《九章算術(shù)》文言文英譯研究

1、分類號(hào) 密級(jí) U D C 編號(hào) 華中師范大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）題目 九章算術(shù)文言文英譯研究 院 （系） 數(shù)學(xué)與統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)學(xué)院 專 業(yè) 數(shù) 學(xué) 年 級(jí) 2013級(jí) 學(xué)生姓名 白斯佳 學(xué) 號(hào) 2013212798 指導(dǎo)教師 陳 浪 二O一六年十月1On Chinese-English Translation ofClassical Chinese Version ofNine Chapters on the Mathematical ArtA thesis submitted to the School of Foreign LanguagesCentral China Normal Univers

2、ityIn partial fulfillment of the requirements for BA degree In English Language and Literatureby Bai SijiaSupervisor: Chen LangAcademic Title: Signature: October 2016華中師范大學(xué)學(xué)位論文原創(chuàng)性聲明本人鄭重聲明：所呈交的學(xué)位論文是本人在導(dǎo)師指導(dǎo)下獨(dú)立進(jìn)行研究工作所取得的研究成果。除了文中特別加以標(biāo)注引用的內(nèi)容外，本論文不包含任何其他人或集體已發(fā)表或撰寫的成果作品。本人完全意識(shí)到本聲明的法律后果由本人承擔(dān)。學(xué)位論文作者簽名： 日期：

3、年 月 日學(xué)位論文版權(quán)使用授權(quán)書本學(xué)位論文作者完全了解學(xué)校有關(guān)保障、使用學(xué)位論文的規(guī)定，同意學(xué)校保留并向有關(guān)學(xué)位論文管理部門或機(jī)構(gòu)送交論文的復(fù)印件和電子版，允許論文被查閱和借閱。本人授權(quán)省級(jí)優(yōu)秀學(xué)士學(xué)位論文評(píng)選機(jī)構(gòu)將本學(xué)位論文的全部或部分內(nèi)容編入有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)庫進(jìn)行檢索，可以采用影印、縮印或掃描等復(fù)制手段保存和匯編本學(xué)位論文。本學(xué)位論文屬于1、保密 ，在_年解密后適用本授權(quán)書。2、不保密 。（請(qǐng)?jiān)谝陨舷鄳?yīng)方框內(nèi)打“”）學(xué)位論文作者簽名： 日期： 年 月 日導(dǎo)師簽名： 日期： 年 月 日 ContentsAbstract in Chinese iAbstract in English .ii1. In

4、troduction. 1.1 Research background 1.2 Significance of the research 1.3 Research Methodology 1.4 Layout of the thesis2. Literature Review 2.1 Previous translation studies of Classical Chinese works 2.2 Previous translation studies of Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art3. Theoretical Basis 3.1 Com

5、parison of Classical Chinese and Vernacular Chinese3.2 Comparison of English and Vernacular Chinese 3.2.1 Semantic difference 3.2.2 Syntactic difference 3.2.3 Rhetoric difference4. Discussion on Translation techniques in Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art4.1 Conversion4.2 Inversion4.3 Amplificati

6、on and Omission4.4 Division5. ConclusionBibliography11134444789910111414161719202121內(nèi)容摘要我國有著五千年的悠久歷史，同樣也在各個(gè)領(lǐng)域積淀了五千年的文化，這其中不僅有詩詞歌賦，也有人文風(fēng)情。中國的傳統(tǒng)文化不僅在文學(xué)方面博大精深，在理論技術(shù)方面，特別是數(shù)學(xué)，也頗有成就。從古至今，我國的數(shù)學(xué)領(lǐng)域人才輩出，理論著作也層出不窮，比如圓周率的發(fā)現(xiàn)就比西方早了近一千年。但事實(shí)上，被世界所知曉的中國傳統(tǒng)數(shù)學(xué)，卻是冰山一角。造成這一現(xiàn)狀，很大程度上是因?yàn)橹袊鴤鹘y(tǒng)數(shù)學(xué)的理論著作都是由文言文等古漢語寫作而成，現(xiàn)代的中國人都難以理解

