高中語(yǔ)法-句子結(jié)構(gòu)和成分Word版

1、教 師:劉有毅高二蔡旻峰上課時(shí)間2013年11月30日階 段:基礎(chǔ)（） 提高（） 強(qiáng)化（ ）課時(shí)計(jì)劃共 次課 第 次課教學(xué)課題:高中語(yǔ)法-句子結(jié)構(gòu)和成分教學(xué)目標(biāo):掌握基本的句子結(jié)構(gòu)教 學(xué)重難點(diǎn)：教學(xué)過(guò)程: 附后 課后作業(yè)附后教學(xué)反思：家長(zhǎng)建議： 家長(zhǎng)簽名：一、 必修一單詞的鞏固復(fù)習(xí)必修1 Unit 118 / 181. survey 2. add up 3. upset 4. ignore5. calm 6. calm()down 7. have got to 8. concern 9. be concerned about 10. walk the dog 11. loose adj. 12

2、. vet 13. go through 14. Amsterdam15. Netherlands 16. Jewish 17. German 18. Nazi 19. set down 20. series 21. a series of 22. Kitty 23. outdoors 24. spellbind 25. on purpose 26. in order to 27. dusk 28. at dusk 29. thunder 30. entire31. entirely 32. power33. face to face34. curtain35. dusty 36. no lo

3、nger/notany longer37. partner38. settle 39. suffer 40. suffer from 41. loneliness 42. highway43. recover44. get/be tired of 45. pack 46. pack (sth) up 47. suitcase 48. Margot 49. Overcoat 50. teenager 51. get along with 52. gossip 53. fall in love 54. exactly 55. disagree 56. grateful57. dislike 58.

4、 join in 59. tip60. secondly61. swap62. item 二、句子結(jié)構(gòu)與成分英語(yǔ)的句子成分主要有六種：即主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。（可以熟記為：主謂賓，定狀補(bǔ)）除了這六種主要成分之外，還有“表語(yǔ)”和“同位語(yǔ)”的說(shuō)法。但表語(yǔ)和系動(dòng)詞一起作謂語(yǔ)，因此劃分成分時(shí)，劃分在謂語(yǔ)上。同位語(yǔ)分為主語(yǔ)同位語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)同位語(yǔ)，屬于主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的一部分。1. 劃分句子成分時(shí)的常用符號(hào)英語(yǔ)中劃分句子成分的符號(hào)主語(yǔ) 在下面畫(huà)直線(xiàn) 謂語(yǔ) 在下面畫(huà)曲線(xiàn) 賓語(yǔ) 在下面畫(huà)雙橫線(xiàn) 定語(yǔ) 在下面畫(huà)虛線(xiàn) （一行點(diǎn)使我們想到一排釘子，“釘”諧音為“定語(yǔ)”的“定”） 狀語(yǔ) 下面為短橫線(xiàn) （

5、短橫線(xiàn)使我們想到短木樁，木樁撞（狀）鐘）補(bǔ)語(yǔ) 上一短橫，下一短橫（下一短橫好像是為了彌補(bǔ)上面短橫間的空隙） 同位語(yǔ) 上下雙曲線(xiàn)，（雖都有曲折，上下位置基本相同2. 主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首，通常由名詞性的詞來(lái)充當(dāng)?？梢宰髦髡Z(yǔ)的詞性或語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)：1.名詞 2.代詞 3.數(shù)詞 4.名詞化的形容詞（如the rich）5.不定式 6.動(dòng)名詞 7.主語(yǔ)從句等表示。在下面句子的主語(yǔ)下面畫(huà)橫線(xiàn)，并說(shuō)出由什么充當(dāng)。 During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. We often spea

6、k English in class. One-third of the students in this class are girls. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. Smoking does harm to the health. The rich should help the poor. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. It is necessary to master a foreign language. That he isnt

7、at home is not true.改正下列句中的錯(cuò)誤，并說(shuō)明原因。He failed the exam is the reason why he dropped out. That why he was late for school was that his mother was ill.Beyond the mountains lie a small village.Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot.Play basketball is my favorite sport.Give up English is no

