直接引語間接引語

1、實(shí)用文檔直接引語和間接引語直接引語就是直接地引用或復(fù)述別人的話,并放在引號(hào)內(nèi).間接引語那么是說話人用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述他人的原話,被轉(zhuǎn)述的內(nèi)容不放在引號(hào)內(nèi).間接引語是說話者站在自己的角度進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)述,因此,不同的直接引語要用不同的句式來進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)述,且直接引語中的代詞、 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)以及時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)狀語都要有相應(yīng)的變化,局部引述動(dòng)詞有時(shí)也需做適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整.這些變化有一定的規(guī)那么,但在具體運(yùn)用時(shí)往往呈現(xiàn)復(fù)雜的情況.本章的學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn)是要掌握陳述句、疑問句、祈使句、感慨句等由直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語最根本的規(guī)那么,特別是特殊疑問句轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語時(shí)的詞序變化、 時(shí)態(tài)的前后照應(yīng)以及規(guī)那么以外的不同變化.準(zhǔn)確地進(jìn)行直接引語和間接引

2、語的轉(zhuǎn)換有助于我們準(zhǔn)確地進(jìn)行交際.一、直接引語與間接引語的轉(zhuǎn)換在將直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語時(shí),不僅句式上要有變化,而且要在時(shí)態(tài)、人稱、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)等方面作相應(yīng)的變化.1、引語轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)的句式變化不同的直接引語句式,如：陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感慨句,轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語時(shí)要遵循一定的句式轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)那么,還要注意根據(jù)句意,使用適當(dāng)?shù)囊鰟?dòng)詞.(1)(1)陳述句的間接引語將陳述句轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語,通常用 that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句來表達(dá).連詞 that 在不引起歧義的情況下可以省略.引述分句的動(dòng)詞常見的有 say 和 tell 等.Hesaid,“Icaughtacoldyesterday.他說：我昨天感冒了.-Hes

3、aid(that)hehadcaughtacoldthedaybefore.他說他前天感冒了.Helensaidtome,Tmtiredoftakingsuchexams.海倫說：我討厭參加這種測(cè)試.-Helentoldme(that)shewastiredoftakingsuchexams.海倫說她討厭參加這種測(cè)試.【點(diǎn)津坊】在以下情況下,往往要保存 that.that 的省略會(huì)產(chǎn)生歧義.Lindasaiddisappointedlythatwhenshearrivedatthestation,thetrainhadalreadyleft.琳達(dá)很失望地說,她到達(dá)車站時(shí)火車已經(jīng)開走了.(如不用

4、 that,when 狀語從句既可以理解為修飾 said,又可以理解為修飾 hadleft)當(dāng)引述動(dòng)詞后面不止跟一個(gè) that 引導(dǎo)的從句時(shí),第二個(gè) that 不能省略.Hesaid(that)hewasleavingforEuropethenextweekandthathewouldstaythereforhalfayear.他說他下周要到歐洲去并在那里呆半年.(第二個(gè) that 不能省略)(2)(2)疑問句的間接引語直接引語如果是疑問句,變成間接引語后,叫做間接問句.引述的動(dòng)詞常用 ask,inquire,wonder,wanttoknow 等.間接問句的詞序一般都用正常詞序,句末不用問號(hào)

5、,用句號(hào).一般疑問句的間接引語文案大全實(shí)用文檔直接引語為一般疑問句時(shí),用連詞 whether 或 if 引導(dǎo),某些表示請(qǐng)求的疑問句也可以轉(zhuǎn)換成間接祈使句.Iaskedhim,“Areyousatisfiedwiththeresults?我問他：你對(duì)這結(jié)果滿意嗎？-Iaskedhimwhetherhewassatisfiedwiththeresults.我問他對(duì)這結(jié)果是否滿意.“DidyougototheBritishMuseumyesterday?askedKate.凱特問：你昨天有沒有去大英博物館？KateaskedmeifIhadgonetotheBritishMuseumthedaybe

6、fore.-凱特問我昨天有沒有去大英博物館.Theoldmansaidtoapasser-by,“WillyoutelmethewaytogettotheGreatWallHotel?那位老人跟一位過路人說：請(qǐng)問到長(zhǎng)城飯店的路怎么走.- -Theoldmanaskedapasser-bytotellhimthewaytotheGreatWallHotel.那位老人請(qǐng)一位過路人告訴他去長(zhǎng)城飯店的路.選擇疑問句的間接引語直接引語為選擇疑問句時(shí),用連詞 whether/ifor引導(dǎo).Hesaid,“AreyouinterestedinEnglishornot?他說：你是否對(duì)英語感興趣？- -Heas

