直接引語變間接引語及賓語從句講解

1、英語語法復習直接引語變間接引語語法講解一、人稱人稱變化可以遵循如下順口溜一隨主，二隨賓，第三人稱不更新”。一隨主”是指在直接引語變間接引語時，如果從句中的主語是第一人稱或被 第一人稱所修飾。從句中的人稱要按照主句中主語的人稱變 化，如：She said. My“ brother wan ts to go with me. ”f She saidher brother wan ted to go with her.二隨賓”是指直接引語變間接引語時，若從句中的主語及賓語是第二人稱，或被第二人 你”所修飾，從句中的人稱要跟引號外的主句的賓語一致。如果引號外的主句沒有賓語，也可以用第一人稱，如：He

2、said to Kate， "How is your sister now?"f He asked Kate howher sister was the n.第三人稱不更新”是指直接引語變間接引語時，如果從句中的主語及賓語是 第三人稱或被第三人稱所修飾從句中的人稱一般不需要變化，如：Mr. Smith said， Jack is a good worker. ”f Mr. Smith said Jack was a good worker.二、時態(tài)直接引語在改為間接引語時，時態(tài)需要做相應的調(diào)整。其基本法則和我們剛 剛學過的賓語從句的時態(tài)變化一致， 也就是說從句時態(tài)要和主句時

3、態(tài)一致。如果 從句是過去時，主句要向后退一格時態(tài)，變成一種過去時。1. She said. haVe lost a pen. ” f She saihadniost a pen.（現(xiàn)在完成 d過去完成）2. She said.hope so. ” f She said thteyped so.（一般現(xiàn)在 d 般過去）3. She said, wHle go to see his friend ”f She said hewould go to see his friend. 一般將來 f 過去將來）但要注意在以下幾種情況下。在直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，時態(tài)一般不變化。 直接引語是 客觀真理。如：

4、“Thearth moves around the sun and themoon moves around the earth ” , the teacher told me.f The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。 直接引語是過去進行時，時態(tài)不變。如：Jack said,“Jwlhrere were you going when I met you in the street? ”f Jack asked Johnwhere he was going w

5、hen he met him in the street. 直接引語中有具體的 過去某年、某月、某日作狀語，變?yōu)殚g接引語時， 時態(tài)不變。如：Xiao Wang said, “was born on April 20, 1980.”f Xiao Wang said hewas born on April 20, 1980. 直接引語如果是一般現(xiàn)在時。表示一種反復出現(xiàn)或習慣性的動作，變 間接弓I語，時態(tài)不變。如： He said, “I get up at six every morningf He said he gets up at six every morning. 如果直接引語中的 情態(tài)

6、動詞沒有過去時的形式（例：ought to，had better, used to)和已經(jīng)是過去時的形式時 ,(例：could, should, would, might ) 不再變。如： Peter said “ Yodnad better come have today. ” f Peter said Ihad better go there that day.4、時態(tài)的變化(1) 引述動詞如果用一般現(xiàn)在時或一般將來時，間接引語的時態(tài)不變。(2) 引述動詞如果用一般過去時，間接引語的時態(tài)要變成相應的過去時態(tài) 的一種。具體變化如下：一般現(xiàn)在時f一般過去時一般過去時f過去完成時現(xiàn)在進行時f過去

7、進行時現(xiàn)在完成時f過去完成時一般將來時f過去將來時(1) 含有情態(tài)動詞的直接引語變成間接引語是，情態(tài)動詞也要相應地變成 過去時態(tài)。(2) 若直接引語為客觀真理或自然規(guī)律，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，時態(tài)不變。(3) 有時由于直接引語有特定的過去時間狀語，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，時態(tài)不 變。三、其它直接引語變間接引語，具有 指代性的詞也需要變化，一些具體 變化如下： 指示代詞this -thatthese - those表示時間的詞now - the ntoday - that daythis week(m on th, etc.) - that week (mo nth, etc.)yesterday - the

