GIS中英對照外文翻譯

1、willbe inAuthor: Editorial Advisory Board members of “GeoWorld”Jan. 2008GIS的下個十年譯者：地理科學與資源研究所07級碩士研究生2008 年 12 月目錄前言 . 1Jill Smith 譯稿 . 2Jill Smith 原文 . 3David Maguire 譯稿 . 4David Maguire 原文 . 5David Sonnen 譯稿 . 6David Sonnen 原文 . 7Dale Lutz 譯稿. 8Dale Lutz 原文. 9Carl Reed 譯稿 .10Carl Reed 原文 .11Xavier

2、 Lopez 譯稿 .12Xavier Lopez 原文 .13Rajesh Kalra 譯稿 .14Rajesh Kalra 原文 .15Roy Kolstad 譯稿 .16Roy Kolstad 原文 .17Ron Lake 譯稿 .18Ron Lake 原文 .19David Linden 譯稿.21David Linden 原文.22Chuck Drinnan 譯稿 .24Chuck Drinnan 原文 .25Ken Clay 譯稿 .26Ken Clay 原文 .27Peter Batty 譯稿.28Peter Batty 原文.29Vincent Tao 譯稿.30Vincent

3、 Tao 原文.31Jim Farley 譯稿 .32Jim Farley 原文 .33William D. Goran 譯稿 .34William D. Goran 原文 .35Cary Mann 譯稿 .36Cary Mann 原文 .37Bob Morris 譯稿 .38Bob Morris 原文 .39William S. Holland 譯稿 .40William S. Holland 原文 .41前言“GeoWorld”雜志于 2008 年 1 月 1 日刊發(fā)了一期專題“Industry Outlook2008”，包含三個話題：未來十年的預測，GIS 產(chǎn)業(yè)的整合，新地理的影響。Ge

4、oWorld 顧問委員會的二十位專家，包括來自 Leica、Audodesk、ESRI、Bentley、OGC 和 Microsoft 等公司和組織的總裁、研發(fā)經(jīng)理和科學家等，分別就上述話題闡述了自己的看法。（該期專題鏈接）十年前，1997 年末的時候，GeoWorld 就組織了一場類似的預測，當時邀請到的有 Goodchild、Dangermond、Fisher 等 GIS 行業(yè)著名科學家、實業(yè)家等發(fā)表自己的觀點。他們的許多預言在今天都得以實現(xiàn)。幾乎晚了將近一年，我才發(fā)現(xiàn)這么好的一期專題，實在慚愧。大致瀏覽完后，深受啟發(fā)，覺得更應(yīng)該傳播一下，讓國內(nèi)更多的 GISer 加以了解在國際專家們的眼

5、中，GIS 的未來是怎樣一副情形？！經(jīng)過簡單的討論與協(xié)商，地理科學與資源研究所 07 級的 20 名碩士研究生，決定將“Where will the geospatial industry and technology be in10 years? ”（簡譯為“GIS 的下個十年”）這部分翻譯出來。這部分共 19 篇文章，由 19 人每人翻譯一篇。為提高準確性，每篇文章再經(jīng)過另外兩個人校對。最后由我統(tǒng)一再次校對，并整理組織到一起。雖然遲來了將近一年，但“Better late than never”，衷心感謝地理所的同學們熱情支持與認真翻譯。盡管我們已經(jīng)很努力，翻譯的錯誤與不足也在所難免，歡迎

6、批評指正。最后做一個簡短的聲明，英文文章版權(quán)歸屬 GeoWorld 和原作者。出于學習目的，我們一起翻譯了部分章節(jié)，請勿用于其他違反學習宗旨的不道德用途，比如商業(yè)用途等。同時翻譯事項與所在單位無官方關(guān)聯(lián)，有問題請聯(lián)系:lionggLionGG2008 年 12 月衷心感謝參與翻譯與校對的同學們： 排名不分先后，呵呵）白燕、曹云鋒、曾少斌、柴思躍、程錫、丁晶晶、高雅、劉瑩、盧浩、羅明、馬瀚青、孟冉、王江浩（任武）、王天寶、楊亮、楊永勝、姚峰峰、原慧慧、張春曉、朱思源。1（Jill Smith 譯稿作者：Jill Smith, CEO, DigitalGlobe譯者：劉瑩校對：高雅、原慧慧原文：英

