土木工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)課文原文及對(duì)照翻譯0001

1、Civil EngineeringCivil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching f

2、acilities.土木工程學(xué)作為最老的工程技術(shù)學(xué)科,是指規(guī)劃,設(shè)計(jì),施工及對(duì)建筑環(huán)境的治理.此處的環(huán)境包括建筑符合科學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的所有結(jié)構(gòu),從灌溉和排水系統(tǒng)到火箭發(fā)射設(shè)施.Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population con

3、centrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been

4、 planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities.土木工程師建造道路,橋梁,管道,大壩,海港,發(fā)電廠,給排水系統(tǒng),醫(yī)院,學(xué)校,公共 交通和其他現(xiàn)代社會(huì)和大量人口集中地區(qū)的根底公共設(shè)施.他們也建造私有設(shè)施,比方飛機(jī)場(chǎng),鐵路,管線,摩天大樓,以及其他設(shè)計(jì)用作工業(yè),商業(yè)和住宅途徑的大型結(jié)構(gòu).此外, 土木工程師還規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)及建造完整的城市和鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn),并且最近一直在規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)容納設(shè)施齊全的社區(qū)的空間平臺(tái).The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In

5、1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much bro

6、ader 土木一詞來(lái)源于拉丁文詞"公民".在1782年,英國(guó)人John Smeaton為了把他的非軍事工程工作區(qū)別于當(dāng)時(shí)占優(yōu)勢(shì)地位的軍事工程師的工作而采用的名詞.自從那時(shí)起,土木工程學(xué)被用于提及從事公共設(shè)施建設(shè)的工程師,盡管其包含的領(lǐng)域更為廣闊.Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of ci

7、vil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placementwater, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmental s

8、pecialists study the project ' s impact on the local area: the potential for air and groundwapollution, the project impact on local animal and plant life, and how the project can be designed to meet government requirements aimed at protecting the environment. Transportation specialists determine

9、 what kind of facilities are needed to ease the burden on local roads and other transportation networks that will result from the completed project. Meanwhile, structural specialists use preliminary data to make detailed designs, plans, and specifications for the project. Supervising and coordinatin

10、g the work of these civil engineer specialists, from beginning to end of the project, are the construction management specialists. Based on information supplies by the other specialists, construction management civil engineers estimate quantities and costs of materials and labor, schedule all work,

11、order materials and equipment for the job, hire contractors and subcontractors, and perform other supervisory work to ensure the project is completed on time and as specified.領(lǐng)域.由于包含范圍太廣,土木工程學(xué)又被細(xì)分為大量的技術(shù)專業(yè).不同類型的工程需要多種不同土木工程專業(yè)技術(shù).一個(gè)工程開(kāi)始的時(shí)候,土木工程師要對(duì)場(chǎng)地進(jìn)行測(cè)繪,定位有用的布置,如地下水水位,下水道,和電力線.巖土工程專家那么進(jìn)行土力學(xué)試驗(yàn)以確定土壤能否承受工

12、程荷載.環(huán)境工程專家研究工程對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)氐挠绊?包括對(duì)空氣和地下水的可能污染, 對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)貏?dòng)植物生活的影響,以及如何讓工程設(shè)計(jì)滿足政府針對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)的需要.交通工程專家確定必需的不同種類設(shè)施以減輕由整個(gè)工程造成的對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)毓泛推渌煌ňW(wǎng)絡(luò)的負(fù)擔(dān).同時(shí),結(jié)構(gòu)工程專家利用初步數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)工程作詳細(xì)規(guī)劃,設(shè)計(jì)和說(shuō)明.從工程開(kāi)始到結(jié)束, 對(duì)這些土木工程專家的工作進(jìn)行監(jiān)督和調(diào)配的那么是施工治理專家.根據(jù)其他專家所提供的信息, 施工治理專家計(jì)算材料和人工的數(shù)量和花費(fèi),所有工作的進(jìn)度表,訂購(gòu)工作所需要的材料和設(shè)備,雇傭承包商和分包商,還要做些額外的監(jiān)督工作以保證工程能按時(shí)按質(zhì)完成.Throughout any given pr