7、ked(me)whetherIwasinterestedinEnglishornot.他問我是否對(duì)英語感興趣.“DoyoulikeChinesefoodorJapanesefood?heasked.他問：你喜歡中國(guó)食物還是日本食物？- -Heaskedwhether/ifIlikedChinesefoodorJapanesefood.他問我喜歡中國(guó)食物還是日本食物.特殊疑問句的間接引語直接引語為特殊疑問句,轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語時(shí),仍用原來的疑問詞引導(dǎo).“Whatdoyoudoinyourfreetime?heaskedme.他問我：你業(yè)余時(shí)間干什么？- -HeaskedmewhatIdidinmyf

8、reetime.他問我業(yè)余時(shí)間做什么.“WhydidshegotoAmerica?Paulasked.保羅問：她為什么去美國(guó)？- -PaulaskedwhyshehadgonetoAmerica.保羅問她為什么去了美國(guó).【小帖士】Whatsthematterwithyou?Whatswrongwithyou?為間接引語時(shí)詞序不變.Heaskedmewhatwaswrongwithme.他問我出什么事了.Heaskedmewhatwasthematterwithme.他問我怎么了.(3)(3)祈使句的間接引語直接引語如果是祈使句,變成間接引語后,叫間接祈使句.祈使句表示命令時(shí),要把直接引語的動(dòng)詞

9、 say 變成 command,order,tell 等動(dòng)詞,被轉(zhuǎn)述的局部改為動(dòng)詞不定式.否認(rèn)祈使句改為 nottodo 結(jié)構(gòu).“Staywhereyouare,“shesaid.文案大全實(shí)用文檔她說：呆在原地.- -ShetoldmetostaywhereIwas.她告訴我呆在原地.“Dontsmokeintheroom,“hesaid.他說：別在房間里抽煙.- -Hetoldmenottosmokeintheroom.她叫我別在房間里抽煙.祈使句表示請(qǐng)求時(shí),常把直接引語的動(dòng)詞 say 變成 ask,beg,request,urge 等動(dòng)詞.Shesaidtome,“Pleasewaitti

10、llIreturn,willyou?她說：請(qǐng)你一直等到我回來,好嗎？- -Shebeggedmetowaittillshereturned.她請(qǐng)求我一直要等到她回來.以 Let開頭的祈使的句,通常將引述動(dòng)詞改為 suggest:,然后再接 that 從句.JohnsaidtoBill,Letsgohikingtomorrow.約翰比照爾說,我們明天去徒步旅行吧.- -JohnsuggestedtoBillthatthey(should)gohikingthenextday.約翰向比爾提議第二天去徒步旅行.(4)(4)感慨句的間接引語直接引語是感慨句,變成間接引語后,叫做間接感慨句.間接感慨句多

11、采用賓語從句結(jié)構(gòu),既可用 what 或 how 引導(dǎo),也可用that 引導(dǎo),還可以根據(jù)句子表達(dá)的不同感情選用適當(dāng)?shù)膭?dòng)詞和狀語來轉(zhuǎn)換.Hesaid,“Whatabeautifulviewitis!他說：多么漂亮的景色！- -Hesaidthatitwasaverybeautifulview.他說景色非常漂亮.- -Hecriedoutwhatabeautifulviewitwas.他大聲說這景色是多么地漂亮.Sheoftensays,“WhatagreatcountryChinais!她常說：中國(guó)是一個(gè)多么偉大的國(guó)家！- -SheoftensaysthatChinaisaverygreatcou

12、ntry.她常說中國(guó)是一個(gè)非常偉大的國(guó)家.- -Sheoftenremarkswithadmiration(that)Chinaisagreatcountry.她常常贊賞地說中國(guó)多么偉大(5)(5)并列句和復(fù)合句的間接引語當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)述的內(nèi)容為并列句或復(fù)合句,或有兩種以上的句子時(shí),應(yīng)根據(jù)不同的句式來選擇不同的引述動(dòng)詞和連接詞.Hesaid,“Itoldhertowait,butshewentaway.他說：我告訴她等一下,但她還是走了.- -Hesaid(that)hehadtoldhertowaitbutthatshewentaway.他說他已經(jīng)告訴她等一下,但她還是走了.Shesaid,“Itis

13、coldhere.Isthewindowshut?她說：這兒很冷.窗戶關(guān)了嗎？- -Shesaidthatitwascoldthereandaskedifthewindowwasshut.文案大全實(shí)用文檔她說那兒很冷,并問窗戶是否關(guān)了.Fenwicksaidtome,“GoandseeRobin.Hewilltellyoueverythingyouwanttoknow.芬威克對(duì)我說：去看看羅賓吧,他會(huì)告訴你想要知道的事情.-FenwickadvisedmetogoandseeRobin,andsaidthathewouldtellmeeverythingIwantedtoknow.芬威克建議我