7、文鏈接對于正處于轉(zhuǎn)型期的 GIS 技術(shù)，我們很難預測它在未來十年內(nèi)的走向，但是回顧其發(fā)展歷程往往具有啟發(fā)意義。在過去的十年間，GIS 逐漸發(fā)展和擴張，從最初以政府支持為主導的市場發(fā)展模式，進入了由商業(yè)部門主導其規(guī)模和需求的階段。相應(yīng)地，商業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)供應(yīng)商為了能夠在最大范圍內(nèi)服務(wù)于政府、商務(wù)以及個人用戶，也在基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施上投入了巨額資金，包括具有全球最高分辨率的衛(wèi)星、大范圍內(nèi)集中和分散的地表控制操作、革命性的大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)與增值效能，以及基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的新型分布模型。因此我們有理由預測，在未來十年內(nèi)，我們將會生活在這樣一個世界：不論借助于何種設(shè)備，越來越多的人都將比以往更容易獲取及時并精確的地理空間數(shù)據(jù)、信息和應(yīng)

8、用程序，而這些地理數(shù)據(jù)都將成為他們?nèi)粘Ｉ詈凸ぷ髁鞒痰囊徊糠?。我們已?jīng)看到空間數(shù)據(jù)向個性化發(fā)展的趨勢，并且我們預期這種趨勢將會伴隨一種新型基于空間網(wǎng)絡(luò)的應(yīng)用的過剩而繼續(xù)發(fā)展，而這種新型應(yīng)用是從未設(shè)想過的，它幾乎可以支持任何一件事情的完成，從尋找你的午餐約會到保養(yǎng)用于完成關(guān)鍵任務(wù)的重要商業(yè)器材，以及支持全球安全與緊急情況應(yīng)對。主流的用戶地圖網(wǎng)站如 Google Earth、微軟虛擬地球，已經(jīng)為他們的無數(shù)個人用戶和商業(yè)用戶能夠輕松、及時獲取由衛(wèi)星發(fā)布的可視化地理信息鋪平了道路。隨著很多一流的個人導航設(shè)備和汽車自動無線設(shè)備供應(yīng)商開始投入資金，通過整合地理空間影像來豐富和完善他們提供的地圖和基于位置的

9、服務(wù)，可移動應(yīng)用裝置已經(jīng)被認為是地理信息與應(yīng)用程序中的一個新的重要增長領(lǐng)域。在可移動設(shè)備上所增加的衛(wèi)星影像功能也將影響到地理空間數(shù)據(jù)如何處理、壓縮和重新獲取，以及在其他主流商業(yè)應(yīng)用中它們具有多大的可延伸性。笨拙而難以使用的地理空間空間數(shù)據(jù)集將會徹底成為過去。發(fā)達國家的商業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)供應(yīng)商所提供的高分辨率系統(tǒng)和他們具備的性能，可以很大程度上滿足這種新的需求。然而，在未來幾年，我們也仍舊會看到一大批新型分辨率小于米的商業(yè)影像衛(wèi)星的上線，它們中的一大部分為發(fā)展中國家政府所有，政府為了獲得更廣泛的應(yīng)用，還將投資學習中心和技術(shù)，升級對影像的訪問、分析以及應(yīng)用。影像信息的廣泛可用性使得價格壓力的全面緩解成為可能

10、。同時，這也有助于進一步驅(qū)動發(fā)達國家和發(fā)展中國家的需求。我們預期發(fā)展中國家將會成為高分辨率地理空間信息的主要用戶，這些信息幾乎涵蓋了各個領(lǐng)域，從土地利用管理和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，到突發(fā)事件應(yīng)對，以及越來越多的可移動設(shè)備應(yīng)用。2Jill Smith 原文Given the transformation currently underway in the geospatial industry, its nearly impossibleto predict where it will be in the next 10 years. However, its always instructive to