8、t an option.3. 謂語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)由動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。謂語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成如下：簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如：He practices running every morning.He reads newspapers every day.復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)：由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there.I have been waiting for you all the time.I wo

9、uld stay at home all day.由系動(dòng)詞加表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。系動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，要和表語(yǔ)一起作謂語(yǔ)。如：We are students.Your idea sounds great.4. 表語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)多是形容詞，用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）。表語(yǔ)一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞及表語(yǔ)從句表示。畫(huà)出下列句中的表語(yǔ)，并說(shuō)明由什么充當(dāng)。a) Our teacher of English is an American. b) Is it yours? c

10、) The weather has turned cold. d) The speech is exciting. e) Three times seven is twenty one.f) His job is to teach English.g) His hobby（愛(ài)好）is playing football. h) The machine must be under repairs. i) The truth is that he has never been abroad.5. 賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)由名詞性的詞充當(dāng)，表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。賓語(yǔ)分為動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)和介詞賓語(yǔ)

11、，分別構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞結(jié)構(gòu)。畫(huà)出下列句中的賓語(yǔ), 并說(shuō)明由什么充當(dāng)。They planted many trees yesterday. (How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. I wanted to buy a car. I enjoy listening to popular music.I think（that）he is fit for his office.6. 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)以外，還要有

12、一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，才能使句子的意義完整。賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。換句話(huà)說(shuō)，在意思上，賓語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于賓補(bǔ)的主語(yǔ)。帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make等）+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句充當(dāng)。用下畫(huà)線(xiàn)畫(huà)出下列句中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，并指出是什么詞充當(dāng)，同時(shí)體會(huì)賓補(bǔ)和賓語(yǔ)之間的邏輯關(guān)系。His father named him Dongming. They painted their boat white. Let the fresh air in. You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. W

13、e saw her entering the room.We found everything in the lab in good order.We will soon make our city what your city is now.I want your homework done on time.7. 主補(bǔ)對(duì)主語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)充。含有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的句子在變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，賓語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，原來(lái)的賓補(bǔ)就成了主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。He was elected monitor.She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the laz

14、y boy a lesson.8. 定語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)是對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語(yǔ)或句子，漢語(yǔ)中常用“的”表示。定語(yǔ)通常位于被修飾的成分前。在英語(yǔ)中，許多情況下，定語(yǔ)是放在所修飾詞后面的，這點(diǎn)與漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣不同，也是許多同學(xué)不能讀懂長(zhǎng)句的主要原因。a) 副詞用作定語(yǔ)一般要后置。 People there are very friendly. (那兒的人們)He didnt like the man downstairs. （樓下的那個(gè)人）b) 形容詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)一般放在所修飾詞之后。單個(gè)形容詞作定語(yǔ)一般放在所修飾詞之前，而形容詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)一般放在所修飾詞之后。The next man is a s

15、cientist.The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁邊的那個(gè)人）c) 介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)要后置。The boy under the tree is Tom.（樹(shù)下的那個(gè)男孩）The tallest boy in our class is John.（我們班最高的那個(gè)男孩）d) 現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)、過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)常后置。I have something to say. (直譯：我有要說(shuō)的話(huà))The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那邊哭的那個(gè)男孩）The house built last year i

16、s impressive.（去年建的那座房子） 口頭翻譯下列句子，用下畫(huà)線(xiàn)標(biāo)出定語(yǔ)部分，留意定語(yǔ)的位置，并說(shuō)明定語(yǔ)是由什么詞性或結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)。 The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu. The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother. We need a place twice larger than this one. She carried a basket full of eggs. Its a book worth no more than one dollar. Its a city far from th

17、e coast. He has money enough to buy a car. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city. Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat. A boy calling himself John wanted to see you. He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the

18、way back home. There are many clothes to be washed. Most of the singers invited to the party were from America. Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team.9. 狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子, 說(shuō)明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫作狀語(yǔ)。He writes carefully. He walks slowly.(認(rèn)真地寫(xiě)，慢慢地走，修飾動(dòng)詞用副詞，作狀語(yǔ))This materia

