對鉸孔加工質(zhì)量控制的探究

1、 對鉸孔加工質(zhì)量控制的探究摘要 通過對影響鉸孔質(zhì)量的主要因素加以分析，結(jié)合自身經(jīng)驗(yàn)，提出在鉸孔過程中對鉸孔加工質(zhì)量的控制。筆者認(rèn)為對提高鉸孔加工質(zhì)量有很大幫助，在實(shí)踐中具有重要意義。Based on an analysis of the main factors influencing the reaming quality combined with their own experience, put forward in the process of reaming reaming processing quality control. I think is of great help t

2、o improve the quality of reaming processing, is of great significance in practice. 關(guān)鍵詞 鉸孔 鉸刀 鉸削用量 表面粗糙度 加工質(zhì)量Dosage of keywords reaming reaming ream surface roughness processing quality在機(jī)加工中，常會遇到鉸孔加工。鉸孔是普遍應(yīng)用的孔的精加工方法之一。因?yàn)殂q刀的齒數(shù)較多，導(dǎo)向性能好，心部的直徑大，刀具的剛性好，加工余量較小，切屑的厚度較薄，可以獲得IT9IT7級直徑尺寸精度，內(nèi)孔的表面粗糙度值可以控制在Ra1.60

3、.8m之間。但實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中，鉸孔加工質(zhì)量往往不能達(dá)到理想的要求。筆者就如何控制鉸孔加工質(zhì)量進(jìn)行以下探討。In machining, are often faced with reaming processing. Reaming is one of the hole finishing methods in general use. Because of the large the number of teeth on the reamer, orientation, performance is good, the diameter of the core, cutting tool of g

4、ood rigidity, small machining allowance, the chip thickness is thinner, can obtain IT9 IT7 level diameter dimension precision, surface roughness value of the inner hole can control between Ra1.6 0.8 microns. But in practical production, reaming processing quality often cannot achieve ideal. The auth

5、or on how to control the reaming processing quality in the following discussion. 一、影響鉸孔質(zhì)量的主要因素 A, the main factors influencing the reaming quality. （一）鉸刀幾何參數(shù)。鉸孔質(zhì)量的好壞取決于鉸刀本身的精度和表面粗糙度。因此，鉸刀幾何參數(shù)的合理選擇，決定了被鉸孔加工質(zhì)量的好壞。一是鉸刀直徑。它是根據(jù)被加工孔的公稱尺寸和公差以及在鉸削過程中被加工孔的擴(kuò)張量或收縮量決定的。二是鉸刀的齒數(shù)。一般，鉸刀的齒數(shù)愈多，鉸孔的精度就越高，表面粗糙度值就越低，同時(shí)，分

6、布在每個(gè)切削刃上的負(fù)荷也就小，有利于減少鉸刀的磨損。但齒數(shù)增多后卻降低了刀齒強(qiáng)度，減小了容屑槽。在切削時(shí)，切屑就不容易排出。特別是鉸深孔和切削余量大時(shí)，因容屑槽被切屑堵塞，切削液流不進(jìn)去，致使鉸刀和工件因產(chǎn)生熱量而變形，影響加工質(zhì)量。鉸刀的齒數(shù)一般都選用偶數(shù)。三是切削錐角。它主要是根據(jù)不同的加工材料和鉸刀的類型來加以選擇。四是前角。由于鉸削的余量較小，切削僅在刀尖處進(jìn)行，與刀齒的前傾面很少接觸，故前角可以為零，但在鉸削塑性較大的材料時(shí)，為避免切屑粘滯在刀刃上，前角應(yīng)取大一些。五是后角。鉸刀的后角大，雖然可以提高切削刃的銳利程度，卻降低了刀齒強(qiáng)度，在切削過程中容易產(chǎn)生震動和磨損，鉸刀直徑也隨之減

7、小，使鉸孔直徑達(dá)不到要求。六是刃帶寬度。它主要是引導(dǎo)鉸刀方向和光整孔壁，同時(shí)也為了便于測量鉸刀的直徑。鉸刀的齒數(shù)越多刃帶的積累寬度也大。因此有利于孔壁降低表面粗糙度值，鉸刀的直徑也不容易變小。但鉸刀刃帶較寬或積累寬度值過大時(shí)，會增加摩擦力矩和切削熱，對孔壁的擠壓比較嚴(yán)重，容易將孔徑漲大，一般選擇鉸刀的刃帶不超過0.25mm。七是鉸刀的倒錐量。磨倒錐量是為了避免鉸刀校準(zhǔn)部分后面摩擦孔壁。(a) reamer geometric parameters. Reaming quality is determined by the accuracy and surface roughness of th