11、 review history.During the last 10 years, the geospatial industry evolved and expanded from being apredominately government-sponsored market to one in which the commercial sector is playing amajor role in shaping its size and requirements. In response, commercial data providers have madea significan

12、t investment in infrastructure, including the worlds first high-resolution satellites,extensive centralized and distributed ground-control operations, innovative large-scale productionand value-added capabilities, and new Web-based distribution models for reaching the broadestgovernment, commercial

13、and consumer customer base.Its therefore reasonable to predict that, during the next 10 years, we will be living in a worldin which timely, accurate geospatial data, information and applications are increasingly accessibleto greater numbers of people as part of their daily lives and workflows, on an

14、y device.We have already seen a movement toward the personalization of geospatial data, and we canexpect this trend to continue with a plethora of new (and yet unimagined) geoweb-enabledapplications supporting everything from finding your lunch date to maintaining mission-criticalbusiness assets to

15、supporting global security and emergency response. Major consumer mappingsites such as Google Earth and Microsofts Virtual Earth have already paved the way for millionsof consumer and commercial customers to access satellite image-based geographic informationsimply and immediately.Mobile application

16、s promise to be a new major growth area for geospatial information andapplications, as many of the leading personal-navigation device, automotive and wirelessproviders invest to make their mapping and location-based services richer by integratinggeospatial imagery. The proliferation of satellite ima

17、gery on mobile devices also will have animpact on how geospatial data are processed, compressed and retrieved, and how extensible theycould become to other mainstream commercial applications. Large, unwieldy geospatial datasetscould become a thing of the past.Much of this new demand can be met by th

18、e high-resolution systems and capabilitiesprovided by the commercial data providers in the developed countries. However, we also will seea significant number of new sub-meter commercial-imagery satellites coming online during thenext few years, many of which are owned by the governments of developin

19、g countries who alsoare investing in learning centers and technologies to advance access, analysis and utilization ofimagery for broader applications.The greater availability of imagery is likely to put downward pressure on prices across theboard. This, in turn, will help to further drive demand in

20、developed and developing countries alike.We can expect developing countries to be major consumers of high-resolution geospatialinformation for everything from land-use management and infrastructure build-out toemergency-response and, increasingly, mobile applications.3David Maguire 譯稿作者：David Maguir

21、e, chief scientist, ESRI譯者：楊亮校對：王天寶、張春曉原文：英文鏈接GIS 是構(gòu)建在堅固的 IT 基礎(chǔ)之上的信息系統(tǒng)，就這點而論，GIS 的變化也反映了 IT 界的重要發(fā)展。目前推動其進一步發(fā)展的主要驅(qū)動力有：硬件性能，網(wǎng)絡(luò)帶寬和微型化，這些也促進著移動化的發(fā)展。至于 GIS，所受制的主要瓶頸還在于用戶界面。在未來的十年，語音界面（speechinterfaces）和非傳統(tǒng)顯示器（可投影的或可更靈活的）的重大改善很可能對 GIS 的使用產(chǎn)生根本性的影響。GIS 領(lǐng)域當前面臨的兩大主要挑戰(zhàn)是軟件即服務(wù)（SaaS）和移動計算（mobile computing）。在 SaaS

22、 模型中，數(shù)據(jù)和功能被打包在一起，并通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接使得分散的用戶可以獲取。更一步的，大規(guī)模服務(wù)器集群可以用來分發(fā)更復雜的應(yīng)用程序和大型數(shù)據(jù)庫（例如 Google Maps和 Microsoft Virtual Earth）。SaaS 最適于那些需要重復執(zhí)行，又比較簡單、定義也明確的工作流。對于分布式 GIS應(yīng)用程序，尤其是非常注重應(yīng)用和服務(wù)連貫性的地方，這種類型的效用（utility）或云計算GIS 將變得越來越流行。矛盾的是，服務(wù)的集中化卻伴隨著人們對移動計算日漸增長的興趣。首先，把計算資源從數(shù)據(jù)中心移出，并放入可利用的應(yīng)用程序中，如巡回工作者探測器，移動地圖和嵌入式或滲透式計算。其次包含嵌入

