現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)名詞解釋

1、現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)名詞解釋 現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)名詞解釋現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)一 緒論1 Linguisitics :Linguistics is generally defined as the scientic study of language2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants3 Phonology ” : The study of how sounds are put together an

2、d used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone.4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boyand “ is-h-”boyish, teach-teacher.5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to f

3、orm sentences is called syntax.For esample,” John like linguistics. ”6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics.For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper becameworried. ” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.”the word seal means different things.7

4、Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example,T“heI dwoord” do means different context.8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language.9Psycholinguistics: T

5、he study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.二 音系學(xué)1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.3 Phone: Phone c

6、an be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don t.4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called

7、 phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in compkenebtary distri

8、bution.7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is prounced with gr

9、eat force than the other or others.9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature.10 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound len

10、gth are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English三 形態(tài)學(xué)1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the inte

11、rnal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.3 derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word-formation.4 morpheme: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of langu

12、age.5 free morpheme: Free morpheme are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselces or in combination with other morphemes.6 bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphe

13、mes, either free or bound, to form a word.7 root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.8 affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational.9 prefix:

14、 Prefix occur at the beginning of a word.10 suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.11 derivation: Derivation affixes are added to an existing form to creat a word.Derivation can be viewed as the add

15、ing of affixes to stem to form nes words.12 compounding: Like derivation, compounding is another popular and important way of forming new words in English. Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to creat new words.四句法學(xué)1 linguistic competence: Comsky defi

16、nes competence as the ideal user knowledge of the rules of his language,and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.2 sentence: A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement question or com

17、mand.3 transformation rules Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.4 D-structure : A sentence may have two levels of syntactic representation. One exists before movement take place, t

18、he other occurs after movement take place. In formal linguistic exploration, these two syntactic representation are commonly termed as D-structure.5 Move a Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules,i,e. the X-bar schema, there is a general movement rule accounting for the syntac

19、tic behavior of any constituent movement. This movement rule is called Move a金五語(yǔ)義學(xué)1 semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.2 sense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic

20、 form; it is abstract and decontextualized.3 reference : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4 synonymy : Synonymy refers to the sameness or close simila

21、rity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonymy.5 polysemy : Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.A word having more than one meaning is called a polysemic word.6 antonymy : Antonymy refers to the oppositeness of meaning. Words that a

22、re opposite in meaning are called antonyms.7 homonymy : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form,i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.8 hyponymy : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclus

23、ive word and a more specific word.9 componential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analyze wprd meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists.10 grammatical meaning : The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality,i.e. its grammatical well-formedness. The grammat

24、icality of asentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.11 semantic meaning : The semantic meaning of a sentence is governed by rules called selectional restrictions.12 predication : In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit iscalled predication. The predication is the abs

25、traction of the meaninga sentence.七歷史語(yǔ)言學(xué)1 historical linguistics: Historical linguistics is the subfield of linguistics that studies language change.2 apocope: Another well-documented sound loss is the deletion of a word-final vowel segement, a phenomenon called apocope.3 epenthesis: A change that i

26、nvolves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis.4 metathesis: Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as metathesis.5 compounding: Compounding is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.6 derivation: Derivation ref

27、ers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots.7 blending: Blending is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.8 back-formation: Back-formation is a process by whichnew words are formed by taking away the suffix of anexisting word.9

28、 semantic broadening: Semantic broadening refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation.10 semantic narrowing: Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning of a word becomes less general or inclusive than its histor

29、ically earlier meaning.11 semantic shift: Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquire a new, sometimes related, meaning.12 protolanguage: It refers to a family of a language.13 sound shift: It refers to the systematic modification of a series o

30、f phonemes.福管理員0UID 5精華0積分3990帖子1111閱讀權(quán)限200注冊(cè)2007-6-4狀態(tài)離線absee #8使用道具發(fā)表于2007-7-26 21:20資料個(gè)人空間短消息加為好友八社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)1 sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics is the study of language in social context.2 speech community: A speech community is thus defined as a group of people who form a community and share the sam