19、l is environmentally friendly.（修飾形容詞用副詞，作狀語(yǔ)）He runs very slowly.（修飾副詞slowly, 因此very是副詞，作狀語(yǔ)）Unfortunately, he lost all of his money. （修飾整個(gè)句子用副詞，作狀語(yǔ)）幾個(gè)并列狀語(yǔ)的先后順序：方式地點(diǎn)時(shí)間一個(gè)句中有幾個(gè)并列狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其順序較靈活，但一般是：方式地點(diǎn)時(shí)間。如：He worked hard at his lessons last year.I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning.He wa

20、s walking slowly outside the park at that moment.頻度副詞often, always, usually, sometimes, never等在句中的位置位于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞之后, 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前。You can never tell what he will do.He is often late.He is always helping others.He often came late.狀語(yǔ)按意義分類(lèi)在句子成分中，主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)都比較好辨認(rèn)，如果這幾個(gè)成分都不是，那很可能就是狀語(yǔ)了。因此，狀語(yǔ)的種類(lèi)很多，可以表示時(shí)間

21、、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、程度、條件、方式和讓步等。指出下列畫(huà)線(xiàn)部分屬于什么狀語(yǔ)。I. How about meeting again at six? II. Mr. Smith lives on the third floor. III. Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. IV. She put the eggs into the basket with great care. V. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. VI. In order to

22、 catch up with the others, I must work harder. VII. To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business. VIII. The boy needs a pen very much. IX. The boy really needs a pen. 10. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 11. She works very hard though she is old. 12. I am tall

23、er than he is. 13. I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 14. On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 15. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. 10. 同位語(yǔ)同位語(yǔ)是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞對(duì)前者加以說(shuō)明的成分，近乎于后置定語(yǔ)。如：We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位語(yǔ)，都是指同一批“學(xué)生”）Its good to us students. 選擇

24、正確答案，并口頭說(shuō)出句中那個(gè)是同位語(yǔ)。The young man, _,works in the office.A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me Our English teacher, _, often helps us with study.A. Mrs. WangB. Mrs. Wangs C. Mrs. Wangs.D. of him _, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train.A. ThemB. HeC. TheyD. Theirs 簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本結(jié)構(gòu)英語(yǔ)

25、句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。英語(yǔ)五種基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)如下：主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ)用符號(hào)表示為： （主謂） （主謂賓） （主謂間賓直賓） （主謂賓賓補(bǔ)） （主系表）主語(yǔ)（subject）謂語(yǔ)（predicate）賓語(yǔ)（object）定語(yǔ)（attribute）狀語(yǔ) (adverbial)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（complement）表語(yǔ)（predicative）基本句型一： （主謂）這類(lèi)句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都是不及物動(dòng)詞，都不帶賓語(yǔ)，但可以帶狀語(yǔ)。如: It is raining now. ( )Weve worked for 5 hours. ( )

26、The meeting lasted half an hour. ( )Time flies. ( )分析下列句子成分，并在后面括號(hào)內(nèi)標(biāo)明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種。1. Dark clouds hung overhead. ( )2. Gradually a smile appeared on her face. ( )3. He is smiling all over his face. ( )4. I did well in English. ( )5. He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. ( )基本句型二： （主系表）系動(dòng)詞主要是b

27、e，但還有一些動(dòng)詞有些時(shí)候也可作系動(dòng)詞，有人稱(chēng)之為半系動(dòng)詞。如何辨別系動(dòng)詞有些動(dòng)詞既可作連系動(dòng)詞，又可以作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。如何來(lái)辨別呢？有一個(gè)最簡(jiǎn)便的方法，即用連系動(dòng)詞be替換句子中的這些動(dòng)詞，句子仍然成立就是連系動(dòng)詞；反之，不能替換的，就是行為動(dòng)詞。如： She looks beautiful. (looks變?yōu)閕s之后，她是美麗的，句意沒(méi)有大的變化，looks是系動(dòng)詞。) Look at the picture.(look不能換為be, look為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。) He felt the book with his right hand.(feel是“摸”的意思，不能換為was, 是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。) T