14、去看羅賓,由于他會(huì)告訴我想要知道的事情.二、引語轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)的各種相應(yīng)變化直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語除了有句式的變化外,還要掌握動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、人稱代詞、指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語和詞序的變化.(1)(1)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的變化如果引述動(dòng)詞為現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài),間接引語的動(dòng)詞可以保持原來的時(shí)態(tài).Hesays,“Ihavebeenwritinganovel.他說：我一直在寫一本小說.-Hesaysthathehasbeenwritinganovel.他說他一直在寫一本小說.如果引述動(dòng)詞為過去時(shí)態(tài),間接引語中的時(shí)間就要往后推,即現(xiàn)在時(shí)間推至過去時(shí)間,過去時(shí)間推至過去的過去,將來時(shí)間推至過去將來時(shí)間.具體變化見下表：直接引語時(shí)態(tài)間

15、接引語時(shí)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過去時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)Theteachersaid,“YouaredoingOK.老師說：你們干得很不錯(cuò).- -TheteachersaidweweredoingOK.老師說我們干得很不錯(cuò).現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)變?yōu)檫^去進(jìn)行時(shí)Iaskedher,“Wherehaveyouspentyourholiday?我問她：你去哪里度假了？- -Iaskedherwhereshehadspentherholiday.我問她去哪里度假了.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)變?yōu)檫^去完成時(shí)Shesaid,“IwenttoShanghai.她說：我去過上海.- -Shesa

16、idthatshehadgonetoShanghai.她說她去過上海.過去時(shí)變?yōu)檫^去完成時(shí)Hesaid,“Ihadfinishedmyworkbefore10oclock.文案大全實(shí)用文檔他說：我在十點(diǎn)鐘前就完成工作了.- -Hesaidthathehadfinishedhisworkbefore10oclock.他說他在十點(diǎn)鐘前就完成工作了.過去完成時(shí)不變Themayorsaid:ThepeopleofBeijingwillbepreparingtolighttheOlympictorchtowelcomeathletesandfansfroma一般過去時(shí)過去完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)一般將

17、來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)將來進(jìn)行時(shí)過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)llovertheworld.這位市長(zhǎng)說：北京人民將準(zhǔn)備點(diǎn)燃奧運(yùn)火炬來迎接來自全世界的運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)和運(yùn)動(dòng)迷.- -ThemayorsaidthatthepeopleofBeijingwouldbepreparingtolighttheOlympictorchtowelcomeathletesandfansfromallovertheworld.這位市長(zhǎng)說北京人民將準(zhǔn)備點(diǎn)燃奧運(yùn)火炬來迎接來自全世界的運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)和運(yùn)動(dòng)迷.將來進(jìn)行時(shí)變?yōu)檫^去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)2情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的變化在間接引語中,有些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有過去式,轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語時(shí)仍用原來的形式,或用其它表不法.直接引語間接引語mus

18、t必然推shallmaydare測(cè)shouldmightdaredmustshouldmightneedmustnt禁止shouldmightneedmustntwillcanoughttomust必須wouldcouldoughttohadto/wouldhavewouldcouldtowouldcouldHesaid,“Ireallymustgo.他說：我一定得走了.- -Hesaidthathereallymustgo.他說他一定得走了.“Mustwehandinourexercisethisafternoon?heasked.他問：我們得今天下午交作業(yè)嗎？- -Heaskedifthe

19、yhadtohandintheexercisethatafternoon.他問他們是否那天下午得交作業(yè).“Youneednottakeanumbrellawithyou,“hesaid.他說：你不用帶雨傘.- -HesaidthatIneednottakeanumbrellawithme.他說我不用帶雨傘.【點(diǎn)津坊】由于人稱發(fā)生了變化,在直接引語中可用 shall 或 should,而在間接引語中那么用 would.Ishouldbegladtocome.我會(huì)很愿意來的.- -Hesaidhewouldbegladtocome.他說他會(huì)彳艮愿意來.3 3人稱代詞的變化人稱代詞的變化要以轉(zhuǎn)述者的

20、立場(chǎng)作適當(dāng)?shù)母淖?改變方式通常與漢語根本相同,即第文案大全實(shí)用文檔一、三人稱轉(zhuǎn)換成第三人稱；第二人稱轉(zhuǎn)換成第一、三人稱.TmfondofsurfingtheInternet,“hesaid.他說：我喜歡網(wǎng)上沖浪.- -HesaidhewasfondofsurfingtheInternet.他說他喜歡網(wǎng)上沖浪.“Youshouldpaymoreattentiontoyourpronunciation,“theteachersaid.老師說：你應(yīng)該更注意你的發(fā)音.- -TheteachersaidthatIshouldpaymoreattentiontomypronunciation.老師說我應(yīng)該