31、e language or a particular variety of language.3 speech variety: Speech variety, also known as language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers.4 language planning: One way out of the communication dilemma is language standardization known as lang

32、uage planning. This means that certain authorities, such as the government or government agency of a country, choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling system, across regionalboundaries.5 idiolect: Such a personal dialect is refered to as i

33、diolect.6 standard language: The standard language is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system,used by the mass media.7 nonstandard language: Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or ve

34、rnacular, languages.8 lingua franca: A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.9 pidgin: A pidgin is a variety of language that is generally used by native speakers of other languages as a medium of com

35、munication.10 Creole: A Creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech communication.11 diglossia: Diglossia usually describes a situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech communication, each with a distinc

36、t range of purely social function and appropriate for certain situations.12 bilingualism: Bilingualism refers to a linguisticsituation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.13 ethic diale

37、ct: An ethnic language variety is a social dialect of a language ,often cutting across regional differences.14 sociolect: Social dialect, or sociolects, are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.15 register: Registers are language varieties which are appropriate

38、 for use in particular speech situations, in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For that reason, registers are also known as situational dialects.16 slang: Slang is a causal use of language that consists of expressive but

39、 nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinage and figure of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness.17 tabo A linguistic taboo refers to a word or expressionthat is prohibited by thepolitesociety from general use.18 euphemism: Euphemism com

40、es from the Greek word euphemismos, meaning “to speak with good words ” . A euphemism, then ,is mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression substitute when the speaker or writer fears more direct wording might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive.管理員0UID 5精華0積分3990帖子1111閱讀權(quán)限200注冊(cè)2007-

41、6-4狀態(tài)離線s neuroabsee #9使用道具發(fā)表于2007-7-26 21:20資料個(gè)人空間短消息加為好友九心理語(yǔ)言學(xué)1 psycholinguistics:Psycholinguistics is the study of language in relation to the mind. As the suggests, psycholinguistics is viewed as the intersection of psychology and linguistics, drawing equally upon the language we acquire, produce

42、 and comprehend.2 cerebral cortex: The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called the cerebral cortex.3 brain lateralization: The localization of cognitive of cognitive and percpetual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called lateralization.4 lingu

43、istic lateralization: In their research of brain lateralization, psycholinguistics are particulary interested in linguistic lateralization, which is the brain specialization for language.5 dichotic listening: Evidence in support of lateralizationfor language in the left hemisphere comes from researc

44、hesin dichotic listening tasks6 right ear advantage: Stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right car. This phenomenon is knowas the right ear advantage.7 critical period hypothesis: The critical period hypothesis refers to a period in one' s life exte

45、nding from about agetwo to puberty during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly and without explicit instruction.8 linguistic determinism: Whorf proposed first that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on languag

46、e. That is, language determines thought, hence the strong notion of linguistic determinism.9 linguistic relativism: Whorf also believed that speakers of different language perceive and experience the world differently, that is, relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion10 subvocal spe

47、ech: When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regardthought assubvocal speechof linguistic relativism.absee#10管理員UID十語(yǔ)言習(xí)得使用道具發(fā)表于2007-7-26 21:20資料個(gè)人空間短消息加為好友精華1 language acquisition: Language acquisition is concerned積分3990with language development in humans. I

48、n general,帖子1111language acquisition refers to children's development of閱讀權(quán)限their first language, that is, the native language of the200community in which a child has been brought up.注冊(cè)2007-2 telegraphic speech: The early multiword utterance of6-4children have a special characteristic. They typi

49、cally lack狀態(tài)離線inflectional morphemes and most minor lexical categories.Because of their resemblance to the styly of languagefound in telegrams, utterance at this acquisition stage areoften called telegraphic speech.3 holophrastic sentence: Children -word' utseonece arealso called holophrastic sentences.4 acquisition: According to Krashen,acquisition refers tothe gradual and subconscious development of ability in thefirst language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.5 learning: Learning, however, is defined as a conscious process of acc