7、，更何況來自其他國家的學(xué)者。因此，為了更好的讓中國傳統(tǒng)數(shù)學(xué)走出去，作者想到研究中國傳統(tǒng)數(shù)學(xué)理論著作的翻譯問題?？紤]到傳統(tǒng)數(shù)學(xué)理論著作范圍廣，數(shù)量多的問題，作者選擇了最具代表性的九章算術(shù)為例展開研究。而為了更好的研究如何去翻譯這類數(shù)學(xué)經(jīng)典，作者從文言文翻譯技巧這一角度來研究，旨在通過研究翻譯方法，達(dá)到促進(jìn)這類數(shù)學(xué)經(jīng)典的譯文發(fā)展。所以，本文先綜述了我國目前的文言文翻譯研究和九章算術(shù)的翻譯研究現(xiàn)狀。然后考慮到文言文翻譯的過程，實(shí)際上是把文言文翻譯為白話文，再把白話文翻譯成英文的過程，仔細(xì)對(duì)比了文言文與白話文、白話文與英文之間的異同。在前人的研究基礎(chǔ)和現(xiàn)有的理論基礎(chǔ)的指導(dǎo)下，作者研究了九章算術(shù)里部分內(nèi)

8、容的翻譯技巧，并列舉實(shí)例。最后，得出結(jié)論：轉(zhuǎn)換法，調(diào)整法，增譯與減譯，分譯與合譯是翻譯中國傳統(tǒng)數(shù)學(xué)理論著作最為合適的幾種翻譯技巧，其中特別是轉(zhuǎn)換法，增譯法和分譯與合譯法的應(yīng)用最為廣泛。關(guān)鍵詞：文言文；翻譯技巧；數(shù)學(xué)典籍；數(shù)學(xué)語言 AbstractOur country has a long history in five thousand years, it also has accumulation of culture in various fields. Some of them not only have songs of poetry, but also have humanitie

9、s and customs. While, traditional Chinese culture not just broad and profound in literature, in the aspects of theory and technology are also quite successful, especially in mathematics. Since ancient times, our country has lots of talented people and theoretical writings emerge in endlessly in the

10、field of mathematics, such as the discovery of pi is nearly a thousand years earlier than the West. However, as a matter of fact, the traditional Chinese mathematics which is known by the world is the tip of the iceberg. The reason why this situation appearing is that, to a great extent, the theoret

11、ical works of traditional Chinese mathematics are written by classical Chinese or other ancient Chinese. Modern Chinese people are difficult to understand, not to mention scholars from other foreign countries. Wherefore, so as to carry forward traditional Chinese mathematics, the author thinks its n

12、ecessary to research the translation about the theoretical works of traditional Chinese mathematics.Considering, the problems that the theoretical works of traditional mathematics have a wide range and a large quantity. The author chooses one of the most representative mathematical theory works, Nin

13、e Chapters on the Mathematical Art, as an example to research. And in order to research how to translate such kind of mathematical classics better, the author researches from the perspective of translation techniques about classical Chinese, which aims to promote the development of translation of su

14、ch mathematical classics by researching translation methods. Therefore, this paper first summarizes the studies of current classical Chinese Translation and the present situation of translation studies in Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. Then take into account that the translation process of c

15、lassical Chinese, in fact, is the process that translate classical Chinese into vernacular Chinese at first, and then translate vernacular Chinese into English. So the author carefully compares the similarities and differences between classical Chinese, vernacular Chinese and English. Under the guid

16、ance of previous research and the existing theoretical foundation, the author researches the translation techniques about parts of the contents of Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art, give the examples about the words, phrases and sentences. At last, conversion, inversion, amplification and omissi

17、on and division are the most appropriate translation skills in translating Chinese traditional mathematics theory works. Among them, conversion, amplification and division are most widely used.Key words: classical Chinese; translation technique; mathematics books; mathematics books; mathematical lan

18、guage1. Introduction1.1 Research BackgroundChina is a big country，thats why mathematical works emerge in endlessly from earliest times to the present day. However, these mathematical works are almost written in ancient Chinese or we usually called classical Chinese. This leads to two problems: the o

19、ne is mathematical works are difficult to spread far and wide, and the other is they are difficult for modern people to understand. Therefore, in order to carry forward Chinese traditional culture, how to choose, annotate and translate parts of the mathematical works so that more readers can learn a