28、he silk feels soft.(這種絲綢摸起來(lái)很柔軟，feels換為is之后，句意變化不大，因此是系動(dòng)詞。)辨別下列斜體動(dòng)詞是系動(dòng)詞還是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。 The door stays open at night. He tasted the food, and the food tasted delicious. The book still lies open on the desk. What he said proved true. He cant proved his theory(理論).常見(jiàn)的系動(dòng)詞狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞 用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)狀態(tài)，只有be一詞。如： He is a teacher.

29、 他是一名教師。持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞 用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand。如：He kept silent at the meeting. 他開(kāi)會(huì)時(shí)保持沉默。 This matter remains a mystery. 此事仍是一個(gè)謎。The food stays fresh in the fridge.食物在冰箱里仍然很新鮮。The house stood empty for years.房子空了數(shù)年。He lies awake in bed.他躺在床上，醒著。表“像”系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示“看起來(lái)像”這一概念，主要有seem, appe

30、ar, look。如：Something seems wrong. 好像出差錯(cuò)了。He appears young. 他看起來(lái)很年輕。 感官系動(dòng)詞感官系動(dòng)詞主要有l(wèi)ook“看起來(lái)”，feel“摸起來(lái)”, smell“聞起來(lái)”, sound“聽(tīng)起來(lái)”, taste“嘗起來(lái)”。This kind of cloth feels very soft. 這種布手感很軟。This flower smells very sweet. 這朵花聞起來(lái)很香。 變化系動(dòng)詞這些系動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)變成什么樣。變化系動(dòng)詞主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run。He be

31、came mad after that. 自那之后，他瘋了。She grew rich within a short time. 她沒(méi)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間就富了。He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。Eggs go bad easily in summer. 蛋夏天容易變壞。His face went red.他的臉變紅了。What he had dreamt of came true.他的夢(mèng)想實(shí)現(xiàn)了。Still waters run deep.靜水流深。終止系動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)已終止動(dòng)作，主要有prove, turn out, 表達(dá)“證實(shí)”，“變成”之意。如：The rumor proved

32、 false. 這謠言證實(shí)有假。His plan turned out a success. 他的計(jì)劃終于成功了。（turn out表終止性結(jié)果）What he predicted turned out (to be) wrong.他預(yù)言的結(jié)果是錯(cuò)的。用下畫(huà)線(xiàn)畫(huà)出下列句中的系動(dòng)詞。1. His advice proved right. 2. The shop stays open till 8 oclock. 3. The machine went wrong. 4. All these efforts seem in vain. 5. These words sound reasonable

33、. 6. The room soon became crowded. 7. The days are getting longer and longer. 8. He fell ill yesterday. 9. Trees turn green in spring. 10. What you said sounds great.系動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，要和表語(yǔ)一起作謂語(yǔ)He is a student. ( )Your idea sounds great. ( )在一個(gè)英語(yǔ)單句中，一般情況要有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要注意：介詞短語(yǔ)和形容詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，要和系動(dòng)詞一起作謂語(yǔ)。改錯(cuò)：Our school ver

34、y beautiful and we like it very much.Your book on the desk.答案及解析：Our school is very beautiful and we like it very much. (句中沒(méi)有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)Your book is on the desk.（句中沒(méi)有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞）基本句型三： （主謂賓）此結(jié)構(gòu)是由“主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞（詞組）+賓語(yǔ)”構(gòu)成。如：She likes English.We planted a lot of trees on the farm yesterday.用下畫(huà)線(xiàn)畫(huà)出下列句中的賓語(yǔ)。練習(xí)1. People all o

35、ver the world speak English. 練習(xí)2. Jim cannot dress himself. 練習(xí)3. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. 練習(xí)4. He did not know what to say. 練習(xí)5. He just wanted to stay at home.練習(xí)6. He practices speaking English every day.基本句型四： （主謂間賓 直賓）有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，如：give“給”，pass“遞”，bring“帶”，show“顯示”。這兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)通常一

