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1、文檔可能無法思考全面，請瀏覽后下載! Harvard Referencing System GuideMotivation For This DocumentIn academic work, you are expected to follow certain rules of conduct in your study. Specifically, whenever you create an assignment, essay, presentation, group project, or other work which will be submitted for discussio

2、n or for evaluation, then your work needs to be of academic standard. Not doing so may cause your grade to be reduced significantly, perhaps even to the point of failure.“Academic standard” is quite a vague term and can be different things to different people. However, for business students you can

3、imagine that your work should try to emulate the work of other people in the field of business. In particular, this includes work which you see in professional journals, the work of your professors and the writers of your textbooks.Of course, you are not expected to be able to produce leading edge c

4、ontent in your work, but the format of your work should follow the same academic standard as professional writers in your field at least in terms of structure, referencing, and layout.This document only discusses the elements of referencing which are required for “Academic standard” work. Other elem

5、ents of your work such as its structure and layout are also important, but these are not discussed here.Referencing can be done in many ways. For your programme, the standard method of referencing is the “Harvard System of References”. This system is very common world-wide, and is nearly universally

6、 understood. However in your professional career or in other other academic programmes, you may be required to use other systems of referencing. You are responsible for being aware of the local standards required in any work which you produce.In most reference systems, the idea is to leave the main

7、text of your work uncluttered, but to still provide clear hints to the reader about where they can look for further information. Thus, most reference systems are actually implemented in two parts: a citation, and a bibliographic entry. A citation is just a shorthand marker that you insert into the b

8、ody of your work to allow the reader to find a resource such as a book or an article or a television programme or whatever. The format for this is specified by the system of referencing you are using. In the case of the Harvard System, a citation looks like “Smith (2002)”. A bibliographic entry prov

9、ides a complete description of the actual resource in a standard form. It contains just enough information for readers to find the resource for themselves. Again, the Harvard System of referencing has its own unique way of expressing this information.16 / 18What This Document IsThis work is taken la

10、rgely from an online guide to the Harvard System at the University of the West of England website (UWE, 2005).This is a guide to the Harvard System of References and is based on British Standards 1629:1989 and 5605:1990. As these standards do not yet include references to electronic resources we inc

11、lude our own recommendations for these below. These recommendations follow current common practice. This document provides a series of guidelines for citations (also known as attributions) and their accompanying bibliographic entries. These guidelines however are not completely rigid: you have some

12、flexibility in how you do both citations and bibliographic entries. But it is important that you decide, within the flexibility allowed by the guidelines, your specific way of making them. Whatever that way is, you should be absolutely consistent within your work (i.e., within your assignment/report

13、/presentation). Inconsistency is sloppy and viewed as unprofessional. Of course, if your professor or supervisor imposes other constraints on you, then you should follow those as well.General Comments About Electronic ResourcesThe general recommendation for electronic resources is that you need to i

14、nclude all the usual information for print resources. In addition, you need to indicate that the resource is online, where it was found online, and when it was found online. Details of this are provided below.Furthermore, for any electronic resource which has a printed counterpart (e.g., an electron

15、ic book, or electronic newspaper, etc.), you should present the information in a similar way in both cases. For example, if your bibliographic entries to printed books includes the title of the book quoted and in italics (“l(fā)ike this”) then your bibliographic entry to electronic books should also pre

16、sent the title in the same way.Citation in the text of your work.IntroductionA citation is simply a reference to a resource. The resource could be a page in a book, a magazine article, a television programme, or even a telephone call. In the Harvard System, a citation is simply the author's name

17、, plus the date of publication (though in the case of an authour who publishes more than one resource in a given year, you need to add an optional letter “a”, “b”, etc., to distinguish between these resources). This simple method lets you look up the bibliographic entry easily, and also lets you see

18、 directly who is being quoted or referenced. The full details of the resource (the title of the book and the publisher, for example) are provided in the bibliography section.Here is an example of a citation:.the work of Jones (1991a) shows that lipids are.When you write a report or give a presentati

19、on you include citations for a number of reasons:· As a shorthand method of allowing your readers to understand any background material which may be important in understanding your work.· As a way of giving credit to other people for their ideas, techniques, opinions, or theories· As

20、a way of proving that statements you make have a foundation in reality (e.g., that your quotations were really made by some other persons, that the theories or results that you mention are really published somewhere, that the data you quote is real, etc.)· As a way of giving specific references