8、e reamer. Therefore, the reasonable selection of geometric parameters of reamer, decided by reaming processing quality. One is the reamer diameter. It is according to the nominal dimension and tolerance of the hole is processed and is in the process of ream machining hole amount of expansion or shri

9、nkage. The second is the number of teeth on the reamer. In general, the more the number of teeth on the reamer, the higher the precision of the reaming, the lower the surface roughness value, at the same time, distribution at each load on the cutting edge is smaller, to reduce wear reamer. But is de

10、creased after increasing number of cutter tooth strength, reduces the chip groove. In cutting, the chip is not easy eduction. Especially hinge deep hole and cutting allowance, because let crumbs slot is plugged, chip cutting fluid flow, the reamer and artifacts due to heat deformation, affect the pr

11、ocessing quality. The number of teeth on the reamer are generally choose even. Three is the cutting Angle. It is mainly according to the different materials and types of reamer to choice. Four is the anterior horn. Due to ream less allowance, cutting only at the tip, and rarely contact with the forw

12、ard side of blade, so the rake Angle can be zero, but in the ream larger plastic material, to avoid chip stuck on the blade, Angle should be taken before a few bigger. After five is Angle. Reamer after Angle is big, while can improve the sharpness of cutting edge, but decreases the intensity of blad

13、e, prone to vibration and wear in the cutting process, the reamer diameter is less, also make the hinge hole diameter can not meet the requirements. Six is belt width of the blade. It basically is to guide the direction, and the reamer hole wall, but also to facilitate the measurement of the diamete

14、r of reamer. The more the number of teeth on the reamer blade with the accumulation of width is too big. Therefore is beneficial to reduce the surface roughness value of hole wall, the smaller the diameter of the reamer is not easy. But hinge blade width is wide or accumulation value is too large, c

15、an increase the friction torque and the cutting heat, squeeze the more serious the walls of the hole, easy to size up big, generally choose the reamer blade with no more than 0.25 mm. Seven is the back taper reamer. Inverted cone grinding amount to avoid friction hole wall reamer calibration part be

16、hind. （二）鉸削用量。對鉸孔而言，鉸削用量是很重要的。它對鉸削過程中的摩擦切削力，切削熱以及切屑瘤的形成和加工精度、表面粗糙度都有極大的影響，因此一定要合理加以選擇使用。一是鉸削余量。鉸削余量不宜留得太大或太小。因?yàn)殂q削余量留得太小，鉸削時(shí)不易校正上道工序殘留的變形和去掉表面殘留的缺陷，使鉸孔質(zhì)量達(dá)不到要求。若所留的鉸削余量太大，勢必加大每一個(gè)刀齒的切削負(fù)荷，破壞了鉸削過程中的穩(wěn)定性，且增加了切削熱，使鉸刀的直徑脹大，孔徑也隨之?dāng)U張，切屑的形成必然呈撕裂狀態(tài)，造成加工表面粗糙。二是機(jī)鉸的切削速度和進(jìn)給量。鉸削速度和進(jìn)給量要根據(jù)加工材料合理選擇。進(jìn)給量不能選得太小，太小時(shí)切削厚度可能小于切

17、削刀齒的小圓半徑。鉸削余量、切削速度、進(jìn)給量這三個(gè)要素是相互影響，當(dāng)鉸削余量較大時(shí)，切削速度，進(jìn)給量就不能選得過高；反之，如果切削速度和進(jìn)給量選取較小值時(shí)，則可適當(dāng)提高切削速度。(2) the consumption of the ream. For reaming, ream the dosage is very important. It to ream the friction in the process of cutting force, cutting heat and cutting tumor forming and machining accuracy, surface ro

18、ughness has great influence, so must be rational to choose to use them. Is a ream allowance. Ream allowance shoulds not be too big or too small. Because the ream allowance is too small to stay, ream on correction process on residual deformation and remove surface residual defects, make the reaming q

19、uality can not meet the requirements. If the ream leave allowance is too large, will inevitably increase every blade of cutting load, the destruction of the ream process stability, and increased heat cutting, make the diameter of reamer swell, aperture has been expanding, the formation of the chip w

20、ill inevitably is tear, cause processing surface roughness. Secondly, machine hinge of cutting speed and feed. Ream reasonable choice according to speed and feed processing materials. Feeding is not to be chosen is too small, too small cutting thickness may be less than the small round radius of cut

