀語：all this while， all this year， for some time， so far， already， before， just，long ， yet等。4. 完成進行時指動作在完成時的基礎(chǔ)上還要繼續(xù)下去。如：The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages ， but nothing has happened.The sc

12、hool board listened quietly as John read thedem and that his followers had been demonstrating for.時態(tài)、語態(tài)答題思路：（ 1）先根據(jù)選項的區(qū)別點確定考題要點為時態(tài)，然后回到題句中尋找給出的或暗示的時間狀語， 縮小選擇范圍，進而選出正確答案；（ 2）根據(jù)謂語動詞與句子主語或非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語的關(guān)系，確定句子是主動語態(tài)還是被動語態(tài)。不定式1. 不定式做主語（ 1）做形式主語的代詞：不定式做主語，通常用 it充當(dāng)形式主語，把做主語的不定式短語后置。如：-It took me only five mi

13、nutes to finish the job.To be frank ， it is a great relief to have the task ful filled in so short a time.（2）引導(dǎo)邏輯主語的介詞：不定式的邏輯主語一般由介詞for 引導(dǎo)，但下列表示人的性格行為特征的形容詞做表語時，不定式的邏輯主語則由of 引導(dǎo)：absurd， bold ， brave ， courageous， careful， careless，clever， wise ， foolish ， silly ， stupid， good ， nice ， kind ， thoughtf

14、ul， considerate， greedy， generous， honest，modest ， polite， rude ， cruel， selfish， lazy， wicked，wrong. 如：Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy.Its clever of you to have invented such a device.（3）不定式做主語補足語：掌握常用不定式做主語補足語的句型。注意不定式表示的動作發(fā)生的時間，并采用相應(yīng)形式。如：</P< p>sa

15、id-reportedthoughtbe to do sth.believedknownsupposedByron is said to have lived on vinegar and potatoes.The bank is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed in broad daylight yesterday.2. 不定式做賓語（ 1）必須接不定式做賓語的動詞：掌握要求接不定式做賓語的動詞：agree ， afford ， aim ， arrange ， appear ， ask ， attempt ，choose

16、 ， claim ， decide ， desire ， determine ， expect ， fa il ，guarantee ， hope ， endeavor ， intend ， long ， mean ， m anage ，offer ， ought ， plan ， pledge ， pretend ， prepare ，-promise ， proceed ， prove ， resolve ， refuse ， request ， swear ， tend ， try ， venture ， wait ， wish. 如：Even though the children p

17、retended to be asleep， the nurses were not deceived when they came into the room.注意：1 ）有的動詞要求特殊疑問詞+不定式做賓語，這類動詞有：consider， discover， explain， forget， guess ， know ，learn， observe， remember ， see ， tell， understand， wonder ，如：While still a young boy， Bizet knew how to play the piano well and as he gre

18、w older， he wrote operas， the mostfamous of which is Carmen.2）如果該特殊疑問詞在不定式中做介詞賓語，介詞往往置于該特殊疑問詞的前面。如：The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds on which to base his argument in favor of the new theory.-Without facts， we cannot form worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge upon wh

19、ich to base our thinking.（2）可以用不定式做賓語補足語（復(fù)合賓語）的動詞：advise， allow， ask ， beg ， cause ， command ， compel ，enable ， determine， encourage， expect ， feel， find， force ， hate ， have ， hear ， help ， inform， invite， let， like ， make ， mean ， need ， notice， notify， oblige， order，permit， persuade ， remind ， re

20、quest， require， see ， send， teach ， tell， tempt， trouble， urge ， want ， warn， watch ， wish.注意：畫線動詞后面的不定式不帶to.如：Because of the recent accidents， our parents forbid mybrother and me to swim in the river unless someoneagrees to watch over us.3. 不定式做定語-（1）被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或next ， last，only ， not a， the

21、 ， very等限定詞時，該名詞用不定式做定語。如：the first woman to set foot on the moon第一個登上月球的女性（ 2）如果其動詞要求不定式做賓語，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如：tendency to do tend to do， decision to do decide todo This book is an attempt to help you use English andrec ognize how it is used.（ 3）如果其形容詞形式要求接不定式做補語，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如：ambition to do“干 , 的

22、雄心”be ambitious to do“有雄心干 , ”curiosity to do“對 , 的好奇心”be curious to do“對 , 好奇”ability to do“做 , 的能力”able to do“有能力做, ”-According to Darwin， random changes that enhance a species ability to survive are naturally selected and passedon to succeeding generation.（ 4）表示方式、原因、時間、機會、權(quán)利等名詞用不定式做定語，這些名詞包括：way