8、 day beforelast week(m on th) - the week(m on th) beforethree days(a year)ago - three days(a year)before tomorrow - the n ext (followi ng ) dayn ext week(month)-the n ext(followi ng)week(m on th) 表地點的詞 here - there動詞bring - take come - go四、句型： 直接引語如果是陳述句，間接引語應改為由that引導的賓語從句。如: She said, “ Our bus wi

9、ll arrive in five minu tes.”f She saidthat their bus would arrive in five minu tes. 直接引語如果是 反意疑問句，選擇疑問句或一般疑問句，間接引語應改為 由whether或if引導的賓語從句如：He said,“Can you swim, John? ” f He asked John if he could swim.“You have finished the homework, havent you? ” my mother asked.f My mother asked me whetherI had f

10、ini shed the homework.“ Do you go to school by bus or by bike? ”f He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike. 直接引語如果是特殊問句，間接引語應該改為由疑問代詞或疑問副詞引導的賓語從句(賓語從句必須用陳述句語序)。She asked me, “ When do they have their dinner? ”f She askedme when they had their dinner. 直接引語如果是祈使句，間接引語應改為“tell(ask,order, beg等)

11、sb.(not)to do sth. 句型。女口：“ Don' t make any noise, ” she said to the children.f She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise.“ Bring me a cup of tea, please, she. saidf She asked him to bring her a cup of tea. 直接引語如果是以“Let 開頭的祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，通常用“ suggest動名詞(或從句)?！比纾篐e said, “ Let ' s go

12、to the filnf He sug gested going to the film. f He suggested that they should go to see the film.4.感嘆句一變成由that引導的賓語從句He said“ What a lovely garde n it is!”He exclaimed that it was a lovely garde n.賓語從句賓語從句小口訣：賓語從句三注意，時態(tài)語序引導詞；主句一般現(xiàn)在時，從句不需受限制；主句一般過去時，從句須用相應時；陳述句轉(zhuǎn)化that弓I，一般疑問句用if/whether,特殊問句疑問詞，弓I導詞后陳

13、述式。一、基本講解1概念:在句中擔當賓語的從句叫賓語從句，賓語從句可作謂語動詞的賓語，也 可做介詞的賓語，就是一般是放在動詞或者動詞加介詞后面的。Eg: He said he was good at drawing.動詞賓語)He asks him how long Mike has been down .動詞賓語)Miss Zhang is angry at what you said.介詞賓語)2. 連接詞(1).陳述句轉(zhuǎn)化成賓語從句時，引導詞用that，口語中常常省略。e.g, She told me (that) she would like to go with us.以whethe

14、r或if引導的賓語從句，主要用來引導一般疑問句意思或選擇疑 問句意思的賓語從句，從句同樣是陳述語序eg, I won der if /whether u have told the new to Li Lei .注意：一般情況下，whether和if可以互用，但有些情況例外。a. 當從句做介詞的賓于是只用 whether不用ifeg, We are talk ing about whether we'll go on the pinic.b. 引導詞與動詞不定式或 not連用時， 只用whether.eg. Please let me know what to do n ext. Co

15、uld you tell me whether u go or not?c. if當如果講時，引導的是條件狀語從句，這時不能用whether.(3) .特殊疑問句轉(zhuǎn)化成賓語從句時，引導詞用特殊疑問詞；引導詞后要用陳述句 語序。E.g. Could you tell me what's the matterwrong with you?特殊情況：當do you think后接特殊疑問句轉(zhuǎn)化成賓語從句時，句式結構 應為引導詞+ do you thi nk +陳述句語序。3. 賓語從句時態(tài)a. 當主句是一般現(xiàn)在時，一般將來時或祈使句時，從句不受主句的限制，根據(jù)自 身的需要選用相應的時態(tài)。例如

16、：Do you know (if/whether he has seen the film ) ?b. 當主句是一般過去時，從句要用過去時的相應時態(tài)。例如：I did n't know(if/whether he had see n the film.)注意：當主句是一般過去時，而從句表示的是客觀真理，自然現(xiàn)象，科學原理， 格言等，從句仍然要用一般現(xiàn)在時。例如：He said (that the earth moves round the sun.)The teacher told us (that light travels much faster tha n sound.)4. 、