23、在環(huán)境中的協(xié)調(diào)網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳感器（coordinating webs of sensors）和可佩帶式計算（wearable computing）與實時地理系統(tǒng)。下個十年里，一個明顯的趨勢是，操作高級 GIS 功能和數(shù)據(jù)的應(yīng)用程序用戶體驗，將進一步簡化?，F(xiàn)存的兩大應(yīng)用就是汽車導航和地球探測者（Earth explorers）。這些應(yīng)用優(yōu)雅地整合了 GIS 融合數(shù)據(jù)、功能和工作流，引導著非 GIS 專業(yè)人士使用地理信息，實現(xiàn)著地理應(yīng)用的大眾化。同時，伴隨著這些新的重大發(fā)展，傳統(tǒng)的 GIS 應(yīng)用，如創(chuàng)建、維護和分析高級 GIS 工作流與制作精密制圖產(chǎn)品等方面，仍會持續(xù)改進。而這些也仍然是專業(yè) GIS 的中

24、流砥柱。4David Maguire 原文GISs are information systems built on firm IT foundations. As such, GIS reflects keydevelopments in the general IT community. Here, the key driving forces continue to be advancesin hardware performance, network bandwidth and miniaturization, which enable mobility.As far as GIS i

25、s concerned, the key constraint remains the user interface. In the next 10 years,serious improvements in speech interfaces and nontraditional displays (projective or flexible)likely will have the most radical impact on GIS use.Two major changes underway right now are in the areas of GIS software as

26、a service (SaaS)and mobile computing. In the SaaS model, data and functionality are packaged together and madeaccessible via a Web connection to distributed users. Large, centralized server farms can be usedto deliver even the most sophisticated applications and the largest databases (e.g., Google M

27、apsand Microsoft Virtual Earth).SaaS works best for simple, well-defined workflows that need to be performed repeatedly.This type of “utility” or “cloud computing” GIS will become increasingly popular for deliveringGIS applications, especially where consistency of application and service is importan

28、t.Ironically, centralization of services is being accompanied by increasing interest in mobilecomputing. Here, the priority is to move computing resources out of data centers and into the fieldto enable applications such as itinerant worker inspections, mobile mapping, and embedded orpervasive compu

29、ting. The later includes such things as coordinating webs of sensors embedded inthe environment as well as wearable computing and real-time geographic systems.A key trend thats set to continue in the next decade is the development of applications thatsimplify the user experience of manipulating adva

30、nced GIS functions and data. Two suchcontemporary applications are in-car navigation and Earth explorers. These elegant packages of“strips” of GIS combine data, functionality and workflow, and they have led to a “massification”of geographic use by nontraditional GIS professionals.At the same time as

31、 these major new developments, the traditional GIS applications thatcreate, maintain and analyze advanced GIS workflows and produce premier cartographic productswill continue to advance in parallel. These remain the mainstay of professional GIS.5David Sonnen 譯稿作者：David Sonnen, senior consultant, IDC

32、譯者：高雅校對：劉瑩、王天寶原文：英文鏈接對于這個日新月異的世界來說，十年實在是太長了，但是有一條法則可以讓時間停下，那就是信息技術(shù)會促成人們思考和行為的方式發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變。對于人們思考和行為的方式來說，位置一直都是一個基本要素，我將從這個著眼點出發(fā)，來解答有關(guān) GIS 下個十年的問題。首先，人們需要知道自己身在何處，身邊都有些什么，而這些信息又都息息相關(guān)。對實時信息的需求曾經(jīng)促進了幾個世紀來繪圖學和幾十年來 GIS 的繁榮，現(xiàn)在它又將促進地理空間技術(shù)的應(yīng)用。一個大的區(qū)別是，GPS、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和移動基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施使得實時獲得準確地理信息成為可能。這些技術(shù)也使得人們可以實時地得到和發(fā)布自身所在位置的準確地理信息