20、nd understand by themselves is the urgent priority for both Chinese mathematicians and researchers engaged in translation work.We all know if you want to translate classical Chinese, you need to translate it into vernacular Chinese as the first step, and then translate the vernacular Chinese into Ch

21、inese as the second step. But it is not easy because you are translating theoretical knowledge about mathematics, which means the description should be objective and accurate. There are not any subjective views in the translation. Hence, no matter the math problems in the books or the analysis, solv

22、ing process, conclusions about the problems, they all need rigorous logic and coherent thinking. No flaw is allowed to be existed.During translating, we have to pay attention to many aspects. First of all, we have to know how to translate some words, phrases and basic sentence patterns which used in

23、 math specially. Secondly, we should notice the differences between Chinese people and foreign people in many ways, such as values, culture, history and so on. And the most important one is the discrepancies of the oriental and occidental modes of thinking. With all these points to be observed, we n

24、eed some translation techniques to help us translate this kind of books, mathematical works. So the author choose Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art, one of the most classic mathematical works in China, to study the translation techniques from parts of the math problems and conclusions.1.2 Signif

25、icance of the ResearchNowadays, although there are more and more Chinese classical literary works are translated into many languages and known by people around the world. There still exists some kinds of Chinese ancient books has few translation and many foreigners just know the names of the books.

26、Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art, an ancient mathematical book in China, is also facing this kind of situation.Why does this situation appear? Actually there are lots of reasons, and one of them is the difficulties of classical Chinese translation. It is obvious that different texts have the sa

27、me and different translation techniques, which needs us to summarize the same part and research the different part.So the author uses Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art as an example, and tries to find translation techniques in translating this kind of Chinese ancient books. Then may provide some

28、 research results for more people to translate and research.The following part illustrates the significance of the current research.Firstly, Globalization is a kind of trend in the present. Not only do China need to learn from other countries around the world, but also need to transmit its own tradi

29、tional culture to people all over the world. Because this is what a superpower should do. As is known to all, the traditional Chinese mathematics is more advanced than western mathematics at the same time, especially in algebra. Whats more, Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art is one of the represe

30、ntative masterpieces of this period. Both culture and civilization need to be dialogued and communicated constantly so that they can be understood and merged authentically.Secondly, although there are a lot of books and papers about translation in classical Chinese, they mostly are literary works. B

31、ooks and papers about translation of mathematical works are really less than others, which mean the researches are not enough at all. Therefore, it is quite necessary to study and find the translation techniques in such mathematical works. And in consideration of the representativeness of Nine Chapt

32、ers on the Mathematical Art, we study it as an example.In the last, most of the knowledge content in Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art is about algebra and few about geometry. The book not just tells us a faster and easier way to solve one kind of the math problems, it also tells us the origin a

33、nd the background about this method or skill of solving problems. Its really important to our students, because they cant only learn by remembering everything, they need to think, explore, discovery and summarize, then change the new knowledge into their own knowledge. So Nine Chapters on the Mathem

34、atical Art is helpful for students to study math. This book is a kind of “invention” by traditional Chinese mathematicians, and it is an effective “tool” for teachers to teach. It plays an important role in mathematics learning and mathematics education for students and teachers all around the world

35、. We should let more people know about this book.1.3 Systematic Contrastive Studies1.3.1 Contrastive Study of Ancient Chinese Language SystemChinese, with the change of history, has formed the ancient Chinese and modern Chinese, there are many different parts between them. The differences between an

36、cient and modern Chinese have formed their own different characteristics and patterns. Now the author mainly compare the following several aspects.1.3.1.1 Chinese Character FormSince ancient times, the development trend of Chinese characters from complex to simple, from the pictures to the symbols,

37、symbolic make Chinese characters to express record more rich and colorful social life. 1.3.1.2 PhonologyThe voices of different age, nationalities, and regions have their own voice systems. Ancient Chinese and modern Chinese both have four tones, the differences, for example, level tone is divided i

38、nto yin and yang, the fourth tone becomes the third tone, and so on. In addition, some of the pronunciations of the words have changed. In ancient Chinese, monosyllabic words are dominant, while modern Chinese is dominated by polysyllabic words.1.3.1.3 Lexical MeaningIn ancient Chinese, the meanings

39、 of some words have been developed in modern Chinese, for example, in modern Chinese, “好”not only means that women look beautiful but also means all good things. While the meanings of some words are limited. Such as “丈夫” in modern Chinese cant mean any males but only the spouses of married women. So