13、oject, civil engineers make extensive use of computers. Computers are used to design the project' s various elements -ajohepuiesign, or CAD and to manage it.Computers are necessity for the modern civil engineer because they permit the engineer to efficiently handle the large quantities of data n

14、eeded in determining the best way to construct a project.貫穿任何給定工程,土木工程師都需要大量使用計(jì)算機(jī).計(jì)算機(jī)用于設(shè)計(jì)工程中使用的多數(shù)元件即計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì),或者 CAD并對(duì)其進(jìn)行治理.計(jì)算機(jī)成為了現(xiàn)代土木工程師的 必備品,由于它使得工程師能有效地掌控所需的大量數(shù)據(jù)從而確定建造一項(xiàng)工程的最正確方 法.Structural engineering. In this specialty, civil engineers plan and design structures of all types, including bridge, da

15、ms, power plants, supports for equipment, special structures for offshore projects, the United States space program, transmission towers, giant astronomical and radio telescopes, and many other kinds of projects. Using computers, structural engineers determine the forces a structure must resist: its

16、 own weight, wind and hurricane forces, temperature changes that expand or contract construction materials, and earthquakes. They also determine the combination of appropriate materials: steel, concrete, plastic, asphalt, brick, aluminum, or other construction materials.結(jié)構(gòu)工程學(xué).在這一專業(yè)領(lǐng)域,土木工程師規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)各種類型的結(jié)

17、構(gòu),包括橋梁,大壩,發(fā) 電廠,設(shè)備支撐,海面上的特殊結(jié)構(gòu),美國(guó)太空方案,發(fā)射塔,龐大的天文和無(wú)線電望遠(yuǎn)鏡, 以及許多其他種類的工程.結(jié)構(gòu)工程師應(yīng)用計(jì)算機(jī)確定一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)必須承受的力：自重,風(fēng)荷載和颶風(fēng)荷載,建筑材料溫度變化引起的脹縮,以及地震荷載.他們也需確定不同種材料如鋼筋,混凝土,塑料,石頭,瀝青,磚,鋁或其他建筑材料等的復(fù)合作用.Water resources engineering. Civil engineers in this specialty deal with all aspects of the physical control of water. Their projects

18、 help prevent floods, supply water for cities and for irrigation, manage and control rivers and water runoff, and maintain beaches and other waterfront facilities. In addition, they design and maintain harbors, canals, and locks, build huge hydroelectric dams and smaller dams and water impoundments

19、of all kinds, help design offshore structures, and determine the location of structures affecting navigation. 水利工程學(xué).土木工程師在這一領(lǐng)域主要處理水的物理限制方面的種種問(wèn)題.他們的工程用于幫助預(yù)防洪水災(zāi)害,提供城市用水和灌溉用水,治理限制河流和水流物,維護(hù)河灘及其他濱水設(shè)施.此外,他們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)和維護(hù)海港,運(yùn)河與水閘,建造大型水利大壩與小型壩,以及各 種類型的圍堰,幫助設(shè)計(jì)海上結(jié)構(gòu)并且確定結(jié)構(gòu)的位置對(duì)航行影響.Geotechnical engineering. Civil enginee

20、rs who specialize in this field analyze the properties of soils and rocks that support structures and affect structural behavior. They evaluate and work to minimize the potential settlement of buildings and other structures that stems from the pressure of their weight on the earth. These engineers a

21、lso evaluate and determine how to strengthen the stability of slopes and fills and how to protect structures against earthquakes and the effects of groundwater.巖土工程學(xué).專業(yè)于這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的土木工程師對(duì)支撐結(jié)構(gòu)并影響結(jié)構(gòu)行為的土壤和巖石的特性 進(jìn)行分析.他們計(jì)算建筑和其他結(jié)構(gòu)由于自重壓力可能引起的沉降,并采取舉措使之減少到最小.他們也需計(jì)算并確定如何增強(qiáng)斜坡和填充物的穩(wěn)定性以及如何保護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)免受地震和地 下水的影響.Environmenta

22、l engineering. In this branch of engineering, civil engineers design, build and supervise systems to provide safe drinking water and to prevent and control pollution of water supplies, both on the surface and underground. They also design, build, and supervise projects to control or eliminate pollut