21、更注意我的發(fā)音.【小帖士】但如果說話人引述自己的話,人稱代詞不必改動(dòng).Isaid,Ihadagoodtimeattheparty.我說：我在晚會(huì)上玩得很開心.IsaidthatIhadhadagoodtimeattheparty.我說我在晚會(huì)上玩得很開心.(4)(4)指示代詞的變化在間接引語中,指示代詞 this 轉(zhuǎn)換成 that,these 轉(zhuǎn)換成 those.Hesaid,“Pleaseshowmethisone.他說：清拿這個(gè)給我看一下.- -Heaskedmetoshowhimthatone.他要我拿那個(gè)給他看一下.Hesaid,Idliketoseethesesunglasses.他

22、說：我想看這些太陽鏡- -Hesaidthathewantedtoseethosesunglasses.他說他想看那些太陽鏡.(5)(5)時(shí)間狀語和地點(diǎn)狀語的變化根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)述的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)不同,時(shí)間狀語和地點(diǎn)狀語存在著較多的變化.文案大全直接引語間接引語todaythatdaythismorning/afternoon/eveningthatmorning/afternoon/eveningyesterdaythedaybefore,thepreviousdayyesterdaymorning/afternoonetc.thepreviousmorning/afternoonetc.themorni

23、ngbefore,theafternoonbeforethedaybeforeyesterdaytwodaysbeforetomorrowthenextday,thefollowingdaythedayaftertomorrowintwodaystime,twodaysafternextweek/month/yearetc.thenextweek/month/year,etc.thefollowingweek/month/yearetc.lastnight/month/year,etc.thepreviousnight/month/yearetc.thenightbefore,themonth

24、beforeetc.twoweeks/months/yearsagotheweeksbefore,twomonthsbeforenowthensofarbythenin1990in1990here實(shí)用文檔there“Wdllleaveheretomorrow,“hesaid.他說：我們明天離開這里.- -Hesaidthattheywouldleavetherethenextday.他說他們將在第二天離開那里.“Imethimthedaybeforeyesterday,“shesaid.她說：我前天遇見過他.- -Shesaidthatshehadmethimtwodaysbefore.她說她

25、前兩天遇見過他.(6)間接引語的詞序變化直接引語為疑問句時(shí),間接引語要把倒裝詞序變?yōu)檎Ｔ~序.Heasked,“Howdidthesedifferencescomeabout?他問：這些不同之處是如何產(chǎn)生的？- -Heaskedhowthosedifferenceshadcomeabout.他問那些不同之處是如何產(chǎn)生的.“Whatisadventuretravel?heasked.他問：冒險(xiǎn)旅游是什么？- -Heaskedwhatadventuretravelwas.他問什么是冒險(xiǎn)旅游.【試題播報(bào)】Noonecanbesureinamillionyears.A.whatmanwilllookl

26、ikeB.whatwillmanlooklikeC.manwilllooklikewhatD.whatlookwillmanlike【分析】此題考查賓語從句的詞序.賓語從句引導(dǎo)詞為 what,充當(dāng)介詞 like 的賓語,先排除C 項(xiàng).B 和 D 的詞序仍是疑問句的倒裝詞序.故此題正確答案是 A.一、選擇填空1. Heaskedfortheviolin.A.didIpayhowmuchB.IpaidhowmuchC.howmuchdidIpayD.howmuchIpaid2. Canyoumakesurethegoldring?A.whereAlicehasputB.wherehadAlicep

27、utC.whereAlicehadputD.wherehasAliceput3. Thesephotoswillshowyou.A.whatdoesourvillagelooklikeB.whatourvillagelookslikeC.howourvillagelooklikeD.howourvillagelookslike4. YoucantimaginewhentheyreceivedtheseniceChristmaspresents.A.howtheywereexcitedB.howexcitedtheywereC.howexcitedweretheyD.theywerehowexc

28、ited5.shesaidsuggestedthatshehadntdecidedtogoornot.A.What,ifB.That,whether文案大全實(shí)用文檔C.What,whetherD.What,whichever6. Illaskmyparents.A.whethertheywillagreetogoB.iftheyletmegoC.iftheywillletmegoD.whethertheyallowmeto7. -DoyoumindifJimwillcometohelp?-1reallydontknowapersonlikehimcanhelpmewith.A.whatB.th

29、atC.howD.if8. Heaskedmeif.A.thetrainwilllateB.thetrainalwaysarrivedlateC.thetrainarrivesontimeD.thetrainstopshere9. ItissaidinthebookthatThomasEdison(1847-1931)theworldleadinginventorforsixtyyears.A.wouldbeB.hasbeenC.hadbeenD.was10.-Sorrytohaveinterruptedyou.Pleasegoon.-WherewasI?-Youyoudidntlikeyourfathersjob.A.hadsaidB.saidC.weresayingD.hadbeensaying二、把以下直接引語變成間接引語1.“Youhavedoneagoodjob,“saidtheteacher.2.Hesaid,Illhelpyouwithitlater.3.