21、ting blade. Ream allowance, cutting speed, feed is the three elements influence each other, when the ream allowance is bigger, cutting speed, feed will not be able to choose too high; On the other hand, if the selected cutting speed and feed value, the smaller the can improve the cutting speed appro

22、priately. 當(dāng)然，為了更好地控制鉸孔加工質(zhì)量，除了鉸刀幾何參數(shù)及鉸削用量外，可在鉸削過程中，采用合理的切削液來排屑和冷卻。, of course, in order to better control reaming processing quality, besides reamer geometry parameters and the dosage of ream, but in the process of ream, adopt the reasonable cutting fluid for chip removal and cooling. 二、鉸孔加工過程中的質(zhì)量控制

23、Second, reaming processing in the process of quality control（一）手工鉸孔加工。手工鉸孔時(shí)，鉸刀受加工孔的引導(dǎo)，在手的扳動下進(jìn)行斷續(xù)鉸削。由于通過人手直接扳動鉸刀，處于自由狀態(tài)，稍有不慎，鉸刀就會左右搖擺，將孔口擴(kuò)大。同時(shí)，鉸刀尚需作周期性的停歇，影響加工孔的表面粗糙度。因此，必須嚴(yán)格遵守手工鉸孔工藝規(guī)程，從而保證手工鉸孔的質(zhì)量。(a) manual reaming processing. Manual reaming, reamer guided by machining hole, in the hand of the pull

24、(intermittent under ream. Due to pull (reamer directly by hand, in a free state, a little careless, reamer swings, expanded the orifice. Reamer, meanwhile, still need to be periodically pause, affect the processing of the surface roughness of the hole. Therefore, must strictly abide by rules of manu

25、al reaming process, to guarantee the quality of hand reaming. 1、工件裝夾要正，使操作者在鉸孔時(shí)，對鉸刀的垂直方向有一個(gè)正確的視覺和標(biāo)志。1, workpiece clamping to is, make the operator when the reaming, reamer vertical direction have a correct visual and logo. 2、鉸刀的中心要與孔的中心盡量保持重合，不得歪斜，特別是鉸削淺孔時(shí)。2, the center of the reamer to stay overlap

26、, the center of the hole as far as possible not skewed, especially when ream shallow hole. 3、在手鉸過程中，兩手用力要平衡，旋轉(zhuǎn)鉸杠的速度要均勻，鉸刀不得搖擺，以保持鉸削穩(wěn)定性。3, in hand reaming process, the hands are hard to balance, the speed of the rotating hinge rod wants even, reamer must not swing, to maintain the ream stability. 4、鉸

27、削進(jìn)刀時(shí)，不要猛力壓鉸杠，要隨著鉸刀的旋轉(zhuǎn)輕輕加壓于鉸杠，使鉸刀緩慢地引進(jìn)進(jìn)孔內(nèi)并均勻地進(jìn)給，以保持良好的內(nèi)孔表面粗糙度。4, ream feed, don't against pressure tap wrench, to gently with reamer rotating pressure tap wrench, the reamer slowly introduced into the hole and evenly feed, in order to keep good inner hole surface roughness. 5、在鉸削過程中，鉸刀被卡住時(shí)，不要猛力扳動

28、旋轉(zhuǎn)鉸杠，以防止鉸刀折斷，而是應(yīng)該將鉸刀取出，清除切屑，檢查鉸刀是否崩刃。如果有輕微磨損或崩刃，可進(jìn)行研磨，再涂上潤滑油繼續(xù)進(jìn)行鉸削加工。5, in the process of ream, reamer is stuck, not against pull (rotating tap wrench, in order to prevent the broken reamer, but should remove reamer, clean up scrap, check its blade reamer. If there is minor wear and tear or collapse

29、 edge, grinding, can be coated with lubricating oil to continue ream machining again.6、注意變換鉸刀每次停歇的位置，以消除鉸刀常在同一處停歇所造成的振痕。6 reamer every time the location of the rest, pay attention to the transformation, to eliminate the reamer often mark of vibration caused by the pause in the same place. 7、鉸刀退出時(shí)不能反

30、轉(zhuǎn)。因?yàn)殂q刀有后角，反轉(zhuǎn)會使切屑塞在鉸刀齒后面和孔壁之間將孔壁劃傷，同時(shí)鉸刀也容易磨損。7, reamer exits cannot be reversed. Because after the reamer with Angle, the move to make chip plug between reamer teeth and wall of hole to hole wall scratch, reamer also easy to wear. 8、工件孔處于水平位置鉸削時(shí)，應(yīng)用手輕輕托住鉸杠使鉸刀中心與孔中心保持重合。當(dāng)工件結(jié)構(gòu)限制鉸杠作整圓周旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，一般是用扳手扳轉(zhuǎn)鉸刀，每扳轉(zhuǎn)一