23、ion of the land and air. These engineers build water and wastewater treatment plants, and design air scrubbers and other devices to minimize or eliminate air pollution caused by industrial processes, incineration, or other smoke-producing activities. They also work to control toxic and hazardous was

24、tes through the construction of special dump sites or the neutralizing of toxic and hazardous substances. In addition, the engineers design and manage sanitary landfills to prevent pollution of surrounding land.環(huán)境工程學(xué).在這一工程學(xué)分支中,土木工程師設(shè)計(jì),建造并監(jiān)視系統(tǒng)以提供平安的飲用水, 同時(shí)預(yù)防和限制地表和地下水資源供應(yīng)的污染.他們也設(shè)計(jì),建造并監(jiān)視工程以限制甚至消除對(duì)土地和空氣

25、的污染.他們建造供水和廢水處理廠,設(shè)計(jì)空氣凈化器和其他設(shè)備以最小化 甚至消除由工業(yè)加工、焚化及其他產(chǎn)煙生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)引起的空氣污染.他們也采用建造特殊傾倒地點(diǎn)或使用有毒有害物中和劑的舉措來(lái)限制有毒有害廢棄物.此外,工程師還對(duì)垃圾掩埋進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)和治理以預(yù)防其對(duì)周圍環(huán)境造成污染.Transportation engineering. Civil engineers working in this specialty build facilities to ensure safe and efficient movement of both people and goods. They specialize

26、 in designing and maintaining all types of transportation facilities, highways and streets, mass transit systems, railroads and airfields, ports and harbors. Transportation engineers apply technological knowledge as well as consideration of the economic, political, and social factors in designing ea

27、ch project. They work closely with urban planners, since the quality of the community is directly related to the quality of the transportation system.交通工程學(xué).從事這一專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的土木工程師建造可以保證人和貨物平安高效運(yùn)行的設(shè)施.他們專門研究各種類型運(yùn)輸設(shè)施的設(shè)計(jì)和維護(hù),如公路和街道,公共交通系統(tǒng),鐵路和飛機(jī)場(chǎng),港口和海港.交通工程師應(yīng)用技術(shù)知識(shí)及考慮經(jīng)濟(jì),政治和社會(huì)因素來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)每一個(gè)工程.他們的工作和城市規(guī)劃者十分相似,由于交通運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)的質(zhì)量直接

28、關(guān)系到社區(qū)的質(zhì)量.Pipeline engineering. In this branch of civil engineering, engineers build pipelines and related facilities which transport liquids, gases, or solids ranging from coal slurries (mixed coal and water) and semiliquid wastes, to water, oil, and various types of highly combustible and noncombus

29、tible gases. The engineers determine pipeline design, the economic and environmental impact of a project on regions it must traverse, the type of materials to be used-steel, concrete, plastic, or combinations of various materials-installation techniques, methods for testing pipeline strength, and co

30、ntrols for maintaining proper pressure and rate of flow of materials being transported. When hazardous materials are being carried, safety is a major consideration as well.渠道工程學(xué).在土木工程學(xué)的這一支鏈中,土木工程師建造渠道和運(yùn)送從煤泥漿(混合的煤 和水和半流體廢污,到水、石油和多種類型的高度可燃和不可燃的氣體中別離出來(lái)的液體,氣體和固體的相關(guān)設(shè)備.工程師決定渠道的設(shè)計(jì),工程所處地區(qū)必須考慮到的經(jīng)濟(jì)性和環(huán)境 因素,以及所

31、使用材料的類型一一鋼、混凝土、塑料、或多種材料的復(fù)合一一的安裝技術(shù),測(cè)試渠道強(qiáng)度的方法,和限制所運(yùn)送流體材料保持適當(dāng)?shù)膲毫土魉?當(dāng)流體中攜帶危險(xiǎn)材料時(shí),平安性因素也需要被考慮.Construction engineering. Civil engineers in this field oversee the construction of a project from beginning to end. Sometimes called project engineers, they apply both technical and managerial skills, including