21、 to other data, ideas, techniques, opinions and theories which you are using in your work, so that other people can evaluate your work and/or compare it to the work of others.When do you create citations in your work? Here are some situations where you should create citations:· Whenever you men

22、tion a theory or a definition of a concept, you should provide a reference to the reader so that they can look up exactly what you mean. Ideally the reference you choose would be one which provides further information on your theory/concept, but perhaps also a general discussion of the area with oth

23、er competing theories or alternative definitions.· Whenever you quote data that you did not gather yourself through primary research, then you need to say where you got it from, and you do this by citing the source of the data which you mention. · Whenever you mention an opinion or quotati

24、on of somebody else, you should provide a reference to the reader so they can look it up.Where do you create citations in your work? The citations you provide in your work are put into the text just after the place where the theory/concept/data/quotation/opinion (or whatever it is that needs explana

25、tion)It is important to note that every citation in your work should be linked to a corresponding bibliographic entry at the end of your work. In general, if you wish to cite a particular book at several places in your work (e.g, you reference a theory on p.17 of the book, a quotation from p.39 of t

26、he book, and some data from p.82 of the book), then you should:· make individual citations at each place in your work, and noting the page number in the book. e.g.,· .according to the theory of Smith (Smith, 1996, p.17).· .and Smith (1996, p.39) stated: “economics is a pure science”,

27、by which.· .but other data indicates that only 0.9% (Smith, 1996, p.82) of.· Make a single bibliographic entry describing the book. e.g.,· Smith, J. 1996. “Economics”. Toronto. University of Toronto Press.In general, don't duplicate your references.Primary Resources（第一手資料）Almost a

28、ll of the time you will reference primary resources. “Primary resources” are simply resources which you have actually seen/heard/read. In the text of your work you make a reference to a primary resource simply by using the author's surname and year of publication. There are a number of equivalen

29、t ways to do this, depending on the style you wish to employ.If the author's name occurs naturally in a sentence, then just give the year in brackets: .as defined by Mintzberg (1983) If not, then both name and year are shown in brackets: In a recent study (Handy, 1987) management is described as

30、. If the same author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are distinguished by lower case letters attached to the year of publication: Drucker (1989a) If there are two authors both names should be given before the date: Gremlin and Jenking (1981). If there are three or m

31、ore authors only the surname of the first author should be given, followed by 'et al.' (which is the short form of a phrase meaning, “and others”):Kotler et al. (1987) If the author is unknown, use Anon. to indicate “anonymous author”:Anon. (1967) Secondary Resources（二手資料）In some cases you m

32、ay wish to quote some resource that has been referred to in something you have read. This generally happens when the original resource is not available to you. Such resources are called “secondary resources”. Secondary resources should be avoided if at all possible.The general principle to follow in

33、 this case is that you must create a bibliographic entry to describe the primary resource (i.e., to the book which you have read). This bibliographic entry is done in the normal way. However, the citation in the body of your work will be a little different: you must cite both the secondary resource

34、and the primary resource you have read. Here are some examples which will make this clearer:Examples:Rowley (1991) cites the work of Melack and Thompson (1971) who developed the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.Melack and Thompson (1971, cited by Rowley 1991) developed the McGill Archaeology questio

35、nnaire.Rowley (1991, citing Melack and Thompson 1971) refers to the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.In each of these cases, in your list of references the work by Rowley would be the only one included.Creating Bibliographic References.（建立參考書目格式）Every citation in your work will link to exactly one b

36、ibliographic entry. However, one bibliographic entry might be linked to many citations.Where do you put your bibliographic entries? In the Harvard System, they are all placed in one section of your work, usually titled something like “Bibliography” or “References”. The Bibliography section follows t

37、he main body of your work. Format of the Bibliography Section（參考書目的格式）The format of the bibliography section is quite simple. It begins with something which announces that this is the bibliography section. For example, a title at the top of the first page, “Bibliography” which is in larger type and

38、centred on the page. Or, a separate page with the title “References” in large type and centred on the page. In either case, following this section heading are the bibliographic entries. In the Harvard System, the bibliographic entries are listed in sorted order. The sorting is done based on the foll

39、owing elements, in order of importance:· the first author's surname. · The first author's initials.· The date of publication.· An optional letter (a,b,c,d,.) distinguishing different publications by the same author in the same year.You will note that these elements are th

40、e same ones which make up the citation which you will use in the body of your work. This makes a clear link between any citation in the body of your work, and the bibliographic entries. Some examples will make this clear:Anderson, B. 2005. “.”Jones, H. 2004. “.”Jones, Q. 1996. “.”Jones, Q., 1999. “.