17、人稱的變化和標點的使用a. 從句的主語如果是第一人稱，變?yōu)橘e語從句則與主句的主語一致；如果是第二人稱，則與主句的賓語一致；如果是第三人稱，不用變化。如：(一主二賓三不變)“May I use your knife? ” He asked me.f He asked me if he might use my knife.“ Do you know her teleph one nu mber? ” He asked me.f He asked me if I know her teleph one nu mber.b. 賓語從句的標點均由主句決定。主句是陳述句，用句號；主句是疑問句，用 問號。

18、如：Who will give us a talk? I don ' t know. f I don ' t know who will give us a talk.Do you know ? Where does he live? f Do you know where he lives?二、賓語從句的轉(zhuǎn)化1.2.當主句謂語動詞是 hope，wish，decide，forget， plan，agree 等，且主句主語與從句主語相同時，從句可簡化為不定式結構。如：She agreed that she could help me with my maths.f She agr

19、eed to help me with my maths.2. 當主句的謂語動詞是 know, learn, forget, remember, decide 等后面帶特殊疑問句轉(zhuǎn)化的賓語時，主從句的主語也須一致這時從句可以簡化成疑問詞+不定式結構”例如：I don't know which sweater I should buy.f I don't know which sweater to buy.3. 當主句的謂語動詞是ask, tell, show, teach等后面帶雙賓語時，從句的主語和 間接賓語一致，且從句是由特殊疑問句轉(zhuǎn)化來時，從句可以轉(zhuǎn)化成疑問詞+不 定式結

20、構”或者在連接代詞/副詞引導的賓語從句中，當從句主語與主句主語或 間接賓語一致時，賓語從句可簡化為 連接代詞/副詞+不定式”結構。如：f Could you tell me how to get to the park?4. 當主句謂語動詞是find，see watch，hear等感官動詞時，從句常簡化為 賓 語+賓補”結構，賓補為不帶to的不定式或V-ing形式。如：She found that the wallet lay/was lying on the ground.f She found the wallet lie/ly ing on the ground.Passage 1 (2

21、015新課標全國I )閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當?shù)膬?nèi)容(1個單詞)或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。Yangshuo， ChinaIt was raining lightly when I1 (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.But Idid n't care.A few hours 2， rd bee n at home in Hong Kong，with 3 (it)choking smog.Here, the air was clean and fresh even with the rain.rd skipped nearby Guilin，

22、a dream place for tourists seeking the limestonemountain tops and dark waters of the Li River 4 are pictured by artists in somany Chinese 5 (painting).lnstead， rd headed straight for Yangshuo.For thosewho fly to Guilin，it's only an hour away 6 car and offers all the scenery of the better known c

23、ity.Yan gshuo7 (be) really beautiful.A study of travelers 8(con duct) bythe website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in theworld.And the town is fast becoming a popular weekend destination for people inAsia.Abercrombie & Kent，a travel company in Hong Kong, says it 9 (

24、regular) arra nges quick getaways here for people 10 (live) in Shan ghai and Hong Kong.【語篇導讀】桂林山水甲天下，陽朔風光甲桂林。作者講述了從香港去陽朔旅游時的所見。1. 解析 考查動詞的時態(tài)。主句謂語動詞使用了過去進行時，根據(jù)語境此處要用 一般過去時態(tài)。答案 arrived2. 解析 考查副詞的用法。由語境可知，幾個小時之前我還在香港的家中，由此可知before/earlier符合句意。答案 before/earlier3. 解析 考查形容詞性物主代詞的用法?？崭窈竺嬗忻~smog,故要使用形容 詞性物主

