選擇性醛固酮封鎖需與瞬態(tài)或永久心臟的急性心肌梗死住院期間衰竭患者ppt課件

1、Need for Selective Aldosterone Blockade for Patients with Transient or Persistent Heart Failure During Hospitalisation for AMIProfessor C Richard CONTIUniversity of Florida College of Medicine, Gainsville, Florida (USA) Hospital Events in NRMI AMI Patients EVENTAMI + CHF (%)AMI (%)Stroke 2.21.4A V b

2、lock5.74.6VT or VF11.99.09Rupture/EMD1.81.0Unexpected cardiac arrest8.34.4LOS7.15.3Recurrent MI3.02.7Death21.47.2AMI and HFConclusions from NMRICHF and AMI is a high risk situationDespite the high risk, these patients are less frequently treated with medications with proven mortality benefit or with

3、 primary reperfusion strategiesNone of these patients were treated with aldactone or eplerenoneCardiac Echo performed within 24 hrs after AMIPrognosis after Myocardial InfarctionGRACE: Impact of Heart Failure on Cumulative Mortality From ACSACS = acute coronary syndromes.Steg PG et al. Circulation.

4、2019;109:494-499.Time to Death Within 6 Months (n = 10,771)0.30.20.10.0012346HR = 3.8 (95% CI, 3.33 to 4.36)Heart failure at admissionNo heart failure at admissionProportion Dead5ACE-I = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; Ang I = angiotensin I; ARB = angiotensin II blocker.Non-RAAS Stimulators

5、Non-RAAS stimulatorsAlternative PathwaysAldosterone: Important Component of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone SystemAdapted from Weber KT, Brilla CG. Circulation 1991;83:1849-1865.PlasmaHBP LVHFibrosisAngiotensin II Aldosterone Angiotensin IIAldosteroneAngiotensin IIAldosteroneYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesNo

6、HBP = high blood pressure; LVH = left ventricular hypertrophyAldosterone Stimulates Myocardial FibrosisMyocardial Fibrosis in Hypertension and CHF: The Aldosterone Hypothesis AldosteroneCardiac fibroblasts Collagen synthesis Collagen depositionMyocardial Fibrosis LV stiffnessLVDCHFAldosterone Recept

7、or AntagonistsAdapted from Hameedi and Chadow. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2000;2:378-383Pathophysiologic Mechanisms of Aldosterone in Heart FailureVSMC = vascular smooth muscle cell; NO = nitric oxide; ET-1 = endothelin-1.Rajagopalan and Pitt. Med Clin North Am. 2019;87:441-457.McKelvie et al. Circulation

8、2019;100:1056-64 5040302010 0-20-10-30-40D Aldosterone (pg/mL)D Aldosterone (pg/mL)17 weeks43 weeksCandesartan 4 mgCandesartan 8 mgCandesartan 16 mgCandesartan+ Enalapril 4 mg/20mgCandesartan+ Enalapril 8 mg/20mgEnalapril 20 mgAldosterone Rebound Occurs Even with Combined ACE-I and AII Blocker (RESO

9、LVD)AIRE: ACE Inhibition for Post-MILV DysfunctionThe Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators. Lancet. 1993;342:821-828. PlaceboRamiprilTime (months)353025201510500612182430HR 0.73 (95% CI, 0.60 to 0.89)P = .002Cumulative Mortality (%)RR: 27%LV = left ventricular; HR = hazard r

10、atio; RR = risk reduction.CAPRICORN: Beta-blockade for Post-MI LV Dysfunction(Only Event-free for All-cause Mortality)HR = hazard ratio; RR = risk reduction.The CAPRICORN Investigators. Lancet. 2019;357:5-0.PlaceboCarvedilolProportion Event-FreeYears1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.000.51.01.52.02.5H

11、R 0.77 (95% CI, 0.60 to 0.98)P = .031RR:23%VALIANT: ARB and/or ACEI Post MIAdapted from Pfeffer MA et al. N Engl J Med. 2019;349:1893-1906. Probability of Event0.40.30.20.10.0061218243036MonthsProbability of Event12Months0.40.30.20.10.00618243036CaptoprilValsartanValsartan and CaptoprilDeath From An

12、y CauseCombined Cardiovascular EndpointEPHESUS: Study DesignPrimary endpoints:Secondary endpoints:Total mortalityCV mortality/CV hospitalizationsCV mortalityTotal mortality/total hospitalizationsEplerenone 25 to 50 mg qd(n = 3319)Placebo (n = 3313)6632 Patients 3 to 14 DaysPost-MI1012 DeathsPitt B e