41、”Jones, Q., 1999a. “.”Jones, Q., 1999b. “.”Smith, A. 1762. “.”Between each bibliographic entry you should normally insert a little space to allow the reader to see where one entry ends and another one begins. For example, a blank line or blank half line between entries would make your bibliography e

42、asier to read. All modern word processing software can do this for you.When you are doing research, you should collect references to each kind of material in a consistent way. If there is a resource to which you wish to make a reference, but is of a kind which is not mentioned here, then you should

43、consult a more detailed source. There are many such sources available on the internet.Individual Bibliographic Entries（建立可供讀者查閱的參考書目格式）The most important principle in making references is that the reader should be able to locate the resource solely from the bibliographic information that you have pr

44、ovided. The rest of this section describes what information needs to be provided when creating bibliographic references for different kinds of resources. Note that electronic versions of resources (e.g., electronic books or articles) which can be also found in other media (e.g., printed) are referen

45、ced through bibliographic entries which are identical to their non-electronic counterparts, but with a somewhat standard additional part. Thus, an online book would be referenced as for a printed book, but would have in addition to the information needed for a printed book the following:After Title:

46、“online”After Remainder of Bibliographic Entry: “Available from:” URLAccessed date.Reference to a book or a report.（書、報告）You need to provide the following information, in order:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title. (in it

47、alics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Edition. (if not the first).Publisher.Place of publication.Plus for electronic resources the following phrases and data:After Title:“online”After Place of Publication: “Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（書）HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a r

48、eader and guide to improving your understanding of written French. : McGraw-Hill.DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework for diabetes: delivery strategy. : Department of Health. Online Examples:HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide to improving your understand

49、ing of written French online. : McGraw-Hill. Available from: Accessed 25 August 2004.DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework for diabetes: delivery strategy online. : Department of Health. Available from: .uk/assetRoot/04/03/28/23/04032823.pdf Accessed 5 May 2004.For b

50、ooks without individual authors use ANON.Example:ANON. 1991. Turbo assembler: users' guide version 2.0. , CA: Borland.Reference to a contribution in a book.（注釋）The reader needs to know: List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.

51、Title of Contribution. “eds.” List of Editor(s)for each editor: Editor's surname, followed by Editor's initials“in” Title of Book (in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Edition. (if not the first).Publisher.Place of publication.Page numbers of contribution.Plus for electronic resources

52、: After Title:“online”After Page Numbers: “Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example: （注釋）SMITH, C.,1980. Problems of information studies in history. In: S. STONE, ed. Humanities information research. : CRUS, 1980, pp 27-30. WESTMORLAND, L., 2000. Taking the flak: operational policing, fear and viol

53、ence. In: G. LEE-TREWEEK, ed. Danger in the field: risk and ethics in social research online. : Routledge, pp 26-42. Available from: Accessed 25 May 2004. NOTE: When referring to specific pages in a book 'pp' is used. Use 'p' if referring to a single page. Reference to a journal arti

54、cle.（期刊）Some journal articles are published in print only, some in print and online (of which some are exact copies and some will appear in a different format), and some online only. In all cases, the version you cite should be the version that you have seen.The reader needs to know: List of Author(

55、s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Article. Title of Journal.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Volume NumberPart Number. (in brackets).Page numbers. (optional)Plus for electronic resources: After Title:“online”After Page

56、 Numbers: “Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example: （期刊）NICOLLE, L.,1990. Data protection: laying down the law. Management Computing, 13(12), pp 48-49, 52. CHRISTENSEN, P., 2004. The health-promoting family: a conceptual framework for future research. “Social Science and Medicine” online, 59(2), p

57、p 223-243. Available from: Accessed 5 May 2004. SANDLER, M.P., 2003. The art of publishing methods. “Journal of Nuclear Medicine” online, 44, pp 661-662. Available from: /content/vol44/issue5/index.shtml Accessed 5 May 2004. C.M., KROESEN, K., et al., 2004. Complementary and

58、 alternative medicine: a concept map. “BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine” online 4:2 (13 February 2004). Available from: Accessed 5 May 2004.Reference to a newspaper article.（報紙）The reader needs to know: List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Article. Ti