23、， method， reason， time ， place ， chance， occasion， opportunity， evidence， power， right ， movement ， drive （運動），effort等。如：I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.We appreciate your efforts to bring about a comprehensive solution to the existing problem.（

24、5）不定代詞 something ， nothing， little， much ， a lot 習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語。如：</P< p>下列動詞可以用不定式做賓語補足語（復(fù)合賓語）：</P< p>Though we have made great progress， there is still much tobe improved.4. 不定式做狀語-不定式做狀語主要表示目的、程度、結(jié)果、方式。（1）in order to（ do）， so as to（do ）結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)目的狀語，so as to不能置于句首。如：To succeed in a scien

25、tific research， one needsproject to be persistent .I advise them to withdraw so as not to get involved.（2）so,as to ， such ,as to ， enough ,to ， too ,to 結(jié)構(gòu)做程度狀語。如：The solution works only for couples who are self-emplo yed ， don t have small children and get along well enough to spend most of their ti

26、me together.The vocabulary and grammatical differences betweenBri tish and American English are so trivial and few ashardly to be noticed.（ 3）不定式做結(jié)果狀語只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的結(jié)果，有時用 only 加強語氣。常見的不定式動詞有find ， hear， see ， be told， form ，give ， make ， produce等。如：-Greatly agitated， I rushed to the apartment and

27、 triedthe door ， only to find it locked.（4）not/never too,to ， too ,not to， but/only too,to ， too ready/eager/apt/inclined to表示肯定意義。如：I am only too pleased to hear from you further.能再聽到你的消息，我太高興了。動名詞1. 必須接動名詞做賓語的動詞牢記下列要求接動名詞做賓語的動詞：acknowledge， advocate， anticipate， appreciate， advise， avoid， admit， c

28、onfess， consider， defend， delay，deny ， dislike， enjoy， escape ， excuse ， fancy， favor，finish， forgive， imagine， include， involve， justify，keep mind ， miss ， mention ， pardon ， practice， postpone，permit， report， resent， resume ， recall， recollect，risk， resist， suggest， tolerate.如：Although a teenager

29、， Fred could resist being told what to do and what not to do.</P< p>-I appreciate having been given the opportunity to studyabroad two years ago.2. 動名詞做介詞短語考生尤其要識別下列短語中的to 是介詞，不是不定式符號：object to， resort to， react to， contribute to， lookforward to， be accustomed to， be committed to， be expose

30、d to ， be subjected to， be devoted to， be dedicated to，be opposed to， be reconciled to， be contrary to， be（get ） used to， come close to， get down to， give oneself up to ， prefer,to ， see to， set to， take to， in additionto ， with regard to， with a view to， on the way to.如：There was no sign that Mr. J

31、ospin， who keeps a firm control on the party despite having resigned from leadershi p of it ， would intervene personally.Our modern civilization must not be thought of ashavi ng been created in a short period of time.Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free， owing to itsalways being combined with ot

32、her， most commonlyelements with oxygen.-As the children become financially independent of the family ， the emphasis on family financial security will shi ft from protection to saving for the retirement years.Everyone with half an eye on the unemployment figuresknew that the assertion about economic

33、recovery beingjust around the corner was untrue.分詞分詞起形容詞和副詞的作用， 在句中做定語或狀語。 在概念上考生應(yīng)清楚：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動，表示動作在進行。過去分詞表示被動，表示動作結(jié)束了的狀態(tài)或結(jié)果。1. 分詞做定語，弄清現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別分詞短語做定語相當(dāng)于省略了的定語從句，考生應(yīng)掌握：（1）現(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾詞之間具有主動意義。如：It s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes takin

34、g placein our ever-increasing world.（相當(dāng)于the changes which take place , ）-There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was areason for this American characteristic.（相當(dāng)于which gave, ）</P< p>How many of us attending， say ， a meeting

35、that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion？（相當(dāng)于How many of us who will attend, ）（2）過去分詞與被修飾詞之間具有被動意義。如：Good news was sometimes released prematurely， with theBritish recapture of the port announced half a day beforethe defenders actually surrendered.（相當(dāng)于 , recapture of the port wh

36、ich had been announced, ）Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system， so does the value ofa computer system increase with each program that turns out.（相當(dāng)于 , each new phone which is added to, ）-The author gave a detailed description based on his personal observation of nature.（相當(dāng)于 , description which was based on, ）（ 3）下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語，但不具有被動意義：deceased， departed ， elapsed ， faded ， fallen， gone，grown-up ， retired ，