31、次使其作少量的旋轉(zhuǎn)。8, workpiece hole is in a horizontal position ream, and used the hand gently hold tap wrench to keep reamer center and the hole center. When the workpiece structure restrict hinge rod to rotate the whole circumference, usually using a wrench, turn pull reamer every moral character to make

32、it as a small amount of rotation. 9、當(dāng)一個(gè)孔快鉸完時(shí)，不能讓鉸刀的校準(zhǔn)部分全部出頭，以免將孔的下端劃傷。另外，當(dāng)受到工件裝夾或工件結(jié)構(gòu)的限制時(shí)，不允許從孔的下面取出鉸刀。9, when a hole reaming after, can't let all calibration section of the reamer in front, in order to avoid the hole bottom scratches. In addition, when the workpiece clamping or workpiece struct

33、ure limits, are not allowed to remove from the bottom of the hole reamer. （二）機(jī)動鉸孔加工。當(dāng)鉸孔的批量較大且條件允許時(shí)，應(yīng)盡量采用機(jī)動鉸孔。機(jī)動鉸孔效率高，鉸刀的回轉(zhuǎn)中心比較穩(wěn)定，鉸削連續(xù)，進(jìn)刀量比較均勻，這些都有利于提高鉸孔質(zhì)量。當(dāng)然，操作上必須按照正確的方法進(jìn)行機(jī)動鉸孔加工，才能保證鉸孔質(zhì)量。(2) motor reaming processing. When reaming of large batch and when conditions permit, should be adopted as far a

34、s possible the mobile reaming. Mobile reaming of high efficiency, the rotary center of the reamer is stable, the ream continuously, feed quantity is evener, these are beneficial to improve the quality of reaming. Of course, the operation should be carried out in accordance with the correct method of

35、 motor reaming processing, to ensure the quality of reaming. 1、選用的鉆床，其主軸錐孔中心線的跳動：搖臂鉆床靠近主軸端部不大于0.02mm，在距主軸端部300mm處應(yīng)不大于0.03mm。當(dāng)立式鉆床最大鉆孔直徑小于25mm時(shí)，在距離主軸端部l00mm處不大于0.03mm，當(dāng)最大鉆孔直徑大于等于25mm時(shí)，在距離主軸端部300mm處不大于0.05mm。1, selection of drilling machine, the spindle taper hole centerline of beating, radial drillin

36、g machine close to the shaft end is not more than 0.02 mm, 300 mm from the spindle end should be no greater than 0.03 mm. When the hole diameter vertical drilling machine is lower than 25 mm, at spindle end l00mm distance not greater than 0.03 mm, when the largest hole diameter greater than or equal

37、 to 25 mm, 300 mm from the spindle end is not more than 0.05 mm. 2、裝夾工件時(shí)，要保證被鉸孔的中心線垂直于鉆床工作臺平面，公差不大于0.002mm100mm，鉸刀中心與工件預(yù)鉆孔中心重合公差不大于0.02mm。2, when the clamping workpiece, make sure the reaming center line perpendicular to the drilling machine workbench plane, the tolerance is not more than 0.002 mm /

38、 100 mm, reamer center with workpiece drilled center of tolerance is not more than 0.02 mm. 3、開始鉸削時(shí)，為了引導(dǎo)鉸刀鉸進(jìn)，可采用手動進(jìn)給。當(dāng)鉸進(jìn)23mm時(shí)，改用機(jī)動進(jìn)給，以獲得均勻的進(jìn)刀量。3, began to ream in order to guide the reamer hinge into, can use manual feed. When the hinge in 2 3 mm, to switch to mobile feed, in order to obtain uniform

39、 feed quantity. 4、采用浮動夾頭夾持鉸刀時(shí)，在未吃刀之前最好用手扶正鉸刀，慢慢引導(dǎo)使其接近孔緣，以防止鉸刀與工件發(fā)生撞擊。否則由于受到撞擊可能使鉸刀切削刃產(chǎn)生凹痕，或?qū)⒐ぜ卓诳星谐鲞^深的刀痕，造成鉸刀在繼續(xù)鉸削時(shí)發(fā)生振動。4, using floating chuck clamping reamer, before it is better to hand reamer, turning gently lead to make it close to the hole, in order to prevent the reamer collision with the workpiece. Otherwise due to the impact is likely to make cutting edge reamer produce dent, or cut workpiece orifice chew had deep scar, reamer in continue to ream causing vibration