33、。信息動態(tài)化的發(fā)展趨勢是眾所周知的，但我想重申幾個看法：事實上，對于企業(yè)和個人選購移動設(shè)備而言，GPS 已經(jīng)是必選項。移動電話、電子標簽、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化的傳感器，甚至一些攝像設(shè)備都可以將位置信息發(fā)布到人們生活或者公司的數(shù)據(jù)庫中去。根據(jù) IDC 提供的數(shù)據(jù)，個人導航設(shè)備的銷售量將在 2007 年達到 2030 萬套，與 2006 年相比上升了 92.3%。大多數(shù)的個人導航設(shè)備可以與網(wǎng)絡(luò)進行交互。Nokia 和 TomTom 公司對未來發(fā)展的定位，也正是基于這樣的理念：人們愿意為獲取周圍環(huán)境的實時信息而買單，同時人們會使用具有 GPS 功能的無線電話來獲得準確的位置信息。此外，Google 的“民眾外包”

34、（crowd sourcing）業(yè)務(wù)也正著眼于此：已經(jīng)有 85 萬人為Google Earth 提供信息，這個數(shù)字仍在與日俱增?？梢灶A計：未來十年里，對無處不在的、實時的和準確的地理空間信息的獲取能力，將會成為信息基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施中的無形組成部分。地理空間信息的容量將會隨著現(xiàn)有的廣闊的信息渠道得到擴展，比如互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，無線和企業(yè)信息系統(tǒng)，所有這些都不會受到“地理專家們”觀點的左右。伴隨著這一變化，地理空間的從業(yè)人員將會經(jīng)歷一段時間的焦慮，而我們中的大多數(shù)人都會適應(yīng)。對于正面臨變化的人們，Lee Iacocca 有一句名言：“要么領(lǐng)導、要么服從、要么離開?！保↙ead, follow or get out

35、of the way）非常值得思考的建議！6David Sonnen 原文Ten years is a long time in a world that reinvents itself every few months. But theres one“first principle” that seems to hold over time: information technology always evolves in thedirection that people think and act. Location is a basic aspect of the ways peopl

36、e think and act, soIll tackle this question from that perspective.First, people need to know where they are and whats around themwhats currently relevant.That dynamic will drive the use of geospatial technology, just like it has driven cartography for afew centuries and GIS for a few decades. The bi

37、g difference now is that GPS, the Internet andcellular infrastructures make accurate geographic information available in real time. Thosetechnologies also let people produce and publish location-specific information relevant to them inreal time.The dynamics of this trend are well known, but Ill reca

38、p a few highlights. Already, GPS ispractically a checklist item for enterprise and consumer mobile devices. Cell phones, RFID,networked sensors and even a few cameras pump location information into peoples lives andcompany data stores 24/7.According to IDC, the sales of personal navigation devices (

39、PNDs) will increase 92.3 percentfrom 2006 to 20.3 million units sold in 2007. Most PNDs can communicate through the Internet.Nokia and TomTom are staking their future on the notion that people will pay for currentinformation about whats around them and will contribute location-specific content onGPS

40、-enabled wireless phones.Also, Googles “crowd sourcing” is catching on: 850,000 people have contributed content toGoogle Earth, and that number grows every day.So heres the prediction: In 10 years, the capability for ubiquitous, real-time, accurategeospatial information will be an invisible part of

41、the common information infrastructure.Geospatial capabilities will spread through the currents of broader information phenomena, suchas the Internet, and wireless and enterprise information systems, unfettered by the notion of“geospecialists” .The geospatial community will go through a period of angst about the change, and most of uswill adapt. Lee Iacocca famously offered advice for people facing this kind of change: “Lead,follow or get out of the way.” Thats good advice.7Dale Lutz 譯稿作者：Dale Lutz, vice president of development, Safe Softwa