36、個(gè)指人，為間接賓語(yǔ)；一個(gè)指物，為直接賓語(yǔ)。間接賓語(yǔ)一般位于直接賓語(yǔ)之前。一般的順序?yàn)椋簞?dòng)詞 + 間接賓語(yǔ) + 直接賓語(yǔ)。如：He gave me a cup of tea. ( )強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語(yǔ)順序?yàn)椋簞?dòng)詞 + 直接賓語(yǔ) + 介詞 + 間接賓語(yǔ)。如：Show this house to Mr. Smith.若直接賓語(yǔ)為人稱(chēng)代詞：動(dòng)詞 + 代詞直接賓語(yǔ) + 介詞 + 間接賓語(yǔ)。如：Bring it to me, please. (不能說(shuō) Bring me it, please.)常跟雙賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞有：（需借助to的）allow, bring, deny, give, grant, hand, l

37、eave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish, write等。（需借助for 的） buy, choose, fetch, get, make, order, paint, play(演奏), save, sing, spare等。一般用to多些，用for的記住常用的三個(gè)就行：get, buy, make。He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary. = He sent an English-Chin

38、ese Dictionary to me.She bought John a book. = She bought a book for John.分析下列句子成分，口頭說(shuō)出間接賓語(yǔ)和直接賓語(yǔ)。She ordered herself a new dress.She cooked her husband a delicious meal. He brought you a dictionary. He denies her nothing. I showed him my pictures.I gave my car a wash.I told him that the bus was late

39、.He showed me how to run the machine.基本句型五： （主謂賓賓補(bǔ)）此句型的句子特點(diǎn)是：動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來(lái)補(bǔ)足賓語(yǔ)，才能使意思完整。賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：位于賓語(yǔ)之后對(duì)賓語(yǔ)做出說(shuō)明的成分。賓語(yǔ)與其補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，它們一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。The war made him a soldier.（“他成為一個(gè)士兵”，構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系）New methods make the job easy. （）I often find him at work. （）The teacher asked the stu

40、dents to close the windows. （） I saw a cat running across the road.分析下列句子并劃分成分，在后面的括號(hào)內(nèi)標(biāo)明是什么充當(dāng)句子的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。1. They appointed him manager. （ ）2. They painted the door green. （ ）3. He pushed the door open. （ ）4. They found the house deserted. （ ）5. What makes him think so? （ ）6. We saw him out. （ ）7. He as

41、ked me to come back soon. （ ）8. I saw them getting on the bus. （ ）9. We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （ ）10. Ill have my bike repaired. （ ）11. We elected him monitor. （ ）12. Dont keep the lights burning. （ ）there be 句型此句型是由“there + be + 主語(yǔ) + 狀語(yǔ)”構(gòu)成，用以表達(dá)“存在有”。它其實(shí)是倒裝的一種情況，主語(yǔ)位于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 be 之后

42、，there 僅為引導(dǎo)詞（也有看作形式主語(yǔ)的），并無(wú)實(shí)際意義。be 與其后的主語(yǔ)在人稱(chēng)和數(shù)上一致，有時(shí)態(tài)和數(shù)的變化?，F(xiàn)在時(shí)   there is / are     過(guò)去時(shí)   there was / were將來(lái)時(shí)   there will be/there is / are going to be.完成時(shí)  there has / have been可能有  there might be.   肯定有  there must be / there mu

43、st have been.過(guò)去曾經(jīng)有  there used to be   似乎有  there seem / seems / seemed to be 碰巧有  there happen / happens / happened to be 可用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等詞代替be動(dòng)詞。此時(shí)還表示存在有，但表意要更具體一些。如：There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain.There came a shout for “

44、help”.There exists no air on the moon.There lies a book on the desk. There stands a tree on the hill._ a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of the work.A. It existedB. There existed C. They hadD. There had_ a beautiful palace _ the foot of the hill.A. There stand; atB. There stands