32、 knowledge of construction methods, planning, organizing, financing, and operating construction projects. They coordinate the activities of virtually everyone engaged in the work: the surveyors; workers who lay out and construct the temporary roads and ramps, excavate for the foundation, build the f

33、orms and pour the concrete; and workers who build the steel framework. These engineers also make regular progress reports to the owners of the structure. 建筑工程學(xué).土木工程師在這個(gè)領(lǐng)域中從開(kāi)始到結(jié)束監(jiān)督工程的建筑.他們,有時(shí)被稱為項(xiàng)目工程師,應(yīng)用技術(shù)和治理技能,包括建筑工藝,規(guī)劃,組織,財(cái)務(wù),和操作工程建設(shè)的知 識(shí).事實(shí)上,他們協(xié)調(diào)工程中每個(gè)人的活動(dòng)：測(cè)量員,布置和建造臨時(shí)道路和斜坡,開(kāi)挖基 礎(chǔ),支模板和澆注混凝土的工人,以及鋼筋工人.這些

34、工程師也向結(jié)構(gòu)的業(yè)主提供進(jìn)度方案報(bào)告.Community and urban planning. Those engaged in this area of civil engineering may plan and develop community within a city, or entire cities. Such planning involves far more than engineering consideration; environmental, social, and economic factors in the use and development of l

35、and and natural resources are also key elements. These civil engineers coordinate planning of public works along with private development. They evaluate the kinds of facilities needed, including streets and highways, public transportation systems, airports, port facilities, water-supply and waste wa

36、ter-disposal systems, public buildings, parks, and recreational and other facilities to ensure social and economic as well as environmental well-being.社區(qū)和城市規(guī)劃.從事土木工程這一方面的工程師可能規(guī)劃和開(kāi)展一個(gè)城市中的社區(qū),或整個(gè)城市.此規(guī)劃中所包括的遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不僅僅為工程因素,土地的開(kāi)發(fā)使用和自然資源環(huán)境的,社會(huì)的和經(jīng)濟(jì)的因素也是主要的成分.這些土木工程師對(duì)公共建設(shè)工程的規(guī)劃和私人建筑的發(fā)展進(jìn)行協(xié)調(diào).他們?cè)u(píng)估所需的設(shè)施,包括街道,公路,公共運(yùn)輸系

37、統(tǒng),機(jī)場(chǎng),港口,給排水 和污水處理系統(tǒng),公共建筑,公園,和娛樂(lè)及其他設(shè)施以保證社會(huì),經(jīng)濟(jì)和環(huán)境地協(xié)調(diào)開(kāi)展.Photogrametry, surveying, and mapping. The civil engineers in this specialty precisely measure the Earth ' s surface to obtain reliable infcation for locating and designing engineering projects. This practice often involves high-technology met

38、hods such as satellite and aerial surveying, and computer-processing of photographic imagery. Radio signal from satellites, scans by laser and sonic beams, are converted to maps to provide far more accurate measurements for boring tunnels, building highways and dams, plotting flood control and irrig

39、ation project, locating subsurface geologic formations that may affect a construction project, and a host of other building uses. 攝影測(cè)量,測(cè)量學(xué)和地圖繪制.在這一專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的土木工程師精確測(cè)量地球外表以獲得可靠 的信息來(lái)定位和設(shè)計(jì)工程工程.這一方面包括高工藝學(xué)方法,如衛(wèi)星成相,航拍,和計(jì)算機(jī)成相.來(lái)自人造衛(wèi)星的無(wú)線電信號(hào),通過(guò)激光和音波柱掃描被轉(zhuǎn)換為地圖,為隧道鉆孔, 建造高速公路和大壩,繪制洪水限制和灌溉方案,定位可能影響建筑工程的地下巖石構(gòu)成, 以及許多其他建筑用途提供更精準(zhǔn)的測(cè)量.Other specialties. Two additional civil engineering specialties that are not entirely within the scope of civil engineering but are essential to the discipline are engineering management and engineering teaching.其他的專門工程.還有兩個(gè)并不完全在土木工程范圍里面但對(duì)練習(xí)相當(dāng)重要的附加的專門項(xiàng) 目是工程治理和工程教學(xué).Eng