40、me words are no longer exaggerated and some have emotional changes.1.3.1.4 GrammarGrammatical differences between ancient and modern Chinese are reflected in many places. For example, in the aspect of part of speech, there is a wide range of the rules using the words in ancient Chinese. In the aspec

41、t of sentence structure, judgment sentences, elliptical sentences, passive sentences are not exactly the same. In the aspect of word order, the order of words is roughly the same in both ancient and modern Chinese, but there are still some special word orders in ancient Chinese, such as object prepo

42、sition, attributive postposition. 1.3.2 Contrastive Study of Chinese and English Language1.3.1.1 Words and PhrasesSometimes the meanings of English and Chinese words cant fully correspond, such as “Clock-watcher” means the person who is waiting for get off work. And the components of subject and pre

43、dicate are not same. In English, the requirements for subject and predicate are more stringent. However, the position of adverbial is more flexible than Chinese. Furthermore, Chinese emphasis parataxis and English emphasis hypotaxis.1.3.1.2 SyntaxIn terms of tenses, English tenses are more complicat

44、ed than Chinese. There are sixteen tenses in English, while Chinese dont have temporal changes generally. As for sequence of sentences, English is more flexible, Chinese more follows chronological, spatial and logical order1.3.1.3 Ways of ThinkingThere are several differences between the way of thin

45、king in Chinese and English. Chinese attaches importance to ethics and intuition while English attaches importance to cognition and evidence. And Chinese lays particular stress on integrity, so comprehensive thinking and image thinking are in the majority, while English lays particular stress on ind

46、ividuality and has more analytical thinking and logical thinking.1.4 Layout of the ThesisChapter one: introduces the research background about Classical Chinese translation and mathematical works translation and summarizes of the purpose of writing papers translation.Chapter two reviews the previous

47、 research about previous translation studies of Classical Chinese works and Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art.Chapter three compares the same points and differences about Classical Chinese, vernacular Chinese and English.Chapter four chooses parts of the contents from Nine Chapters on the Mathem

48、atical Art as examples and analyze. Its easy to find that conversion, inversion, amplification and omission and division are the best translation skills using in translation.Chapter five analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the paper, and then gets the conclusion, among many kinds of transla

49、tion skills, conversion, amplification and division are the most widely used.2. Literature Review2.1 Previous Translation Studies of Classical Chinese Works Since the 19th century, the translation work about classical Chinese translation is still going on but we have not been satisfied with its deve

50、lopment during the translation history of nearly two hundred years. Classical Chinese is known to concision and comprehensiveness, and each of Chinese characters and words is full of meanings. It has many special using methods about characters, words and sentences. For example, there are mostly many

51、 nouns and verbs as a center in a sentence, or there usually shows lots of phrases and loose sentences in a paragraph or an article. All of these are quite different from English. There often uses subject-predicate structures as a trunk in an English sentence, and the other sentence elements will be

52、 attached to the trunk, just like the branches and trunk which live together.The first and most authoritative translator in the world who translates Chinese ancient books is James Legge born in 1815. He is a British man and a sinologist. There are also dozens of Chinese scholars at home and abroad w

53、ho are obsessed with spreading Chinese ancient books to the West, such as Gu Hongming, Lin Yutang, Liu Shishun, Liu wuji, Liu Dianjue, Chu Dagao, Yang Xianyi, Xu Yuanchong. And in 1936, Six Chapters of a Floating Life, the translated versions of 浮生六記, shows us many translation skills about how to tr

54、anslate classical Chinese. For example, the author uses “alas” to replace the words “噫” and “嗚呼” in order to solve the translation problems about translating modal particle. As for describing a girl who has a lithe and graceful figure but not too thin, the author tries to supplement the phrase “to t

55、he point of” to translate. And the author uses “Chekiang sing-song girl” to describe “浙妓” instead of prostitute or courtesan so as to be loyal to the original.On the whole, the experts and scholars who work in translating of ancient books, have used many kinds of visual, practical, ingenious and rep

56、resentative translation skills in their specific translation contents everywhere.2.2 Previous Translation Studies of Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art It is not difficult to find in the previous studies that although there are lots of Chinese ancient books are translated by people from all over the