45、; under C. Stands there; underD. There stands; at答案：B, Dthere be 與have 的區(qū)別there be “某地有某物，某時(shí)有某事”；have 表示“某人擁有某物”。改錯(cuò)：There has a book on the desk. There will have a meeting this evening.答案：把has改為is; 把have改為be。提示：沒(méi)有there have這種表示“有”的方法。雙重謂語(yǔ)(僅供了解)典型例句：He left this morning very gay. She left a shy girl

46、and returned a young mother. 分析：雙重謂語(yǔ)的基本形式是：行為動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)，后面的名詞或形容詞說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)從事該行為時(shí)所處的狀態(tài)。用作雙重謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞多為那些表示位置移動(dòng)變化的行為動(dòng)詞。如：return，leave， go，come，arrive，start等。句意為：上午離開(kāi)時(shí)，他很開(kāi)心。句意為：她離開(kāi)時(shí)還是一個(gè)害羞的女孩，回來(lái)時(shí)卻是一位年輕的母親。 簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句句子按結(jié)構(gòu)可分為簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。簡(jiǎn)單句只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)(或并列主語(yǔ))和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)(或并列謂語(yǔ))。如：He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike

47、 are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.（畫(huà)線(xiàn)部分為并列謂語(yǔ)，只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)，仍為簡(jiǎn)單句。）并列句（參看P. 186Error! Reference source not found.）由并列連詞（and, but, or等）或分號(hào)（;）把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起構(gòu)成。要注意, 逗號(hào)是不可以連接句子的，這一點(diǎn)和漢語(yǔ)不同。如：You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortu

48、ous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。表示連接兩個(gè)同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等連接。 The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.He not only stole my money, but he also took my watch away.表示選擇，常用的連詞有or, eitheror, otherwise等。Hurry up, or youll miss the train.表示轉(zhuǎn)折，常用的連詞有but, still, however, yet,

49、while, when等。He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.表示因果關(guān)系，常用的連詞有so, for, therefore等。August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.復(fù)合句復(fù)合句含有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，其中一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)作另一個(gè)的成分。（而并列句的兩個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)間是并列關(guān)系

50、， 而不是從屬關(guān)系。）當(dāng)簡(jiǎn)單句的一個(gè)成分從詞或詞組變?yōu)榫渥訒r(shí)，整個(gè)句子就成為復(fù)合句了。I. It is wrong. （只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，是簡(jiǎn)單句。）What he said is wrong.（what he said,是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，he為主語(yǔ)，said為謂語(yǔ)，what是賓語(yǔ)。What he said is wrong. 是另外一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，What he said作主語(yǔ)，是主語(yǔ)從句；is wrong系表結(jié)構(gòu)作謂語(yǔ)。因此，本句是復(fù)合句。）II. The boy over there is my brother. （只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，是簡(jiǎn)單句。）The boy who is wearing

51、a hat is my brother.（The boy over there is my brother.只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，是簡(jiǎn)單句。當(dāng)over there變?yōu)?who is wearing a hat時(shí)（也是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)），整個(gè)句子就變成了復(fù)合句，who is wearing a hat是定語(yǔ)從句。）III. I was doing my homework at six. （只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，是簡(jiǎn)單句。）I was doing my homework when he came in.（I was doing my homework是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，he came in也是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。后面一

52、個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)作前一個(gè)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。因此本句是復(fù)合句。）從上面這幾個(gè)句子，我們可以看出：一個(gè)句子如果含有從句，如名詞性從句（主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句）、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句等，這個(gè)句子就是復(fù)合句。復(fù)合句的從句和主句之間要用連接詞連接。在上面句1中，what是連接詞；在句2中，關(guān)系代詞who就是連接詞；在句3中，when起連接作用。判斷下列句子是簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句。We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.There

53、 is a chair in this room, isnt there?My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.What he said at t

54、he meeting is very important, isnt it?The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm.It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors.We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat.Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him.引導(dǎo)的是什么從句，不僅要根據(jù)連詞，還要根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)和句意來(lái)判別說(shuō)出下列復(fù)合句中，where