13、t al. N Engl J Med. 2019;348:1309-1321.Acute MI, Heart Failure, LVEF 40%, Standard TherapyRR:31%Pitt B et al. Abstract presented at: ESC Working Group on Acute Cardiac Care; 2019.EPHESUS Co-Primary Endpoint:Total Mortality (30 Days)Eplerenone + standard care Placebo + standard care Cumulative Incide

14、nce (%)Days From RandomizationHR = 0.69 (95% CI, 0.54 to 0.89)(4.6%)(3.2%)P = .004HR = hazard ratio.RR = risk reduction.EPHESUS Co-Primary Endpoint:Total Mortality (Duration of Study)Adapted from Pitt B et al. N Engl J Med. 2019;348:1309-1321.Eplerenone + standard care (n = 3319)Placebo + standard c

15、are (n = 3313)Cumulative Incidence (%)2220181614121086420369121518212427Months Since RandomizationHR = 0.85 (95% CI, 0.75 to 0.96)P = .0080RR:15%(16.7%)(14.4%)HR = hazard ratio.RR = risk reduction.HR = 0.87 (95% CI, 0.74 to 1.01)EPHESUS Co-Primary Endpoint:CV Mortality/CV Hospitalization (30 Days)Pi

16、tt B et al. Abstract presented at: ESC Working Group on Acute Cardiac Care; 2019.RR:13%Eplerenone + standard carePlacebo + standard careCumulative Incidence (%)Days From Randomization(9.9%)(8.6%)HR = hazard ratio.RR = risk reduction.P = .074EPHESUS Co-Primary Endpoint:CV Mortality/CV Hospitalization

17、(Duration of Study)Adapted from Pitt B et al. N Engl J Med. 2019;348:1309-1321.Eplerenone + standard care (n = 3319)Placebo + standard care (n = 3313)40Cumulative Incidence (%)35302520151050369121518212427HR = 0.87 (95% CI, 0.79 to 0.95)P = .0020Months Since RandomizationRR:13%(30.0%)(26.7%)HR = haz

18、ard ratio.RR = risk reduction.EPHESUS:Sudden Death From Cardiac CausesAdapted from Pitt B et al. N Engl J Med. 2019;348:1309-1321.Eplerenone + standard care (n = 3319)Placebo + standard care (n = 3313)10Cumulative Incidence (%)86543210369121518212427HR = 0.79 (95% CI, 0.64 to 0.97)P = 0.03097Months

19、Since RandomizationRR:21%HR = hazard ratio.RR = risk reduction.EPHESUS: Rates of Hyperkalemia and HypokalemiaEplerenonen (%)Placebon (%)P valueInvestigator reportedHyperkalemia113 (3.4%)66 (2.0%).001Hypokalemia15 (0.5%)49 (1.5%).001Laboratory assessed6.0 mEq/L180 (5.5%)126 (3.9%).0023.5 mEq/L273 (8.

20、4%)424 (13.1%)5.5 mEq/L at initiationCreatinine clearance 30 mL/minConcomitant use with potent CYP3A4 inhibitors such as ketoconazole, itraconazole, nefazodone, troleandomycin, clarithromycin, ritonavir, nelfinavir, or other drugs described in their labeling as strong inhibitors of CYP3A4Eplerenone:

21、 Rates of Sex-Hormone-Related Adverse EventsEplerenonePlaceboMalesGynecomastia0.4%0.5% Mastodynia0.1%0.1%Females Abnormal vaginal bleeding0.4%0.4%Eplerenone: Potassium MonitoringMeasure serum potassiumBefore initiating eplerenone therapyAt 1 dayAt 1 weekAt 1 monthPeriodically thereafterPatient chara

22、cteristics and serum potassium levels may prompt additional monitoringUse caution when treating patients with renal insufficiency or diabetes, including those with proteinuria, due to increased risk of hyperkalemiaEplerenone: Dose Adjustments After Initiating Therapy for Post-MI HFSerum Potassium (m

23、Eq/L)ActionDose Adjustment5.0Increase25 mg qod to 25 mg qd25 mg qd to 50 mg qd5.0-5.4MaintainNo adjustment5.5-5.9Decrease50 mg qd to 25 mg qd25 mg qd to 25 mg qod 25 mg qod to withhold6.0Withhold*Eplerenone can be restarted at 25 mg qod when the potassium level falls to 5.5 mmol/L): Elevated baseline serum creatinineLow baseline creatinine clearanceHistory of diabetes mel