25、代詞。答案its4. 解析考查定語從句關系代詞的用法。由句子結構不難判斷這是一個定語從句。先行詞為指物的 mountain tops and dark waters關系詞在從句中作主語，因此 答案為 that/ which。答案 that/ which5. 解析 考查名詞的復數(shù)。“so many+復數(shù)名詞”為一常用短語。答案 pain ti ngs6. 解析 考查介詞的固定用法。根據(jù)句意可知，這只是驅(qū)車一小時的路程。“ by+交通工具名詞”為一固定短語。答案 by7. 解析 考查主謂一致和動詞時態(tài)。本段介紹陽朔的自然條件，屬客觀事實，要is。用一般現(xiàn)在時，由于主語是單數(shù)第三人稱形式，因此答案為

26、答案is8. 解析 考查過去分詞短語作后置定語的用法。study與con duct之間為動賓關系,故用表示被動的過去分詞形式。此外，by是解題的關鍵詞，con ducted by.意 為“由所做的”。答案 con ducted9. 解析 考查副詞的用法。該詞修飾謂語動詞arrange故要用其副詞形式。答案 regularly10. 解析考查現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語的用法。由于live與其所修飾的名詞people之間為邏輯上的主謂關系，故用表示主動意義的現(xiàn)在分詞形式答案 livi ngPassage 1 （2015新課標全國I ）假定英語課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文，請你修改你同桌寫的以下作文

27、。文中共有10處語言錯誤，每句中最多有兩處。每處錯誤僅涉及一個單詞的 增加、刪除或修改。增加：在缺詞處加一個漏字符號（人），并在其下面寫出該加的詞。刪除：把多余的詞用斜線（）劃掉。修改：在錯的詞下畫一橫線，并在該詞下面寫出修改后的詞。注意：1.每處錯誤及其修改均僅限一詞；2. 只允許修改10處，多者（從第11處起）不計分。When I was a child, I hoped to live in the city.I think I would be happy there.Now I am living in a city，but I miss my home in countryside

28、.There the air is clean or the mountains are green.Unfortunately， on the development of industrialization，the en vir onment has bee n polluted.Lots of studies have bee n show n that global warm ing has already become a very seriously problem.The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.Much

29、 rare ani mals are dying out.We must found ways to protect your environment.If we fail to do so，we'll live to regret it.答案thi nkWhen I was a child， I hoped to live in the city.I thought 丨 would be happythere.Now I am living in a city , but I miss my home inair is cleanorandAthethe mountains are

30、gree n.U nfortun ately,coun tryside.There theonwiththe developme nt ofindustrialization , the environment has been polluted.Lots of studies haveshow n that global warm ing has already become a veryseriouslyseriousproblem.Theairsairwe breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.MuchManyrare an imals ar

31、e dying out.We mustfoundfindways to protectyourour/theenvironment.If we fail to do so, we'll live to regret it.1解析 考查動詞的時態(tài)。根據(jù)前面一句可知，這是發(fā)生在小時候的事情，故用一般過去時態(tài)。答案 第 2 句：th inkthought2. 解析 考查冠詞的用法。in the cou ntryside在鄉(xiāng)村）為固定短語。答案 第3句：countryside前加the3. 解析 考查并列詞的用法。那兒的空氣潔凈，群山蔥綠。由句意可知兩個分句之間顯然為并列關系，而非選擇關系。答

32、案第4句：or and4. 解析 考查介詞的用法。with the developme nt of.為一固定短語，意思是 “隨著的發(fā)展”。答案第5句：onwith5. 解析 考查被動語態(tài)的用法。眾多研究表明，全球變暖已經(jīng)成為一個十分嚴重的問題。由句意可知，studies和謂語show之間為主動關系，故要用主動語態(tài)答案第6句：去掉been6. 解析考查形容詞的用法。修飾名詞 problem應當用形容詞。答案 第 6 句: seriously serious7. 解析 考查不可數(shù)名詞的用法。air作“空氣”講時為不可數(shù)名詞答案 第 7 句：air廠air8. 解析考查代詞的用法。 Animals 為可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)，故用 many。答案第8句：Mu